Article(id=1304923128912696155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1752768000000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047518231, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047518231, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047518231, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047518231, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304923090710982825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047509124, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118076681, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=85, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304923129093051228, articleId=1304923128912696155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Surface ageing characteristics and weight analysis of silicone rubber under typical external environment influences, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Silicone rubber (SIR) is widely used in outdoor power equipment due to its excellent electrical insulation and weather resistance. However, during long-term operation, silicone rubber inevitably suffers from the impacts of external natural environments. In this paper, the surface ageing characteristics of SIR under long-term out door environments and its influence mechanism on surface flashover performance were systematically studied by three typical environmental simulation tests of thermal ageing, ultraviolet ageing, and salt spray ageing. Combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and flashover voltage tests, the microscopic morphology evolution, chemical group changes, and flashover performance change laws of silicone rubber under different ageing conditions were comprehensively analyzed. The results show that in the early stage of thermal ageing (0-500 h), the high temperature induces re-crosslinking reaction, which reduces the number of surface defects of silicone rubber. In the later stage of thermal ageing (1 000 h), the molecular chains break, and the surface resistivity of the sample drops to 78% of the initial value, and the flashover voltage decreases by 8%. Ultraviolet ageing destroys the Si-O and Si-C bonds in silicone rubber due to high-energy rays, resulting in the precipitation of particles on the surface and the formation of deep traps. After 1 000 h of ultraviolet ageing, the flashover voltage of the sample decreases by 10.3%. Due to the combined effect of Cl- corrosion and solution penetration in salt spray ageing, significant bulges and corrosion marks appear on the surface of the sample, and the relative dielectric constant of the samples increases by 23%, while the flashover voltage decreases by 31%. Though the quantitative analysis of the entropy weight method, the weights percentages of the effects of salt spray, ultraviolet, and thermal ageing on flashover voltage are 37.1%, 35.7%, and 27.2%, respectively. This suggests that cable accessories in coastal areas with high salt spray and high ultraviolet radiation are more prone to causing insulation failure due to environmental ageing.

, authors=Dongjun YANG1, Fengyuan XU2, Jingbing WANG1, Jiaxing WANG1, Zhaolu CHENG1, Xuguang ZHOU1, Pengshuai QI1, Yanhui WEI2, Guochang LI2, authorsList=Dongjun YANG, Fengyuan XU, Jingbing WANG, Jiaxing WANG, Zhaolu CHENG, Xuguang ZHOU, Pengshuai QI, Yanhui WEI, Guochang LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304923132054229879, articleId=1304923128912696155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=典型外部环境影响下硅橡胶表面老化特性及权重分析, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

硅橡胶(SIR)因具有优异的电绝缘性和耐候性,被广泛应用于户外电力设备中,但在长期运行中硅橡胶不可避免地受到外部自然环境的影响。本文通过热老化、紫外老化及盐雾老化3种典型环境模拟实验,系统研究硅橡胶试样在长期户外环境下的表面老化特性及其对沿面闪络性能的影响机理。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及闪络电压试验,全面分析不同老化方式下硅橡胶的微观形貌演变、化学基团变化与闪络性能变化规律。结果表明:热老化初期(0~500 h),高温诱导再交联反应使硅橡胶表面缺陷数量减少;热老化后期(1 000 h)硅橡胶分子链断裂,试样的表面电阻率下降至初始值的78%,闪络电压降低8%。紫外老化因高能射线破坏了硅橡胶中的Si-O和Si-C键,使其表面析出颗粒物并形成深陷阱,紫外老化1 000 h后试样的闪络电压下降10.3%。因盐雾老化中Cl⁻腐蚀与溶液渗透的协同作用,试样表面产生显著隆起与腐蚀痕迹,试样的相对介电常数上升23%,闪络电压下降31%。通过熵权法量化分析,盐雾、紫外及热老化对闪络电压影响的权重占比分别为37.1%、35.7%和27.2%,表明沿海高盐雾与高紫外辐射地区的电缆附件更易因环境老化而引发绝缘失效。

, authors=杨东军1, 许逢源2, 王景兵1, 王家兴1, 程兆璐1, 周旭光1, 齐朋帅1, 魏艳慧2, 李国倡2, authorsList=杨东军, 许逢源, 王景兵, 王家兴, 程兆璐, 周旭光, 齐朋帅, 魏艳慧, 李国倡, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

