Article(id=1304921942797087189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755532800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-19, revisedDate=1764518400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047235439, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047235439, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047235439, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047235439, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=11, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921942994219478, articleId=1304921942797087189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties study of soluble fluorine-free transparent polyimide films with Tg over 400℃, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Four types of organic soluble polyimide (PI) resins with semi-cyclic structures were prepared by one-step high-temperature solution polycondensation using alicyclic dianhydride 1S,2R,4S,5R-hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (ccHPMDA) and 1R,2S,4S,5R-hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (ctHPMDA) with two aromatic diamines 9,9-bis[(4-amino-3-methyl)benzene]fluorene (MFDA) and 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ), respectively. Four types of PI films were prepared by dissolving the above four resins in N,N-dimethylacetamide and baking at high temperature. The thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of the PI films were tested. The results show that functional groups including six-membered cyclohexane ring, bulky fluorene substituents, ortho methyl substituent, and rigid biphenyl units endow these PI films with excellent thermal stability. The glass transition temperature of the four films are all higher than 400℃ and the 5% thermal weight loss temperatures are higher than 500℃ in nitrogen. Meanwhile, the four PI films show good optical transparency, with transmittance at 450 nm all surpassing 84.8%, yellow-blue index ranging from 1.09 to 2.15, and haze value ranging from 0.16% to 1.21%. In addition, the DMBZ based PI films exhibit superior mechanical properties, with tensile strength and tensile modulus exceeding 118 MPa and 3.8 GPa, respectively.

, authors=Zhibin HE1, Xi REN2, Zhenzhong WANG2, Haifeng YU1, *, Jingang LIU2, 3, authorsList=Zhibin HE, Xi REN, Zhenzhong WANG, Haifeng YU, Jingang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haifeng YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921945858929130, articleId=1304921942797087189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=Tg超过400℃的可溶性无氟透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

采用脂环二酐1S,2R,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(ccHPMDA)和1R,2S,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(ctHPMDA)分别与两种芳香族二胺9,9-双[(4-胺基-3-甲基)苯基]芴(MFDA)、2,2′-双甲基联苯胺(DMBZ)通过一步高温溶液缩聚法制备了4种具有半脂环结构的有机可溶性聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂。将上述4种树脂溶解于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺后经高温烘烤制备了相应的4种PI薄膜,并对PI薄膜的热性能、光学性能和力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:六元环己烷环、庞大的芴取代基、邻位甲基取代基和刚性联苯等功能基团赋予了上述PI薄膜优异的热稳定性,4种薄膜的玻璃化转变温度均高于400℃,在氮气中的5%热失重温度高于500℃。同时,4种PI薄膜还显示出良好的光学透明性,在450 nm波长处的透光率均超过84.8%,黄-蓝指数为1.09~2.15,雾度为0.16%~1.21%。此外,基于DMBZ的PI薄膜表现出更优的力学性能,拉伸强度与拉伸模量分别超过118 MPa与3.8 GPa。

, authors=何志斌1, 任茜2, 王振中2, 于海峰1, *, 刘金刚2, 3, authorsList=何志斌, 任茜, 王振中, 于海峰, 刘金刚, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=于海峰, authorNote=

何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,工程师,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

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于海峰(1975-),男(汉族),河北秦皇岛人,教授,主要从事高性能高分子材料的基础与应用研究。
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何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,工程师,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

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何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,工程师,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

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Formulas for the preparation of PI resins

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样品ccHPMDA/gctHPMDA/gMFDA/gDMBZ/g
PI-Ia11.208 518.825
PI-IIa11.208 518.825
PI-Ib11.208 510.615
PI-IIb11.208 510.615
), ArticleFig(id=1304922193725510380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

制备PI树脂的配方

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样品ccHPMDA/gctHPMDA/gMFDA/gDMBZ/g
PI-Ia11.208 518.825
PI-IIa11.208 518.825
PI-Ib11.208 510.615
PI-IIb11.208 510.615
), ArticleFig(id=1304922193796813549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Molecular weights and solubility of PI resins

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样品分子量/(×104 g/mol)溶解性
MnMwDNMPDMAcDMFDMSOCPATHF
PI-Ia4.828.921.85+++++++++++-
PI-IIa7.3014.121.93+++++++++++-
PI-Ib6.9011.531.67+++++++++-+-
PI-IIb8.1518.302.24+++++++++-+-
), ArticleFig(id=1304922193868116718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

