Article(id=1304921929387897145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750003200000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-16, revisedDate=1754496000000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047232243, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1779206400000, pubDateStr=2026-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047232243, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047232243, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047232243, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304921832184897890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='160', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779206400000', pubDateStr='2026-05-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047209067, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118050557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021063, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305218963043021064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304921832184897890, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304921929568252218, articleId=1304921929387897145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance analysis of epoxy resin-based composite dielectrics for stator windings of large generators, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the insulation failure of epoxy resin (EP) used in stator windings of large generator caused by long-term coupling degradation effect of electrical and thermal stress, it is urgent to develop epoxy resin composite dielectrics with both excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength. In this study, SiCn@SiCp/EP composite dielectrics with varying SiCn and SiCp contents were prepared by using epoxy resin as the matrix, silicon carbide particles (SiCp) as the nonlinear conductivity base elements, and high aspect-ratio silicon carbide nanowires (SiCn) as the network skeleton. The results show that the multi-scale three-dimensional functional network formed by the mutual matching bridging of SiCn and SiCp provides transmission channels for external stress and internal phonons. The tensile strength, toughness, and thermal conductivity of composite dielectrics reach 64.8 MPa, 1.86 MJ/m3, and 0.326 W/(m·K), respectively. Meanwhile,affected by the percolation network, the composite dielectrics exhibit superior nonlinear conductive characteristics at relatively low SiC content, with a nonlinearity coefficient as high as 7.79 and a threshold field strength of only 2.12 kV/mm. The mutual matching of different morphologies of the same material avoids the complex issues arising from differences in interfacial interactions among multiple heterogeneous fillers in previous studies.

, authors=Lihua ZHAO1, Yu CHEN1, Huachao WEI1, Shuai YANG2, Yue ZHANG2, Junwen REN1, *, authorsList=Lihua ZHAO, Yu CHEN, Huachao WEI, Shuai YANG, Yue ZHANG, Junwen REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Junwen REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304921932177109335, articleId=1304921929387897145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂基复合电介质的制备及性能分析, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂(EP)长期受电、热应力耦合劣化作用而绝缘失效的问题,亟需制备兼具良好导热能力和机械强度的环氧树脂复合电介质。本研究以环氧树脂为基体,利用碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)作为非线性电导特性基元,高长径比碳化硅纳米线(SiCn)作为网络骨架,制备了不同SiCn、SiCp含量的SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质。结果表明:SiCn与SiCp互配桥接形成的多尺度三维功能网络,为外部应力和内部声子提供了传输通道,复合电介质的拉伸强度、韧性、导热系数分别达到64.8 MPa、1.86 MJ/m3、0.326 W/(m·K);同时受逾渗网络影响,复合电介质在较低SiC含量下具备优异的非线性电导特性,非线性系数高达7.79,阈值场强仅为2.12 kV/mm。利用同种物质的不同形态互配避免了以往异质多元填料间因界面相互作用差异而带来的复杂问题。

, authors=赵莉华1, 陈钰1, 魏华超1, 杨帅2, 张跃2, 任俊文1, *, authorsList=赵莉华, 陈钰, 魏华超, 杨帅, 张跃, 任俊文, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任俊文, authorNote=

赵莉华(1968-),女(汉族),四川成都人,副教授,主要从事变压器绝缘及状态检测技术的研究。

, correspAuthorsNote=
任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川南充人,副研究员,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
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赵莉华(1968-),女(汉族),四川成都人,副教授,主要从事变压器绝缘及状态检测技术的研究。

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赵莉华(1968-),女(汉族),四川成都人,副教授,主要从事变压器绝缘及状态检测技术的研究。

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(a) SiCp (b) SiCn

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大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂基复合电介质的制备及性能分析
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赵莉华 1 , 陈钰 1 , 魏华超 1 , 杨帅 2 , 张跃 2 , 任俊文 1, *
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2026,59(5): 1-10
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绝缘材料 |材料研究 2026 , 59 (5) : 1 -10
大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂基复合电介质的制备及性能分析
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赵莉华(1968-),女(汉族),四川成都人,副教授,主要从事变压器绝缘及状态检测技术的研究。

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赵莉华1, 陈钰1, 魏华超1, 杨帅2, 张跃2, 任俊文1, *
作者信息
  • 1四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 2东方电气集团东方电机有限公司,四川 德阳 618000
通讯作者:
任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川南充人,副研究员,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
作者简介:

赵莉华(1968-),女(汉族),四川成都人,副教授,主要从事变压器绝缘及状态检测技术的研究。

Preparation and performance analysis of epoxy resin-based composite dielectrics for stator windings of large generators
Lihua ZHAO1, Yu CHEN1, Huachao WEI1, Shuai YANG2, Yue ZHANG2, Junwen REN1, *
Affiliations
  • 1College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 2Dongfang Electric Machinery Co., Ltd., Deyang 618000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.001
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针对大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂(EP)长期受电、热应力耦合劣化作用而绝缘失效的问题,亟需制备兼具良好导热能力和机械强度的环氧树脂复合电介质。本研究以环氧树脂为基体,利用碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)作为非线性电导特性基元,高长径比碳化硅纳米线(SiCn)作为网络骨架,制备了不同SiCn、SiCp含量的SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质。结果表明:SiCn与SiCp互配桥接形成的多尺度三维功能网络,为外部应力和内部声子提供了传输通道,复合电介质的拉伸强度、韧性、导热系数分别达到64.8 MPa、1.86 MJ/m3、0.326 W/(m·K);同时受逾渗网络影响,复合电介质在较低SiC含量下具备优异的非线性电导特性,非线性系数高达7.79,阈值场强仅为2.12 kV/mm。利用同种物质的不同形态互配避免了以往异质多元填料间因界面相互作用差异而带来的复杂问题。

环氧树脂  /  碳化硅颗粒  /  碳化硅纳米线  /  非线性电导  /  导热

To address the insulation failure of epoxy resin (EP) used in stator windings of large generator caused by long-term coupling degradation effect of electrical and thermal stress, it is urgent to develop epoxy resin composite dielectrics with both excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical strength. In this study, SiCn@SiCp/EP composite dielectrics with varying SiCn and SiCp contents were prepared by using epoxy resin as the matrix, silicon carbide particles (SiCp) as the nonlinear conductivity base elements, and high aspect-ratio silicon carbide nanowires (SiCn) as the network skeleton. The results show that the multi-scale three-dimensional functional network formed by the mutual matching bridging of SiCn and SiCp provides transmission channels for external stress and internal phonons. The tensile strength, toughness, and thermal conductivity of composite dielectrics reach 64.8 MPa, 1.86 MJ/m3, and 0.326 W/(m·K), respectively. Meanwhile,affected by the percolation network, the composite dielectrics exhibit superior nonlinear conductive characteristics at relatively low SiC content, with a nonlinearity coefficient as high as 7.79 and a threshold field strength of only 2.12 kV/mm. The mutual matching of different morphologies of the same material avoids the complex issues arising from differences in interfacial interactions among multiple heterogeneous fillers in previous studies.