杨东军(1978-),男(汉族),山东寿光人,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通车辆高低压电气工程的研究

李国倡(1985-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事电力设备绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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杨东军(1978-),男(汉族),山东寿光人,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通车辆高低压电气工程的研究

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杨东军(1978-),男(汉族),山东寿光人,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通车辆高低压电气工程的研究

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李国倡(1985-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事电力设备绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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李国倡(1985-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事电力设备绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation,2019,26(6):1859-1866., articleTitle=Correlations between structural changes and dielectric behavior of thermally aged XLPE, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304923132280722296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304923132289110905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, companyId=1304923132280722296, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1CRRC Qingdao Sifang Rolling Stock Research Institute Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266031, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304923132297499514, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, companyId=1304923132280722296, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司,山东 青岛 266031)]), AuthorCompany(id=1304923132368802683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304923132385579900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, companyId=1304923132368802683, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center for High Voltage Insulation Systems and Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304923132393968509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, companyId=1304923132368802683, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2青岛科技大学 山东省高压绝缘系统与先进电工材料工程研究中心,山东 青岛 266042)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304923135027991475, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Surface morphology changes of silicone rubber before and after thermal ageing, figureFileSmall=+ygYugSb8hx7RohyyBPbWw==, figureFileBig=mGVtU3w0hu+pBQgPAvzOxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923135095100340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, language=CN, label=图1, caption=热老化前后硅橡胶表面形貌变化

(a) 0 h (b) 500 h (c)1 000 h

, figureFileSmall=+ygYugSb8hx7RohyyBPbWw==, figureFileBig=mGVtU3w0hu+pBQgPAvzOxg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923135271261109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Surface morphology changes of silicone rubber before and after ultraviolet ageing, figureFileSmall=A13Z2xvmAIgC4n0/3K1vpw==, figureFileBig=v5MfZyu/uSsCKhK92OLxhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923135338369974, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, language=CN, label=图2, caption=紫外老化前后硅橡胶表面形貌变化

(a) 0 h (b) 500 h (c)1 000 h

, figureFileSmall=A13Z2xvmAIgC4n0/3K1vpw==, figureFileBig=v5MfZyu/uSsCKhK92OLxhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923135392895927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Surface morphology changes of silicone rubber before and after salt spray ageing, figureFileSmall=JSpn/Jem87xcVICzqPfUhw==, figureFileBig=dHVc2JM+SXtSjK+Kytfomg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304923135455810488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923128912696155, language=CN, label=图3, caption=盐雾老化前后硅橡胶表面形貌变化

(a) 0 h (b) 500 h (c)1 000 h

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典型外部环境影响下硅橡胶表面老化特性及权重分析
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杨东军 1 , 许逢源 2 , 王景兵 1 , 王家兴 1 , 程兆璐 1 , 周旭光 1 , 齐朋帅 1 , 魏艳慧 2 , 李国倡 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(4): 85-93
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (4) : 85 -93
典型外部环境影响下硅橡胶表面老化特性及权重分析
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杨东军(1978-),男(汉族),山东寿光人,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通车辆高低压电气工程的研究

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杨东军(1978-),男(汉族),山东寿光人,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通车辆高低压电气工程的研究

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李国倡(1985-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事电力设备绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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李国倡(1985-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事电力设备绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

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杨东军1, 许逢源2, 王景兵1, 王家兴1, 程兆璐1, 周旭光1, 齐朋帅1, 魏艳慧2, 李国倡2
作者信息
  • 1中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司,山东 青岛 266031
  • 2青岛科技大学 山东省高压绝缘系统与先进电工材料工程研究中心,山东 青岛 266042
作者简介:

杨东军(1978-),男(汉族),山东寿光人,正高级工程师,主要从事轨道交通车辆高低压电气工程的研究

李国倡(1985-),男(汉族),山东青岛人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事电力设备绝缘材料与绝缘技术的研究。