PI树脂的分子量以及溶解性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品分子量/(×104 g/mol)溶解性
MnMwDNMPDMAcDMFDMSOCPATHF
PI-Ia4.828.921.85+++++++++++-
PI-IIa7.3014.121.93+++++++++++-
PI-Ib6.9011.531.67+++++++++-+-
PI-IIb8.1518.302.24+++++++++-+-
), ArticleFig(id=1304922193939419887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Optical properties of PI films

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样品λcut/nmT450/%nTEnTMnavΔnL*a*b*雾度/%
PI-Ia30485.21.615 21.614 11.614 80.001 195.420.011.611.21
PI-IIa30386.01.618 31.616 21.617 60.002 195.410.012.150.31
PI-Ib29284.81.605 71.596 61.602 70.009 195.56-0.271.110.26
PI-IIb29186.81.607 71.594 71.603 40.013 195.30-0.351.090.16
), ArticleFig(id=1304922194073637616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

PI薄膜的光学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品λcut/nmT450/%nTEnTMnavΔnL*a*b*雾度/%
PI-Ia30485.21.615 21.614 11.614 80.001 195.420.011.611.21
PI-IIa30386.01.618 31.616 21.617 60.002 195.410.012.150.31
PI-Ib29284.81.605 71.596 61.602 70.009 195.56-0.271.110.26
PI-IIb29186.81.607 71.594 71.603 40.013 195.30-0.351.090.16
), ArticleFig(id=1304922194144940785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Thermal and mechanical properties of PI films

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样品Tg/℃T5%/℃Tmax/℃R/%CTE/(×10-6 K-1)TS/MPaTM/GPaEb/%
PI-Ia441.9527.9545.535.643.475.13.81.7
PI-IIa434.3528.4546.136.247.4105.24.32.3
PI-Ib424.8502.1521.235.339.3118.53.86.3
PI-IIb410.5505.2524.435.441.5145.73.918.4
), ArticleFig(id=1304922194216243954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304921942797087189, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PI薄膜的热性能与力学性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品Tg/℃T5%/℃Tmax/℃R/%CTE/(×10-6 K-1)TS/MPaTM/GPaEb/%
PI-Ia441.9527.9545.535.643.475.13.81.7
PI-IIa434.3528.4546.136.247.4105.24.32.3
PI-Ib424.8502.1521.235.339.3118.53.86.3
PI-IIb410.5505.2524.435.441.5145.73.918.4
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Tg超过400℃的可溶性无氟透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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何志斌 1 , 任茜 2 , 王振中 2 , 于海峰 1, * , 刘金刚 2, 3
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(5): 11-19
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (5) : 11 -19
Tg超过400℃的可溶性无氟透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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何志斌1, 任茜2, 王振中2, 于海峰1, *, 刘金刚2, 3
作者信息
  • 1北京大学 材料科学与工程学院,教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871
  • 2中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3笛斯安新材料研发(三河)有限公司,河北 廊坊 065200
通讯作者:
于海峰(1975-),男(汉族),河北秦皇岛人,教授,主要从事高性能高分子材料的基础与应用研究。
作者简介:

何志斌(1978-),男(汉族),湖南娄底人,工程师,博士生,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究

Preparation and properties study of soluble fluorine-free transparent polyimide films with Tg over 400℃
Zhibin HE1, Xi REN2, Zhenzhong WANG2, Haifeng YU1, *, Jingang LIU2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
  • 2School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3Disan New Materials Research & Development (Sanhe) Co., Ltd., Langfang 065200, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.002
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采用脂环二酐1S,2R,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(ccHPMDA)和1R,2S,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(ctHPMDA)分别与两种芳香族二胺9,9-双[(4-胺基-3-甲基)苯基]芴(MFDA)、2,2′-双甲基联苯胺(DMBZ)通过一步高温溶液缩聚法制备了4种具有半脂环结构的有机可溶性聚酰亚胺(PI)树脂。将上述4种树脂溶解于N,N-二甲基乙酰胺后经高温烘烤制备了相应的4种PI薄膜,并对PI薄膜的热性能、光学性能和力学性能进行了测试。结果表明:六元环己烷环、庞大的芴取代基、邻位甲基取代基和刚性联苯等功能基团赋予了上述PI薄膜优异的热稳定性,4种薄膜的玻璃化转变温度均高于400℃,在氮气中的5%热失重温度高于500℃。同时,4种PI薄膜还显示出良好的光学透明性,在450 nm波长处的透光率均超过84.8%,黄-蓝指数为1.09~2.15,雾度为0.16%~1.21%。此外,基于DMBZ的PI薄膜表现出更优的力学性能,拉伸强度与拉伸模量分别超过118 MPa与3.8 GPa。