epoxy resin  /  silicon carbide particles  /  silicon carbide nanowires  /  nonlinear conductivity  /  thermal conductivity
赵莉华, 陈钰, 魏华超, 杨帅, 张跃, 任俊文. 大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂基复合电介质的制备及性能分析. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (5) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.001
Lihua ZHAO, Yu CHEN, Huachao WEI, Shuai YANG, Yue ZHANG, Junwen REN. Preparation and performance analysis of epoxy resin-based composite dielectrics for stator windings of large generators[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (5) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.001
近年来,随着经济的快速发展,用电需求攀升,电力设备逐渐朝着超大功率密度、超高工作电压方向发展,致使电力设备长期承受较高的电、热应力,严重威胁其使用寿命[1]。大型发电机作为电力系统的源头,长期运行在高负荷的工况下,受电、热应力耦合劣化作用的影响愈发明显[2]。环氧树脂作为定子绕组的主要固体绝缘材料,韧性低,导热系数约为0.2 W/(m·K),长期的热量积聚和机械振动易导致其产生微裂纹,造成电荷积聚;且由于其本身具有极性,在热场和高电场共同作用下电荷也不易消散,从而加剧材料表面电场畸变,造成局部电应力劣化,甚至击穿失效[3-6]。为了改善电荷积聚的影响,通常需要在环氧树脂中加入大量的半导体材料[7],使其具备较高的非线性电导率,以促进电荷在高场强下的迁移,均化表面电场。但大量的无机填料易团聚而引入缺陷,造成环氧树脂电气强度和机械强度大幅下降[8],同时由于基体和填料膨胀系数存在差异且环氧树脂导热能力极低,复合材料内部会进一步加速劣化。因此,亟需在保持环氧树脂复合材料优异非线性电导率的前提下,制备出兼具良好导热能力和机械强度的环氧树脂复合电介质。
碳化硅(SiC)作为一种半导体材料,熔点高、化学性质稳定,在高场强下具备明显的非线性特征,是制备非线性环氧树脂复合电介质的理想填料。梁玉等[9]通过将微米SiC颗粒加入到环氧树脂中,制备得到SiC/环氧树脂绝缘涂层,由该涂层制得的封装器件的电场峰值较普通涂层降低了38.6%;陈向荣等[10]制备了不同SiC含量的SiC晶须/环氧树脂复合材料,实现了环氧树脂非线性电导率的提升,同时发现环境温度和电场频率对复合材料的非线性性能有显著影响。这些研究表明,填料的含量、粒径和晶型均会影响复合材料的非线性电导特性,单一组分掺杂无法实现复合材料不同性能的协同提升。
为了弥补单一填料的不足,研究人员利用不同尺度、形态的填料协同改善材料的综合性能。HU H T等[11]利用纳米SiC、纳米ZnO与微米ZnO填料相互组合,发现多元填料更能显著改善复合材料的非线性导电特性;HAN Yixin等[12]通过共混浇注法制备了SiC-BNNS/环氧树脂复合材料,成功将SiC的高绝缘特性和六方氮化硼(BNNS)的高导热特性融入到环氧树脂基体中。然而由于不同填料的分子结构存在差异,对填料的处理方式各不相同,往往需要复杂的化学修饰使填料与填料之间、填料与基体之间都具备良好的界面相互作用[13-14],限制了该方法的进一步应用。
利用同一种物质的不同形态,从微观尺度构建不同的功能网络,可避免复杂的化学处理过程,使综合性能提升效果更为显著。碳化硅具备多种尺寸形貌,其中碳化硅颗粒(SiCp)具备显著的非线性电导特性和良好的绝缘性能;高长径比的碳化硅纳米线(SiCn)可以在较低浓度下构建逾渗网络[15],大幅降低SiC的添加量;同时不同形态的填料相互交织形成三维网络,为载流子和声子传输提供通道。因此利用不同形貌SiC的差异组合制备兼具高导热、高绝缘特性的非线性复合电介质成为可能。
基于此,本研究以环氧树脂(EP)为基体,利用SiCp作为非线性电导特性基元,SiCn作为逾渗网络骨架,制备不同SiCp、SiCn含量的SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质,系统研究SiCn与SiCp多维度共掺杂对非线性电导复合电介质的电学、热学与力学性能的影响规律,以实现大型发电机定子绕组用环氧树脂性能的有效提升。
双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51,环氧当量为192 g/eq)、甲基六氢苯酐固化剂(MHHPA)、2,4,6-三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚促进剂(DMP-30),南通星辰合成材料有限公司;碳化硅颗粒(SiCp,β型,平均粒径为50 nm)、碳化硅纳米线(SiCn,β型,直径为100~600 nm,长度为10~50 μm),上海肴弋合金材料有限公司;丙酮、无水乙醇、异丙醇,分析纯,成都市科隆化学品有限公司。