Surface ageing characteristics and weight analysis of silicone rubber under typical external environment influences
Dongjun YANG1, Fengyuan XU2, Jingbing WANG1, Jiaxing WANG1, Zhaolu CHENG1, Xuguang ZHOU1, Pengshuai QI1, Yanhui WEI2, Guochang LI2
Affiliations
  • 1CRRC Qingdao Sifang Rolling Stock Research Institute Co., Ltd., Qingdao 266031, China
  • 2Shandong Provincial Engineering Research Center for High Voltage Insulation Systems and Advanced Electrical Materials, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.011
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硅橡胶(SIR)因具有优异的电绝缘性和耐候性,被广泛应用于户外电力设备中,但在长期运行中硅橡胶不可避免地受到外部自然环境的影响。本文通过热老化、紫外老化及盐雾老化3种典型环境模拟实验,系统研究硅橡胶试样在长期户外环境下的表面老化特性及其对沿面闪络性能的影响机理。结合扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)及闪络电压试验,全面分析不同老化方式下硅橡胶的微观形貌演变、化学基团变化与闪络性能变化规律。结果表明:热老化初期(0~500 h),高温诱导再交联反应使硅橡胶表面缺陷数量减少;热老化后期(1 000 h)硅橡胶分子链断裂,试样的表面电阻率下降至初始值的78%,闪络电压降低8%。紫外老化因高能射线破坏了硅橡胶中的Si-O和Si-C键,使其表面析出颗粒物并形成深陷阱,紫外老化1 000 h后试样的闪络电压下降10.3%。因盐雾老化中Cl⁻腐蚀与溶液渗透的协同作用,试样表面产生显著隆起与腐蚀痕迹,试样的相对介电常数上升23%,闪络电压下降31%。通过熵权法量化分析,盐雾、紫外及热老化对闪络电压影响的权重占比分别为37.1%、35.7%和27.2%,表明沿海高盐雾与高紫外辐射地区的电缆附件更易因环境老化而引发绝缘失效。

硅橡胶  /  表面老化  /  外部环境  /  权重分析

Silicone rubber (SIR) is widely used in outdoor power equipment due to its excellent electrical insulation and weather resistance. However, during long-term operation, silicone rubber inevitably suffers from the impacts of external natural environments. In this paper, the surface ageing characteristics of SIR under long-term out door environments and its influence mechanism on surface flashover performance were systematically studied by three typical environmental simulation tests of thermal ageing, ultraviolet ageing, and salt spray ageing. Combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and flashover voltage tests, the microscopic morphology evolution, chemical group changes, and flashover performance change laws of silicone rubber under different ageing conditions were comprehensively analyzed. The results show that in the early stage of thermal ageing (0-500 h), the high temperature induces re-crosslinking reaction, which reduces the number of surface defects of silicone rubber. In the later stage of thermal ageing (1 000 h), the molecular chains break, and the surface resistivity of the sample drops to 78% of the initial value, and the flashover voltage decreases by 8%. Ultraviolet ageing destroys the Si-O and Si-C bonds in silicone rubber due to high-energy rays, resulting in the precipitation of particles on the surface and the formation of deep traps. After 1 000 h of ultraviolet ageing, the flashover voltage of the sample decreases by 10.3%. Due to the combined effect of Cl- corrosion and solution penetration in salt spray ageing, significant bulges and corrosion marks appear on the surface of the sample, and the relative dielectric constant of the samples increases by 23%, while the flashover voltage decreases by 31%. Though the quantitative analysis of the entropy weight method, the weights percentages of the effects of salt spray, ultraviolet, and thermal ageing on flashover voltage are 37.1%, 35.7%, and 27.2%, respectively. This suggests that cable accessories in coastal areas with high salt spray and high ultraviolet radiation are more prone to causing insulation failure due to environmental ageing.