无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜  /  脂环二酐  /  溶解性  /  热稳定性  /  光学透明性

Four types of organic soluble polyimide (PI) resins with semi-cyclic structures were prepared by one-step high-temperature solution polycondensation using alicyclic dianhydride 1S,2R,4S,5R-hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (ccHPMDA) and 1R,2S,4S,5R-hydrogenated pyromellitic dianhydride (ctHPMDA) with two aromatic diamines 9,9-bis[(4-amino-3-methyl)benzene]fluorene (MFDA) and 2,2′-dimethylbenzidine (DMBZ), respectively. Four types of PI films were prepared by dissolving the above four resins in N,N-dimethylacetamide and baking at high temperature. The thermal, optical, and mechanical properties of the PI films were tested. The results show that functional groups including six-membered cyclohexane ring, bulky fluorene substituents, ortho methyl substituent, and rigid biphenyl units endow these PI films with excellent thermal stability. The glass transition temperature of the four films are all higher than 400℃ and the 5% thermal weight loss temperatures are higher than 500℃ in nitrogen. Meanwhile, the four PI films show good optical transparency, with transmittance at 450 nm all surpassing 84.8%, yellow-blue index ranging from 1.09 to 2.15, and haze value ranging from 0.16% to 1.21%. In addition, the DMBZ based PI films exhibit superior mechanical properties, with tensile strength and tensile modulus exceeding 118 MPa and 3.8 GPa, respectively.