采用溶液共混和加热固化法制备SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质。首先分别称取一定质量的SiCp(质量分数分别为10%、14%,分别记为10p、14p)和SiCn(质量分数分别为1%、2%、3%、4%、14%,分别记为1n、2n、3n、4n、14n),在60℃下真空干燥12 h以除尽水分。随后分别置于含50 mL丙酮的烧杯中并对混合液进行超声(120 W,25 kHz)分散1 h。接着向分散液中加入EP,在70℃油浴中搅拌4 h以完全去除丙酮溶剂,然后关闭油浴加热继续搅拌至室温。保持搅拌的同时加入MHHPA和DMP-30,控制EP、MHHPA、DMP-30质量比为100∶80∶1.6。搅拌10 min后将混合液浇注到已预热至60℃的标准金属模具中,置于真空干燥箱中在60℃下真空脱气 1 h,随后在常压下进行120℃/2 h+130℃/2 h的固化,冷却至室温后即可得到SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质。
采用场发射扫描电镜(SEM,ZEISS Gemini SEM 300型,德国卡尔蔡司公司)对2n@10p的微观结构和微观形貌进行表征;采用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD,ULTIMA IV型,日本Rigaku理学株式会社)测试不同填料含量复合电介质的XRD图谱;采用绝缘诊断分析仪(HuaceFE-2000型,北京华测检测仪器有限公司)测量直流电导率,测试参照IEC 62631-3-1:2023进行,根据非线性系数方程进行计算,如式(1)所示。
lgγ=lgγEβ+βlgE
式(1)中:β为非线性系数;E为施加场强;γ为电导率。
采用力学万能试验机(INSTRON型,美国英斯特朗公司)测定力学性能,拉伸速率为1 mm/min,参照ISO 527-4:2021制备试样;采用导热测试仪(DRL-III型,湘潭市仪器仪表有限公司)测量导热系数,测试过程参照GB/T 29313—2012进行;采用动态热机械分析仪(Q850型,美国TA公司)测定动态热机械性能(DMA),测试方法为三点弯曲法,试样尺寸为30 mm×10 mm×5 mm,应变幅值为0.5%,频率为1 Hz,振幅为10 μm,温度范围为30~200℃,加热速率为5℃/min;采用宽频介电谱仪(HDTS-600型,北京华测检测仪器有限公司)测量介电性能;采用电击穿测试仪(DDJ-100kV型,北京冠测精电仪器设备有限公司)测定复合电介质的工频电气强度,数据经双参数Weibull分布函数处理,用于考察复合电介质的实际电气强度,如式(2)所示。
P(E)=1-exp-EEbβ
式(2)中:P(E)为绝缘累积击穿概率;E为实验测得的电气强度,Eb为经Weibull分布函数处理得到的特征电气强度,即击穿概率为63.2%时的电气强度;β为形状参数,是拟合直线的斜率。
图1(a)和(b)分别为SiCp和SiCn的微观形貌。从图1可以观察到,SiCp近似为球形颗粒,直径为30~70 nm;而SiCn的外形笔直呈棒状,部分SiCn有“竹节”状凸起,表面光滑,互相堆叠,长度为14 μm,直径为500 nm,长径比高达28。
图2为2n@10p断裂截面的SEM图和能谱图(EDS),以及不同复合电介质的XRD谱图。从图2(a)可以看出,SiCn在环氧基体中呈单根独立分布,内部SiCn呈“拔出”状,SiCn顶部残留有搭接的部分SiCp,说明SiCn和SiCp已在复合电介质内部搭接形成三维网络结构[16-17]。从图2(b)可以看出,SiCn表面存在残留的环氧树脂,表明SiCn与环氧树脂基体的界面相互作用较强。从图2(c)可以看出,随着SiCn含量的增加,其特征衍射峰(2θ为34°、35.6°、41.4°、60.0°、71.8°、75.5°)强度有所增强,非晶态环氧树脂的宽峰强度有所降低,这是由于SiCn降低了环氧树脂的堆积密度[18]
图3是20℃下SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的电导特性曲线。从图3可以看出,纯环氧树脂的电导率随外施场强的增大略有升高,总体维持在5×10-14 S/cm左右,没有出现非线性电导特性。10p的阈值场强为4.82 kV/mm,非线性系数为4.84;添加SiCn后复合电介质的阈值场强呈明显降低趋势,其中4n@10p的阈值场强降低至2.12 kV/mm,非线性系数升高至7.79,相比于10p阈值场强降低了56.02%,非线性系数升高了60.95%。
图4进一步对该结果进行了解释:填料的掺杂含量会影响复合电介质的电导特性,进而影响其均化电场的效果。由于高长径比SiCn可作为“桥梁”连接附近的SiCp颗粒,从而在较低含量下形成大面积的三维导电网络。其中SiCn提供长程导电通路,SiCp提供短程电荷传输,两者共同优化复合电介质的非线性电导特性[19]。并且在外施高电场下,电场会诱导载流子在三维导电网络中动态调整路径,使得电导率非线性上升更加显著。此外,SiCn的尖端曲率半径较小,在外电场作用下会形成局部电场集中,促进电子发射和载流子浓度升高,从而可以在更低的阈值场强下跨过势垒,参与非线性电导过程。