silicone rubber  /  surface ageing  /  external environment  /  weight analysis
杨东军, 许逢源, 王景兵, 王家兴, 程兆璐, 周旭光, 齐朋帅, 魏艳慧, 李国倡. 典型外部环境影响下硅橡胶表面老化特性及权重分析. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (4) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.011
Dongjun YANG, Fengyuan XU, Jingbing WANG, Jiaxing WANG, Zhaolu CHENG, Xuguang ZHOU, Pengshuai QI, Yanhui WEI, Guochang LI. Surface ageing characteristics and weight analysis of silicone rubber under typical external environment influences[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (4) : 85 -93 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.011
随着电力行业的快速发展和电力系统规模的不断扩大,电力线路对电缆的应用率逐年提高[1-3]。电缆附件是电力传输网络中关键的连接部件,其绝缘的可靠性对整个电力系统的安全稳定运行至关重要[4-5]。硅橡胶(SIR)因其优异的电气绝缘性能、耐候性及柔韧性,被广泛应用于户外电力设备中的电缆附件[6-7]。由于硅橡胶电缆附件长期暴露于户外环境,材料表面会因为外部环境作用发生不可逆老化,导致沿面闪络电压显著下降,严重影响供电可靠性[8]。因此,探明典型环境老化因素对硅橡胶表面特性的影响规律及影响权重,对材料寿命评估和电力设备状态监测具有重要意义[9]
近年来,国内外学者针对单一环境因素对硅橡胶老化特性的影响开展了系列研究。例如,王阳等[10]分别探究了不同环境条件对甲基乙烯基硅橡胶性能的影响,结果表明在不受力的情况下高温对试样硬度、拉伸强度、扯断伸长率的影响最大;张云霄等[11]对热-机械力作用下纳米复合硅橡胶耐老化性能进行研究,结果表明低应力-热联合老化下,纳米复合硅橡胶材料具有较好的耐老化性能,但在高应力-热联合老化下,纳米复合材料力学性能和电气性能显著下降,甚至低于未掺杂硅橡胶材料的性能;QIANG H等[12]研究了硅橡胶热氧老化性能、力学性能和摩擦性能,以及热氧老化后的热稳定性能,结果表明热氧老化后硅橡胶撕裂强度变低,但老化前期阶段材料抗拉强度和摩擦性能的提升主要由交联密度的增加引起;SU D D[13]研究了电缆和配件用硅橡胶材料的热老化性能,结果表明随着老化时间的增加,硅橡胶的热稳定性下降。然而,对多因素作用下硅橡胶的性能劣化机理及不同老化方式的影响权重缺乏系统性对比分析[14-15]
本研究以典型环境(热、紫外、盐雾)老化后的硅橡胶为研究对象,通过设计可控老化实验,结合微观表征(SEM、FTIR)与电气性能测试(沿面闪络、表面陷阱、表面电阻率),系统揭示不同老化方式对硅橡胶表面微观形貌、化学结构及电气特性的影响规律。进一步引入熵权法量化各老化因素对闪络电压影响的权重贡献,为户外绝缘材料的选型优化和服役寿命预测提供理论依据。
选用高温硫化(HTV)硅橡胶基料,其基础胶料为甲基乙烯基硅,补强剂为气相白炭黑,交联剂为过氧化二异丙苯。采用密炼法制备试样,具体工艺为:按质量称取一定比例甲基乙烯基硅、气相白炭黑和过氧化二异丙苯在120℃密炼机中熔融共混20 min,然后在真空干燥箱中静置24 h(室温,真空度≥0.09 MPa),去除混炼过程中混入的气体,接着将混炼后的胶料裁剪成略大于模具的尺寸(模具尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×1 mm),将裁剪后的胶料在平板硫化机中于170℃、10 MPa条件下硫化30 min,最终制得尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×1 mm的试样。