colorless and transparent polyimide film  /  alicyclic dianhydride  /  solubility  /  thermal stability  /  optical transparency
何志斌, 任茜, 王振中, 于海峰, 刘金刚. Tg超过400℃的可溶性无氟透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.002
Zhibin HE, Xi REN, Zhenzhong WANG, Haifeng YU, Jingang LIU. Preparation and properties study of soluble fluorine-free transparent polyimide films with Tg over 400℃[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 11 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.002
无色透明聚酰亚胺(colorless polyimide,CPI)薄膜兼具常规高分子光学薄膜优良的光学性能以及标准PI薄膜的耐热性能,因此在先进光电领域中得到了广泛的关注[1-3]。近年来,随着柔性光电器件(如柔性显示、柔性储能)对基材性能要求的不断提升,CPI薄膜的开发与研究逐步向着更高耐热等级的方向发展,具有高玻璃化转变温度(Tg)特征的CPI薄膜逐渐成为学术界与工业界关注的对象[4]。例如,柔性有源矩阵有机电致发光显示器件(f-AMOLED)为了实现更高的响应速度、更高的分辨率以及更低的功耗,广泛采用了低温多晶硅(LTPS)工艺来制备薄膜晶体管(TFT)。该制备过程的工艺温度通常会超过400℃,甚至更高,这对柔性透明基材的耐温等级提出了极高的要求[5-7]
2019年,BU L等[8]报道了美国杜邦公司针对 f-AMOLED应用需求开发的先进CPI材料。柔性基板方面,C1334涂层型CPI在可见光区的透光率(T400~700)为87%,而其Tg达到了450℃,线性热膨胀系数(CTE)为16×10-6 K-1。同时,该涂层还具有良好的力学性能(拉伸强度为171 MPa,拉伸模量为5.2 GPa,断裂伸长率为10%),可满足LTPS-TFT的工艺需求。另外一款C1424型CPI的性能同样良好,其中T400~700为85%,Tg为405℃,CTE为56×10-6 K-1,拉伸强度为64 MPa,拉伸模量为3.3 GPa,断裂伸长率为2%,可满足氧化铟镓锌(IGZO)型TFT工艺的应用需求。柔性触控屏(TSP)方面,Kapton® Clear CP+6薄膜的T400~700>90%,Tg为355~365℃,拉伸强度为135 MPa,拉伸模量为3.7~3.8 GPa,断裂伸长率为20%~21%。柔性盖板方面,Kapton® Clear CP+8.2薄膜的T400~700为88.1%,Tg为380℃,拉伸强度为155~160 MPa,拉伸模量为3.9~4.0 GPa,断裂伸长率为25%。由此可见,f-AMOLED器件的各种应用场景均对CPI薄膜的综合性能提出了苛刻的要求。
近年来,在高性能CPI薄膜研究与开发领域内出现了另外一个发展趋势,即全氟与多氟烷基物质(PFAS)的考虑。PFAS广泛存在于人类的生产与生活中,其含有的高浓度C-F键通常具有优良的耐热稳定性(键能大)、化学惰性、疏水性等特点,很好地满足了食品包装、纺织工业、家用电器等民生领域以及半导体、光电子、能源、环境等高技术领域的应用需求[9-11]。但近年来的研究显示,PFAS具有高度的环境持久性,同时具有生物蓄积性和毒性,对水、土壤乃至人类健康会产生深远的影响。为此,国际上关于禁用PFAS的呼声日益高涨[12]
PFAS禁令对CPI薄膜的发展具有一定的影响[13]。研究显示,氟化是实现PI薄膜无色透明的最为重要的手段之一[14-18]。C-F键的高电负性特性可有效抑制PI分子链内部及分子链间的电荷转移(CT),进而减少对可见光信号的吸收,使得含氟PI(FPI)薄膜往往呈现出优异的光学透明性与低色度(如低黄度指数)。同时,C-F键的摩尔极化率和摩尔折射率均较低,因此FPI薄膜通常还具有较低的介电常数(Dk)与折射率。此外,PI薄膜分子结构中的C-H键被C-F键取代后,其在红外波段的吸收也会显著降低[19]。PFAS禁令的推广使得FPI的发展面临着巨大的挑战。郭远征[20]提出了未来透明显示器件对柔性基板材料的理想性能需求:①不含F元素,是一类非PFAS物质;②360~780 nm波长范围内的平均透光率≥85%,黄度指数≤10;③Tg≥500℃,1%热分解温度(Td1%)≥500℃;④CTE≤12×10-6 K-1(室温~450℃);⑤断裂伸长率≥10%。虽然该性能需求目前是一种“理想状态”,可同时满足上述应用需求的材料在现实中几乎不存在,但是也显示了应用端对CPI薄膜的需求趋势。