图5是20℃下SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的拉伸测试结果。从图5可以看出,随着SiCn含量的上升,复合电介质的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和韧性均总体呈上升趋势。其中3n@10p复合电介质的拉伸强度最优,达到64.81 MPa,是纯环氧树脂(38.17 MPa)的1.70倍。3n@10p的断裂韧性为1.86 MJ/m3,是纯环氧树脂(0.67 MJ/m3)的2.78倍。从图5还可以看出,4n@10p的断裂伸长率最高,为5.6%,断裂韧性也最大。这是源于SiCn的高机械强度、极大的比表面积大幅增强了与环氧基体的界面相互作用,从而承担了环氧树脂所承受的部分外部载荷,减少局部应力集中[20]。正如2.1节所显示的结果,SiCn在环氧断裂时受力呈拔出状态,表明消耗了部分应力,从而提升了断裂伸长率。与10p相比,加入少量的SiCn后增强效果显著,证实了SiCn可以在较低浓度下构建逾渗网络,与SiCp配合形成三维网络,达到协同增强的效果。
图6是SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的热导率。从图6可以看出,随着SiCn的加入,复合电介质的热导率逐渐升高,增长速率渐渐加快。其中1n@10p热导率(0.270 W/(m·K))较10p(0.260 W/(m·K))提升较小,4n@10p的热导率迅速提升至0.326 W/(m·K),较纯环氧树脂(0.206 W/(m·K))提升了58.25%,较10p增长了25.38%。以上说明,SiCp在低含量下不易形成长距离传热路径,此时SiCn的引入可以“桥接”SiCp间的空隙,完善复合电介质的填充结构,提高材料的热导率。
为进一步分析SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的热管理能力,将复合电介质薄膜用导热胶粘附于发光二极管上方,通电保持发光二极管以恒定功率发光,使用红外热成像仪对整个发光加热过程进行监测,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,当加热时间为50 s时,纯环氧表面的最高温度为58.2℃,10p的表面最高温度为66.7℃,分别添加质量分数为2%与4%的SiCn后,最高温度分别升高到71.6℃与76.3℃,相比于纯环氧有显著升高,其中4n@10p复合电介质相比纯环氧升高了18.1℃。以上说明SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质具有更强的传热能力。
图8是SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的储能模量及损耗因子曲线,其中损耗因子曲线峰值温度即为玻璃化转变温度。从图8可以看出,随着SiCn的引入,复合电介质的储能模量先升高后降低,其中3n@10p复合电介质的储能模量最高,达到3 660 MPa,相较于10p(2 803 MPa)提高了30.6%。玻璃化转变温度同样得到了提升,其中2n@10p的玻璃化转变温度最高(140.4℃)。这源于高长径比刚性填料SiCn与环氧树脂、SiCp相互交联,有效形成了应力传输网络,提高环氧树脂的储能模量;其次SiCn比表面积大,与环氧基体的界面结合强,限制了环氧分子链的自由运动,使玻璃化转变温度升高[21];而当SiCn质量分数较高时,局部缺陷限制了储能模量和玻璃化转变温度的进一步提升。
图9是20℃下SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质交流介电响应特性曲线。从图9可以看出,复合电介质的相对介电常数与介质损耗因数(tanδ)随SiCn含量增加呈上升趋势。其中4n@10p在工频下的相对介电常数为7.9,相比于纯环氧树脂(4.8)升高了64.58%。这源于高长径比SiCn半导体与高绝缘环氧树脂形成的Maxwell-Wagner界面极化作用[22-23]。此外,SiCn与SiCp桥接形成连续导电网络,复合电介质泄漏电流增大,从而使电导损耗逐渐升高,但全频段的介质损耗因数始终维持在较低水平,tanδ<0.02。
图10是20℃下SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的交流电导率。从图10可以看出,添加SiCn后,交流电导率会一定程度升高。在10 Hz下,10p交流电导率为3.2×10-13 S/cm,4n@10p的交流电导率为6.0×10-13 S/cm,升高幅度较低,这源于SiCn的添加量较少,最高仅为4%。
图11是20~160℃下SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的工频介电响应特性曲线。从图11可以看出,随着温度的升高,环氧树脂及其复合电介质的相对介电常数均呈上升趋势,在160℃时,其中纯环氧的相对介电常数为7.52,变化幅度最小,4n@10p复合电介质的相对介电常数为12.36,是纯环氧的1.64倍。相对介电常数的升高源于环氧树脂内部分子链运动随温度升高而增强,偶极子更容易在电场作用下发生转向极化[24-25]。而引入SiCn后,复合电介质在工频高温下的相对介电常数迅速升高,这是由于SiCn长径比较大,较低填充量便能在环氧基体中形成导电网络,这种结构有助于增强界面极化和偶极子转向极化。