电缆附件运行典型环境包括高温、紫外辐照、盐雾环境等,分别对试样进行热老化、紫外老化、盐雾老化。加速热老化采用鼓风干燥箱,温度设置为175℃,老化时间为0~1 000 h。紫外老化使用配置有UVB-313灯管(波长为280~315 nm)的紫外老化箱,表面辐照强度设置为5.20 W/m2。盐雾老化使用盐雾试验箱,配置质量浓度为(50±5)g/L的氯化钠溶液,pH值调节至6.5~7.2(25℃)。试样采用特 制支架固定,与水平面呈60°夹角摆放,确保盐雾 均匀沉降在试样表面。试验采用连续喷雾方式,箱内温度维持在(35±2)℃,盐雾沉降率为1.0~2.0 mL/(h·80 cm2)。老化后对试样进行理化、电学性能测试,并将实验结果与未老化试样进行对比。
扫描电子显微镜(SEM):采用台式扫描电子显微镜对不同方式老化前后硅橡胶试样进行表面微观形貌测试。将试样贴上导电胶,并将另一边贴在扫描样品操作平台上固定,然后将操作平台放入离子喷射仪中进行表面喷金处理。为了避免喷金过程温度过高对试样表面造成破坏,喷金电流控制在10 mA以下。为了保证试样表面喷金均匀且充分,喷金时间设置为2 min。喷金结束后将试样转移至扫描电镜样品室中固定,调整放大倍数进行观察,得到试样的表面微观形貌图。
傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR):采用傅里叶红外光谱测试仪对不同方式老化前后试样的官能团和化学键进行分析。测试过程中首先对背景通道进行测试,再将试样置于样品室中进行光谱采集,波数为500~4 000 cm-1
介电性能:采用宽频介电谱测试仪测试不同方式老化前后试样的介电性能。测试前,先将待测硅橡胶试样裁剪成圆形,然后利用无水乙醇擦拭试样表面以去除表面的杂质和灰尘,将试样放入60℃的烘箱中烘干30 min。在测试硅橡胶试样在不同温度下的介电性能时,温度设置为-40~60℃,频率设置为50 Hz。在分析外部环境对硅橡胶老化作用时,温度设置为25℃,频率设置为50 Hz。
表面电阻率:测试采用三电极测试系统进行表面电阻率测试,每个试样进行10次测试,每次测试更换位置。为了避免仪器中残余电荷的影响,每次测量后都要进行30 s的放电处理,对仪器进行充分放电后再进行下一次测量。测试电压为1 000 V,测试温度为25℃。
沿面闪络性能:参照IEC 60060-1:2010相关要求进行沿面闪络实验,施加电压时,应当从足够低的数值开始,再缓慢升高电压[16]。实验采用均匀升压法,升压速率为1 kV/s。为减小放电随机性带来的误差,每个放电条件下重复实验10次,取其平均值作为该条件下的闪络电压。
表面电位衰减特性:采用表面电位测试系统进行表面电位衰减特性测试。该系统主要由针电极、栅电极、高压电源、测试探头和传感器构成。测试时将针电极按照六边形进行排列,并安装于聚四氟乙烯圆盘支架上,针电极与栅电极之间的间距设置为2 cm,栅电极与试样之间的间距设置为1 cm;接地电极为圆盘铜电极,直径为75 mm,放在聚四氟乙烯支架上。对针电极施加-10 kV的电压,对栅电极施加-5 kV的电压,充电时间为2 min。试样完成充电后立刻将承载试样的支架移动到Kelvin电位探头的正下方,控制探头与试样间隔为3 mm。探头经过高压静电计和数据采集卡将采集到的电压数据传输至计算机并形成检测电压曲线,该电压曲线即为表面电位衰减曲线。
图1为热老化前后试样表面的微观形貌。从图1可以看出,未老化试样表面较为平整,存在少量沟壑和孔洞;老化500 h后试样表面部分沟壑有小幅加深,但缺陷数量并未明显变化;老化1 000 h后试样表面沟壑和孔洞数量增多,沟壑深度较未老化试样明显加深。