针对先进光电领域对高性能CPI薄膜材料的应用需求,本文开展高Tg(>400℃)型溶液可加工无氟CPI薄膜的结构设计、合成与性能研究,旨在提升PI薄膜Tg的同时较大程度上保持PI薄膜光学与力学性能的特征基团,如将六元脂环单元、芴基、联苯等取代基引入PI薄膜分子结构中,然后研究上述基团的引入对PI薄膜耐热、力学与光学性能的影响。
1S,2R,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(ccHPMDA)、1R,2S,4S,5R-氢化均苯四甲酸二酐(ctHPMDA),纯度≥99.6%,嘉兴瑞盛新材料技术有限公司,使用前在180℃下真空干燥24 h。9,9-双[(4-胺基-3-甲基)苯基]芴(MFDA),纯度≥99.6%。2,2′-双甲基联苯胺(DMBZ),纯度≥99.6%,天津众泰材料科技有限公司。无水γ-丁内酯(GBL),纯度≥99.5%,含水量≤0.005%,日本三菱化学株式会社。无水N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)、N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)、环戊酮(CPA)、四氢呋喃(THF)、甲苯、无水乙醇,分析纯,北京伊诺凯科技有限公司。
首先搭建一套500 mL三口玻璃烧瓶聚合装置,包括机械搅拌、油浴加热、温度计、氮气保护装置以及连接冷凝管的Dean-Stark分水器。以PI-Ia(ccHPMDA-MFDA)为例阐述PI树脂合成过程。在聚合装置中加入无水GBL(60.0 g),通入氮气。然后加入MFDA(18.825 g,50 mmol),在室温下搅拌20 min后得到清亮的二胺溶液。随后将二酐单体ccHPMDA(11.208 5 g,50 mmol)一次性加入到上述二胺溶液中。用GBL(10.1 g)清洗加料漏斗上残余的二酐单体,保障其全部加入到聚合装置中。反应液在室温下搅拌3 h后得到黏稠的聚酰胺酸(PAA)溶液。在此溶液中加入脱水剂甲苯(150 g)和催化剂异喹啉(0.5 g)。在搅拌下开始加热,当温度升至130~140℃时,聚合体系中开始有明显的回流现象,此时甲苯/水共沸物被持续地蒸馏到分水器中。随着分水器中收集到的副产物水的增加,缩聚反应逐步向正向进行,PAA不断地转化为PI。脱水6 h后,分水器中观察不到继续有水馏出,此时将分水器中的甲苯倒出,反应体系中的甲苯继而被持续蒸馏。当反应体系温度逐渐升至180℃时,将分水器移除,保留回流冷凝管,维持恒温继续反应3 h。反应结束后,等待体系自然降温至室温,将得到的棕黄色黏稠溶液沉淀在乙醇溶液(体积分数为75%)中,得到白色丝状沉淀。24 h后将上层清液倒掉,更换为无水乙醇继续浸泡24 h。最后过滤收集树脂,经自然风干、80℃真空干燥24 h后,得到PI-Ia树脂27.3 g,收率为96.6%。其他PI树脂包括PI-IIa、PI-Ib、PI-IIb参照表1所示配方并采用类似的工艺制备。
将PI-Ia树脂(15 g)与无水DMAc(60 g)混合后,置于100 mL三口瓶中,室温下搅拌24 h,得到浅黄色黏稠PI-Ia溶液(质量分数为20%)。将该溶液过滤纯化后,采用刮刀涂覆在洁净的玻璃基板上。随后将玻璃基板置于充氮保护的烘箱中,经80℃/1 h+120℃/1 h+150℃/1 h+180℃/1 h+250℃/1 h+280℃/1 h热处理后,降温至室温。最后将玻璃基板浸泡于去离子水中,待浅色的PI-Ia薄膜从玻璃基板上自然脱落,将其置于120℃鼓风干燥箱中处理3 h,最终得到近乎无色的PI-Ia薄膜。其他薄膜包括PI-IIa、PI-Ib、PI-IIb均采用类似的工艺制备。
PI 树脂的数均分子量(Mn)和重均分子量(Mw)通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)法(LC-20AD型,日本岛津株式会社)测定,N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)作为流动相。核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)通过核磁共振仪(AV 400型,日本电子株式会社)测定,溶剂采用氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO)。X射线衍射(XRD)谱图通过X射线衍射仪(D8 Advance型,德国Bruker公司)测定,测试范围为10°~90°。溶解性测试:将充分干燥的PI树脂加入到盛有测试溶剂的三口瓶中,质量分数控制为10%。室温下搅拌24 h,静置脱泡,观察树脂的溶解情况,完全溶解记为++,部分溶解记为+-,不溶解记为–。
傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱采用FTIR光谱仪(Tensor-27型,德国Bruker公司)进行测试,波数范围为4 000~400 cm-1。紫外可见光谱(UV-Vis)通过紫外可见分光光度计(U-3210型,日本日立公司)进行测试。CIE Lab颜色参数通过分光光度仪(Ci7800型,美国X-rite公司)进行测试,薄膜厚度为25 μm,分别记录L*(亮度)、红-绿参数(a*)、黄-蓝参数(b*)以及雾度。折射率,包括面内折射率(nTE)、面外折射率(nTM)通过棱镜耦合仪(Model 2010/M型,美国Metricon公司)进行测试,测试波长为632.8 nm;平均折射率(nav)按照nav=[(2nTE2+nTM2)/3]1/2计算;双折射(Δn)按照Δn=nTE-nTM计算。热分解温度通过热重分析仪(TGA,STA-8000型,美国Perkin-Elmer公司)进行测试,测试温度范围为30~760℃,升温速率为20℃/min,氮气气氛。玻璃化转变温度(Tg)通过动态机械分析仪(DMA,242E型,德国耐驰公司)进行测试,测试温度范围为30~350℃,升温速率为5℃/min,氮气气氛,Tg采用损耗因子曲线峰值温度判定。线性热膨胀系数(CTE)通过热机械分析仪(TMA,402F3型,德国耐驰公司)进行测试,升温速率为10℃/min,升温范围为30~400℃。薄膜力学性能,包括拉伸强度(TS)、拉伸模量(TM)和断裂伸长率(Eb)通过万能试验机(3365型,美国Instron公司)进行测试,样品尺寸为80 mm×10 mm× 0.05 mm,拉伸速率为2.0 mm/min,最终结果取5个平行样品测试数据的平均值。
PI树脂合成示意图如图1所示。无色透明与高Tg是本研究开发的PI薄膜的两个主要目标特征。无色透明化设计方面,二酐单体选择了两种具有不同构型的氢化均苯四甲酸二酐ccHPMDA以及ctHPMDA。ccHPMDA与ctHPMDA互为同分异构体,但两者构型不同,前者具有船式结构,4个羰基均朝向外侧,一般而言聚合时的立体障碍较大,而ctHPMDA分子结构中,2个羰基朝向外侧,另外2个羰基则朝向内侧,一般而言聚合时的立体障碍相对较小。这些结构特征会对PI树脂的性能产生一定的影响[21]。上述二酐单元中的六元环己烷环具有非共轭特性,可有效抑制PI分子链内部的电荷转移作用,进而减少对可见光的吸收[22-26]。高Tg化设计中,一方面环己烷环具有对称的环状结构,环己烷环的C-C键旋转受到环张力限制,无法像柔性链一样通过单键旋转自由改变构象,从而赋予PI薄膜较高的Tg。另一方面为了实现高Tg,分别选择了MFDA和DMBZ作为二胺单体。MFDA分子结构中的邻位取代甲基以及庞大芴基均可在高温时阻碍PI分子链段的运动,从而有效提升PI薄膜的Tg值,而DMBZ分子结构中的刚性联苯以及2,2′-取代甲基也可起到类似的作用。更为可贵的是上述基团在提升PI薄膜Tg值的同时还可利用自身较高的摩尔体积促进溶剂分子的渗透,从而显著改善PI树脂在有机溶剂中的溶解性。过往实验结果显示,所有PI树脂体系在聚合过程中均保持了良好的均一性,未出现凝胶化或者沉淀等现象。
本研究首先表征了PI树脂的分子量和溶解性,结果如表2图2所示。从表2图2可以看出,PI树脂的数均分子量(Mn)均超过了104数量级,而分子量分散指数(DD=Mw/Mn)为1.67~2.24,表明高温聚合工艺制备了分子量较高且分子量分布较窄的PI树脂,这有利于后续薄膜的制备。从表2图2还可以看出,基于ctHPMDA二酐的PI-IIa、PI-IIb分子量均高于基于ccHPMDA的PI-Ia、PI-Ib分子量。例如,PI-IIaMn值为7.30×104 g/mol,高于PI-Ia树脂的4.82×104 g/mol。这可能是由于构型的不同造成ccHPMDA与ctHPMDA二酐单体的聚合反应活性产生差异。图3给出了几种单体的分子轨道模拟计算结果。从图3可以看出,对于二酐单体而言,ctHPMDA显示出更低的εLUMO能量(-1.65 eV),表明其具有更高的反应活性[27]。对于二胺单体而言,MFDA与DMBZ显示出类似的εHOMO能量,相比之下,MFDA显示出略高的反应活性,但MFDA分子结构中,氨基邻位的甲基取代基由于空间位阻效应在一定程度上阻碍了单体的聚合反应,造成MFDA基PI树脂的分子量低于DMBZ基PI树脂的分子量。
表2可以看出,所有树脂均可在室温下溶解于极性非质子性溶剂中,包括NMP、DMAc、DMF和DMSO。MFDA基PI树脂还可溶解于CPA中,但DMBZ基PI树脂仅部分溶解于该溶剂中。所有PI树脂在THF中仅部分溶解。PI树脂良好的溶解性可归于二酐单元的六元脂环结构以及二胺单元的庞大取代基和烷基取代基。上述基团的引入有效增加了PI分子链的自由体积,抑制了分子链的有序排列,减少了结晶现象的发生。PI树脂的溶液可加工特性使得后续PI薄膜的制备可在相对较低的固化温度下完成,避免了传统聚酰胺酸制备PI薄膜的高温亚胺化所带来的光学性能劣化等不利因素。