图12是20~160℃下SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的工频tanδ曲线。从图12可以看出,tanδ在100℃以下变化较小,当超过100℃后,tanδ迅速升高,160℃时达到峰值。纯环氧与10p在160℃下的tanδ相差不大,这是由于半导体SiCp在低场下的泄漏电流始终较小,主导的电导损耗变化不大。添加质量分数为4%的SiCn后,由于SiCn与SiCp相互作用,在高场下两者协同形成导电网络,tanδ进一步上升,达到0.189,是纯环氧树脂(0.167)的1.13倍。总的来说,虽然高温下4n@10p复合电介质的tanδ有所上升,但仍保持在较低的水平。
上述结果表明SiCn和SiCp的多尺度互配形成的高效三维网络,避免了大量添加填料对电介质介电性能的劣化,同时取得了较好的性能提升效果。
图13是SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质的电气强度曲线。从图13可以看出,随着SiC的引入,复合电介质的工频电气强度出现不同程度的下降,这源于SiC本身较高的电导率。其中4n@10p由于高长径比的SiCn和纳米SiCp的多尺度配合形成的高效三维导电网络,其电气强度(27.48 kV/mm)相较于纯环氧树脂电气强度(59.61 kV/mm)下降了53.90%。根据现有大型水轮发电机的制造规格,通常工作电压(Un)为18 kV[26-27],发电机定子线棒采用多级梯度绝缘,包含主绝缘和防晕层,厚度大于5 mm,按照最高5倍工作电压的耐压试验要求,防晕层至少需耐受18 kV/mm的冲击电压场强[28]。因此,虽然SiC的引入劣化了环氧树脂的电气强度,但4n@10p仍满足实际应用要求。
为了进一步研究多尺度填料互配给复合电介质带来的影响,共制备了14p、14n两种复合电介质,系统测定了电导特性曲线、拉伸强度、热导率和工频电气强度,结果如图14所示。从图14(a)可以看出,14p和14n均表现出明显的非线性电导特性,两者阈值场强相差不大,但14n的非线性系数要略大于14p,这源于SiCn高长径比的特点,更容易相互搭接形成导电网络。对比14p、14n与4n@10p可以看出,SiCn和SiCp共同掺杂带来了更小的阈值场强和更大的非线性系数。从图14(b)可以看出,相同SiC含量的情况下,SiCn和SiCp均能提高环氧树脂的机械强度和韧性,高长径比的SiCn的增强效果更好,但单一填料的高含量添加造成的负面效应导致提升效果远没有两者配合效果显著,这是因为高含量填料更易团聚,引入缺陷。从图14(c)可以看出,14p、14n和4n@10p的热导率相较于纯环氧树脂分别提升了28.64%、34.47%和58.25%,虽然相同SiC含量下14p和14n对热导率均有提升效果,且高长径比的SiCn提升效果更好,但两者协同增强的效果更佳,表明三维导热网络的构建对热导率的提升至关重要。从图14(d)可以看出,如2.6节所述,SiC的引入劣化了环氧树脂的工频电气强度,14n的下降程度略大于14p,这体现了SiCp在构建导电通道方面的优势,4n@10p的下降程度最大。
本研究利用多维形态的SiC在环氧树脂基体中构建三维交织功能网络,在较低添加量的情况下获得了性能优异的SiCn@SiCp/EP复合电介质,主要结论如下:
(1)少量SiCn的引入显著降低了复合电介质的阈值场强(2.12 kV/mm),同时大幅提高了材料的非线性电导特性,这源于高长径比SiCn与SiCp桥接互配形成的逾渗网络。
(2)三维网络骨架为复合电介质内部提供了应力传输通道和声子传递路径,明显改善了复合电介质的力学和导热性能,拉伸强度高达64.8 MPa,断裂韧性提升至1.86 MJ/m3,导热系数达到0.326 W/(m·K)。
(3)SiCn的引入增强了复合电介质的界面极化,SiCn与SiCp构建的三维导电网络共同导致复合电介质的相对介电常数和介质损耗因数上升,但全频段的介质损耗因数始终维持在较低水平。
(4)SiC的引入劣化了环氧树脂的电气强度,4n@10p下降最为明显,达到53.90%,但仍满足大型发电机的设计需求,且在非线性电导性能、力学性能、导热系数上有显著提升效果,较单一添加填料更好,说明不同尺寸的填料配合在构建三维功能网络上具有协同增强复合电介质性能的潜在优势。

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2026年第59卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.05.001
  • 接收时间:2025-06-16
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-16
  • 修回日期:2025-08-07
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    1四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
    2东方电气集团东方电机有限公司,四川 德阳 618000

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任俊文(1987-),男(汉族),四川南充人,副研究员,研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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