图2为紫外老化前后试样表面的微观形貌。从图2可以看出,老化500 h后试样表面缺陷数量增多,硅橡胶表面凸起程度加剧,并出现起皮现象,且伴随少量白色颗粒状物质析出(能谱分析表明其主要成分为SiO2和少量C元素)。分析认为白色颗粒为紫外老化过程中析出的气相白炭黑填料,主要是由于紫外辐照破坏了硅橡胶分子链与白炭黑之间的界面结合,导致填料团聚析出[17]。老化1 000 h后试样表面起皮现象加重,并伴有大量白色颗粒状物质析出。上述表面微观变化会使硅橡胶材料表面平整性严重下降并产生缺陷,这些缺陷在外施电场下会对电场产生畸变作用,导致局部电场分布不均匀。
图3为盐雾老化前后试样表面的微观形貌。从图3可以看出,随着盐雾老化的进行,硅橡胶表面缺陷明显增多,出现大量无规则隆起和棱角,且隆起边缘有明显被腐蚀的锯齿状现象,在隆起周围出现少量坑状点,这是由于Cl-对硅橡胶表面的侵蚀作用产生的腐蚀坑;老化1 000 h后试样表面隆起的高度和面积明显增大,坑状点明显变大变深,盐雾老化引发的隆起和边缘腐蚀现象更加显著,表面粗糙度进一步增加。
硅橡胶配方中添加的气相白炭黑,其表面羟基与硅橡胶分子链形成氢键作用,是提升材料力学性能与电气性能的关键。紫外老化中白色颗粒的析出,本质是高能射线破坏了Si-O-Si主链及白炭黑表面羟基键,导致填料-基体界面脱粘。这一现象在盐雾老化中表现为Cl⁻加速界面腐蚀,使白炭黑团聚体更易脱落(如图3(c)中腐蚀坑周围的白色颗粒),而热老化初期(0~500 h)的再交联反应可强化界面结合,抑制填料析出。
硅橡胶红外光谱典型的特征峰分别有波数为788 cm-1处的O-Si(CH3)2-O特征峰、波数为1 010 cm-1处的Si-O-Si特征峰、波数为1 257 cm-1附近的Si-CH3中C-H键的对称弯曲振动峰、波数为2 960 cm-1处-CH3基团中C-H键的不对称伸缩振动峰。图46为3种方式老化后试样的红外光谱图。
硅橡胶试样随热老化时间变化的红外光谱见图4。从图4可以看出,波数为1 010 cm-1处的Si-O-Si特征峰强度随热老化时间的增加而逐渐降低,本质是热氧老化导致主链发生断键,由于热老化前期温度逐渐升高材料局部发生再交联,热老化前期特征峰强度下降不明显[18]。随着老化的进行,波数为788 cm-1附近的Si-C键特征峰、波数为1 257 cm-1以及2 960 cm-1附近的C-H键特征峰随老化时间延长均有不同程度的下降,表明热老化破坏了硅橡胶的分子链,导致硅橡胶侧链中的有机基团减少。
硅橡胶试样随紫外老化时间变化的红外光谱见图5。从图5可以看出,随紫外老化的进行,硅橡胶Si-C、Si-O及C-H键的吸收峰均有不同程度变化,这与高能紫外线的破坏有关。试验中紫外线 波长为280~315 nm,对应的光子能量为380~428 kJ/mol。其中,波长为280 nm的紫外线光子能量(428 kJ/mol)高于Si-C键能(347 kJ/mol)和C-H键能(414 kJ/mol),可直接破坏上述化学键;波长为315 nm的光子能量(380 kJ/mol)虽略低于Si-O键能(368 kJ/mol),但长时间辐照会产生累积损伤效应,导致Si-O键断裂。
对比分析图6盐雾老化后硅橡胶的红外光谱可知,Si-C、Si-O及C-H键的吸收峰均有不同程度下降,产生此现象的原因是盐雾溶液中含有Cl-,Cl-有较强的腐蚀性,会对硅橡胶分子链造成破坏,导致部分化学键断裂[19]
不同老化方式和老化阶段硅橡胶试样的相对介电常数变化规律如图7所示。
图7可以看出,热老化初期硅橡胶的相对介电常数略有下降,这主要与老化方式对分子链段的破坏以及在热老化过程中,残存的过氧化二异丙苯在高温作用下使硅橡胶发生再交联反应有关[18]。此外,试验中添加的气相白炭黑(比表面积为300 m2/g)表面富含羟基,与硅橡胶基体易形成氢键作用,从而形成“基体-填料”界面结构,界面区域的分子链运动受到约束,同时白炭黑表面的极性基团可以束缚自由电荷,降低了材料的极化能力,进而使相对介电常数呈现下降趋势。综上,热老化初期试样的相对介电常数下降,是再交联反应及界面束缚电荷共同作用导致[20]
紫外老化后硅橡胶的相对介电常数逐渐增大,这是由于填料与基体的协同作用。一方面紫外辐照导致聚二甲基硅氧烷分子链断裂,分子链段运动自由度增加,极化能力增强;另一方面气相白炭黑填料的介电常数(4.0)高于硅橡胶(2.8),老化过程中填料团聚析出会破坏基体-填料的均匀分散状态,形成介电异质界面,进而提升整体的介电常数[21]