PI树脂的XRD谱图如图4所示。从图4可以看出,所有树脂在10°~80°的衍射角扫描范围内未观察到显著的结晶峰,表明PI树脂具有无定型结构特征。
PI薄膜的FTIR谱图如图5所示。从图5可以看出,五元酰亚胺环的特征吸收峰均被检测到,包括位于1 778 cm-1处的羰基不对称吸收峰和1 702 cm-1处的羰基伸缩振动吸收峰,以及1 373 cm-1处的C-N键伸缩振动吸收峰。此外,还可以观察到二酐单元六元环己烷环中的位于2 922 cm-1处的饱和C-H键伸缩振动吸收峰以及二胺单元苯环中位于1 489 cm-1处的C=C键伸缩振动吸收峰。以上信息表明制备的PI薄膜的结构与预期相符。
图6是PI薄膜的UV-Vis谱图,相应的光学数据如表3所示。
图6表3可以看出,PI薄膜的紫外截止波长(λcut)范围为291~304 nm,均处于紫外区域,表明所有PI薄膜均在较宽的光谱范围内保持了高透明性。PI薄膜在450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)均超过84.8%,显示出优良的光学透明性。对于同一种二酐单体而言,基于DMBZ的PI-Ib、PI-IIb显示出优于MFDA基薄膜PI-Ia、PI-IIa的光学性能,如PI-Ib薄膜的λcut值比PI-Ia的低12 nm。这主要是由于MFDA分子结构中的高含量芳环的存在使得薄膜的吸收发生了蓝移。对于同一种二胺单体而言,ctHPMDA基薄膜PI-IIa、PI-IIb则表现出了优于ccHPMDA基薄膜PI-Ia、PI-Ib的光学性能。例如,PI-IIb薄膜的T450值为86.8%,较PI-Ib(84.8%)高2%,性能达到或接近商业化CPI薄膜如C1334型CPI(可见光区平均透光率为87%)C1424型CPI(可见光区平均透光率为85%)的水平[8],这主要是由于ctHPMDA的扭曲分子结构有利于可见光的透过。CIE Lab测试显示,所有PI薄膜显示出较高的亮度(L*>95.00)、较低的黄-蓝指数(1.09~2.15)和较低的雾度(0.16%~1.21%)。折射率测试结果进一步揭示了PI薄膜的结构对其光学性能的影响。含有芴取代基的PI-Ia、PI-IIa薄膜显示出更高的平均折射率(nav),如PI-Ia薄膜的nav值为1.614 8,明显高于PI-Ib薄膜的nav(1.602 7),这与芴基本身较高的摩尔折射率有关[28]。此外,含有芴基的MFDA基薄膜也表现出了更低的双折射(Δn),这主要是由于芴取代基的空间位阻效应会干扰分子间的π-π堆积和氢键作用,使薄膜形成时更倾向于无定形结构。这种无序排列显著削弱了薄膜对不同偏振光的响应,从而有利于降低薄膜的Δn值。
PI薄膜的热性能与力学性能如表4所示,DMA曲线如图7所示。
图7表4可以看出,所有PI薄膜的储能模量(E)以及损耗模量(E′)在温度低于400℃时均维持在一定水平,温度超过400℃后,薄膜的EE'值开始下降,同时在损耗因子曲线中开始出现吸收峰,其峰值温度定义为薄膜的Tg。PI薄膜的Tg值均超过了410℃,由低到高依次为PI-IIb(410.5℃)、PI-Ib(424.8℃)、PI-IIa(434.3℃)、PI-Ia(441.9℃)。所有PI薄膜的Tg值接近或达到商业化CPI薄膜C1334(Tg为450℃)、C1424(Tg为405℃)等的水平[8]。这是因为一方面环己烷的刚性环结构直接“锚定”了主链的局部构象,使相邻基团,包括酰亚胺环、与二胺连接的基团等的相对运动大幅受限,导致整个分子链的柔性显著降低,链段需要更高的能量(温度)才能克服刚性阻碍发生运动。另一方面由表4中的数据可以推断,对于同一种二酐单体而言,基于MFDA的PI薄膜显示出优于DMBZ基薄膜的耐热性能。这主要是由于MFDA分子结构中的芴取代基具有刚性三芳环结构,以及较高的平面性和共轭性,在高温时可以有效抑制PI链段的自由运动;同时MFDA分子结构中氨基邻位的甲基取代基限制了分子链段在高温时的自由运动,因此也在一定程度上提升了PI薄膜的Tg值,这与文献[29]报道的现象类似。此外,对于同一种二胺单体,基于ccHPMDA的PI薄膜表现出优于ctHPMDA基薄膜的耐热性能,这主要是由于ctHPMDA的扭曲结构降低了PI分子链的紧密堆砌,从而使得其链段在高温下易发生自由运动。
进一步采用TGA手段考察了PI薄膜的热分解行为,结果如图8所示。从图8表4可以看出,测试温度升高到450℃之前,PI薄膜均较好地保持了初始质量。温度超过450℃后,PI薄膜开始发生分解。随着测试温度的进一步升高,PI薄膜的热分解加剧,在微分热重(DTG)曲线上出现峰值,代表分解速率最快时对应的温度(Tmax)。PI薄膜的5%热失重温度(T5%)为502.1~528.4℃,Tmax为521.2~546.1℃。最终PI薄膜在750℃时的残留率(R)为35%~36%。相比之下,基于MFDA的薄膜显示出了更高的热分解温度,这可能与其分子结构中更高的芳环含量有关。
采用TMA手段测试了PI薄膜的高温尺寸稳定性,结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,随着测试温度的升高,PI薄膜表现出先膨胀后收缩,然后再膨胀的行为。这种现象对于Tg较高的PI薄膜较为常见[30]。因为制膜温度(≤280℃)远低于薄膜的Tg值,所以在温度超过PI薄膜的制膜温度时,薄膜内部可能会进一步发生分子链的重排。当温度接近薄膜的Tg值时,薄膜内部的残余应力有可能释放,表现为薄膜尺寸的收缩。当薄膜内部的应力释放完全后,随着温度的进一步升高,薄膜表现为正常的膨胀现象。可以预测,若PI薄膜的制膜温度达到或超过其Tg值,则TMA测试中仅会出现单一的膨胀现象。从表4可以看出,PI薄膜在50~200℃的线性膨胀系数(CTE)从小到大依次为PI-Ib(39.3×10-6 K-1)、PI-IIb(41.5×10-6 K-1)、PI-Ia(43.4×10-6 K-1)、PI-IIa(47.4×10-6 K-1),均低于商业化CPI薄膜C1424的CTE(56.0×10-6 K-1),但与商业化CPI薄膜C1334的CTE(16.0×10-6 K-1)相比仍有一定差距[8]。基于ccHPMDA的PI薄膜较ctHPMDA基薄膜表现出更低的CTE值,即更优的高温尺寸稳定性,这同样与ctHPMDA的扭曲分子链结构有关。二胺方面,虽然MFDA基薄膜(PI-Ia、PI-IIa)显示出高于DMBZ基薄膜(PI-Ib、PI-IIb)的Tg值,但其CTE值也高于后者。这主要是因为MFDA基薄膜Tg的提升在一定程度得益于氨基邻位甲基取代基的空间位阻效应,但这种结构特征对于降低薄膜的CTE方面影响较小。同时MFDA基薄膜分子结构中庞大的芴取代基在一定程度上增加了薄膜的CTE值。
表4可以看出,MFDA基薄膜表现出一定的脆性,Eb值仅为1.7%~2.3%。芴基PI薄膜的脆性特性在文献中已有所报道,芴基较高的刚性和高平面度虽然可显著提升PI薄膜的Tg,但同时也可能导致薄膜的力学性能发生劣化。相比之下,DMBZ基PI薄膜表现出较好的柔韧性,其中PI-IIb薄膜的TSTMEb值分别为145.7 MPa、3.9 GPa和18.4%,表现出了良好的力学性能,这对于其实际应用是十分有利的。
针对先进光电领域的快速发展对于兼具优良光学透明性、耐热稳定性(高Tg、低CTE)以及环境友好性的聚合物光学薄膜的迫切需求,本文设计并制备了一系列无氟半脂环型PI薄膜。通过测试所制备PI薄膜的结构及其与性能的关系,得到如下结论:
(1)六元环己烷型二酐单体(ccHPMDA与cTHPMDA)可赋予PI薄膜优良的溶液可加工特性、光学透明性和高Tg特征。
(2)基于脂环二酐与MFDA二胺的PI薄膜具有超过430℃的Tg值和良好的光学透明性,但薄膜力学性能较差;基于脂环二酐与DMBZ二胺的PI薄膜具有超过410℃的Tg值和良好的光学透明性,同时还表现出良好的力学性能。
(3)PI-IIb薄膜具有最优的综合性能,其中Tg为410.5℃,T450为86.8%,CTE为41.5×10-6 K-1TS为145.7 MPa,TM为3.9 GPa,Eb为18.4%,在未来先进光电领域具有较好的应用前景。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.002
  • 接收时间:2025-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-19
  • 修回日期:2025-12-01
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    1北京大学 材料科学与工程学院,教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871
    2中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100083
    3笛斯安新材料研发(三河)有限公司,河北 廊坊 065200

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于海峰(1975-),男(汉族),河北秦皇岛人,教授,主要从事高性能高分子材料的基础与应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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