盐雾老化后硅橡胶的相对介电常数逐渐增大。一方面是因为盐雾溶液有一定的渗透作用,可通过试样表面的坑状点渗透进入材料内部,由于溶液中水的相对介电常数大于硅橡胶,硅橡胶的相对介电常数有一定程度的上升;另一方面盐雾溶液中的Cl-有较强的腐蚀性,硅橡胶的分子链被腐蚀破坏,产生较小的分子链和基团,导致硅橡胶更易极化,最终导致其相对介电常数上升了23%。
不同老化方式和老化阶段硅橡胶的表面电阻率变化规律如图8所示。
图8可以看出,经过热老化后硅橡胶的表面电阻率先增大后减小:老化初期(0~500 h)高温引发再交联反应[18],分子链连接更紧密,三维网络结构致密,阻碍表面载流子迁移,表面电阻率增大;老化后期(500~1 000 h)交联反应饱和,高温破坏试样结构,表面缺陷增多,促进电子迁移,表面电阻率下降至初始值的78%[22]
紫外老化和盐雾老化后硅橡胶的表面电阻率逐渐减小。紫外老化作用于材料表面,导致试样表面粗糙,产生微裂纹,更容易吸附空气中的水分、灰尘等杂质,这些杂质会形成导电通路,同时试样内部结构因降解出现疏松,分子链间距增大,为电荷迁移提供更多通道,从而导致表面电阻率减小。
在盐雾环境下,盐雾中的Na+、Cl-等离子随水分渗入材料内部,形成导电网络,盐雾环境的高湿度会加速硅橡胶的水解反应,硅氧键(Si-O)在水和 Cl-的作用下发生断裂,生成硅酸酯等极性小分子。这些小分子不仅会增加材料极性,还会降低分子链间的结合力,使结构疏松,促进离子渗透和迁移,导致材料表面电阻率减小。
3种老化方式均会对硅橡胶的表面陷阱特性造成不同程度的破坏,测试分析了3种老化方式下硅橡胶的表面陷阱特性随老化时间延长的变化规律,结果如图911所示。
图9可以看出,热老化时间为500 h时,试样表面陷阱密度有所下降,这是由于老化初期材料发生了再交联反应,材料表面陷阱数量减少。随着热老化的继续进行,试样表面深陷阱数量明显增多,表面陷阱密度随之增大,这是由于随着老化时间的增加,高温破坏了硅橡胶的分子链,使材料表面无序性增加,缺陷密度增大,从而引入更多陷阱中心。
图10可以看出,紫外老化500 h时,试样的陷阱能级加深,这是由于紫外高能射线会对试样表面造成破坏,导致材料表面陷阱加深。随着紫外老化的进行,从陷阱能级分布曲线可知,深陷阱区域的峰面积明显扩大,对应陷阱密度显著增大,这是由于随着紫外老化时间的延长,紫外高能射线对试样表面的破坏程度加剧,硅橡胶试样的分子链在紫外辐照下发生断链,导致试样缺陷增多[23]
图11可以看出,随盐雾老化的进行,硅橡胶表面陷阱密度增大,这是由于试样长时间处于盐雾环境中,盐雾溶液有较强的渗透作用,且盐雾溶液中含有腐蚀性较强的Cl-,会腐蚀试样表面,造成分子链破坏与结构缺陷,进而转化为新的陷阱中心;在Cl-的作用下,试样表面的原有陷阱也会出现不同程度的加深,最终导致陷阱密度显著增大,陷阱能级整体向深能级方向移动。
不同老化方式和老化阶段硅橡胶试样的闪络电压变化规律如图12所示。从图12可以看出,热老化过程中试样的闪络电压呈先上升后下降的趋势,热老化1 000 h后,试样的闪络电压较未老化时降低了8%,而热老化500 h后试样的闪络电压出现小幅上升,这可能是由于热老化初期硅橡胶内部发生再交联反应,介质表面缺陷数量减少,短期内表面分子链排列更有序,该现象与材料表面电阻率和表面陷阱特性分析结果一致[24]
在紫外老化过程中,试样的闪络电压持续下降,老化1 000 h后,闪络电压较未老化时下降了10.3%,这可能是由于紫外辐照引发化学键断裂与氧化反应,断链产生的低分子量硅氧烷片段挥发留下微小凹坑,氧化产物析出形成粉化层,二者共同增加表面缺陷,从而引起闪络电压显著下降[26]
盐雾老化过程中,试样的闪络电压持续大幅下降,盐雾老化1 000 h后,闪络电压较未老化时下降了31%。这是由于Cl-腐蚀与溶液渗透导致试样表面隆起并产生腐蚀坑等严重缺陷,电场畸变剧烈,沿面放电更易发生。
由实验结果可知,电缆附件长时间运行在紫外环境、盐雾环境及高温环境下对其沿面闪络性能会有较大影响。尽管实验数据已表明,不同老化方式均会导致硅橡胶沿面闪络性能的下降,但其作用强度及劣化程度存在显著差异。为了量化评估3种老化方式对硅橡胶沿面闪络特性的影响程度,本节引入熵权法[27-28]对3种老化方式对闪络电压的影响进行权重分析。由于沿面闪络电压为负向指标,首先对数据进行标准化处理[29],如式(1)所示。
Yij=max (xj)-xijmax (xj)-min (xij)
式(1)中:xij表示第j个老化类型在第i个时间点的闪络电压值;Yij表示标准化后的值,范围为[0,1],其值越大表示老化越严重;xj为第j种老化类型在所有时间点的闪络电压值。
之后利用标准化后的数据计算每种老化方式在各个时间节点下的比重,如式(2)所示。
pij=yijyij
式(2)中:pij表示第j个评估状态量下第i个评价对象所占的比重;yij表示为标准化后的闪络电压值。
熵值Ej表示数据变异程度,利用比重计算不同老化方式的Ej,如式(3)所示,Ej范围为[0,1],熵值越小,表示数据变异程度越大。。
Ej=-1ln (n)pijln (pij)
式(3)中,n表示时间点数量,本文n=3
差异系数dj表示不同老化方式的差异系数,dj越大,表示该老化方式对整体闪络性能退化的信息贡献度越高,可由式(4)计算。
dj=1-Ej
最后计算不同老化方式的权重占比,分配各个老化方式的综合影响权重,如式(5)所示。
wj=djdj
式(5)中,wj表示第j种老化方式对闪络电压的影响权重。
经计算得出盐雾老化、紫外老化及热老化的权重占比如图13所示。从图13可以看出,盐雾老化和紫外老化对硅橡胶整体闪络性能的权重占比接近,盐雾老化影响更甚,权重占比为37.1%,紫外老化次之,权重占比为35.7%,热老化对闪络性能的影响最轻,权重占比为27.2%。由此可得,电缆附件长时间运行在沿海高盐雾地区和高海拔紫外线强烈地区时更容易受到外界环境的老化作用而引起绝缘劣化。应当重点关注这些地区的电缆附件性能,预防闪络事故的发生。
本文重点研究了硅橡胶沿面闪络特性在紫外辐照、盐雾环境以及高温环境长时间作用下的变化规律,深入分析了3种老化方式分别对硅橡胶沿面闪络特性的影响机理,并对比了3种老化方式对沿面闪络特性的权重占比,具体结论如下:
(1)不同老化方式会对硅橡胶的微观结构造成不同程度的破坏,其中紫外老化对试样表面形貌的影响最大。3种方式老化后硅橡胶试样的红外光谱特征峰波数无明显变化,说明3种方式老化后硅橡胶中均未产生新的官能团,但紫外高能射线及盐雾中的Cl-均会破坏Si-C、C-H、Si-O键,导致化学键断裂,进而影响硅橡胶的电绝缘性能。
(2)不同老化方式对硅橡胶绝缘性能的影响程度存在一定差异。热老化下,由于老化初期试样内部发生再交联反应,硅橡胶试样的相对介电常数呈现先下降后上升的趋势,表面电阻率及沿面闪络电压呈现先上升后下降的趋势;紫外老化和盐雾老化下,由于紫外线中的高能光子及盐雾中的Cl-均会破坏硅橡胶分子链,硅橡胶试样的介电常数呈现上升趋势,表面电阻率及沿面闪络电压均呈现下降趋势。
(3)对比3种老化方式对硅橡胶沿面闪络性能的权重占比可知,盐雾老化的权重占比为37.1%,紫外老化的权重占比为35.7%,热老化的权重占比为27.2%,盐雾老化影响权重占比最高,主要源于盐雾环境中腐蚀与渗透的协同作用,对绝缘性能的破坏比单一热或紫外老化更显著。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.011
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-07-18
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    1中车青岛四方车辆研究所有限公司,山东 青岛 266031
    2青岛科技大学 山东省高压绝缘系统与先进电工材料工程研究中心,山东 青岛 266042
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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