Article(id=1304923124051505654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750089600000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-17, revisedDate=1754236800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047517073, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1776614400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047517073, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047517073, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047517073, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304923090710982825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1776614400000', pubDateStr='2026-04-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047509124, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118076681, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219072573071942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304923090710982825, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=71, endPage=77, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304923124298969591, articleId=1304923124051505654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on air gap electric field and reliability of motor insulation, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the influence laws of radial and axial dimensions of air gap on the internal electric field of motor insulation were studied by constructing the insulation structure and its internal air gap model. The quantitative relationship between the change of air gap size and electric field were revealed, and the mathematical model was established based on the air gap size parameters. At the same time, to simulate the air gap generated in actual operation, the cold-hot shock cycling test was conducted on models. By comparing the changes of partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), dielectric loss factor, and electrothermal ageing life of the model before and after the test, the effect of the air gap on long-term reliability of the insulation structure was comprehensively evaluated. The results show that when the axial dimension of air gap is constant, the gap electric field decreases exponentially with the increase of the radial dimension of air gap. When the radial dimension of the air gap is constant, the air gap electric field increases exponentially with the increase of the axial dimension of air gap. As the cycle period of cold-hot shock increases, the overall PDIV of the model shows a downward trend, while the dielectric loss factor shows an upward trend. The electrothermal ageing life of the samples before and after cold-hot shock cycleing test are quite different, the ageing life of the sample after 10 cycles of cold-hot shock is only about 1/30 of that of the control sample.

, authors=Dan LI1, 2, Jiexin FAN1, 2, Ruichao HU1, 2, Xiaozhuo WANG1, 2, Guanfang LIU1, 2, authorsList=Dan LI, Jiexin FAN, Ruichao HU, Xiaozhuo WANG, Guanfang LIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304923127243371028, articleId=1304923124051505654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=电机绝缘气隙电场与可靠性研究, columnId=1190369198724452531, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=绝缘技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文通过构建绝缘结构及其内部气隙模型,研究气隙径向与轴向尺寸对绝缘内部电场的影响规律,揭示气隙尺寸变化与电场之间的定量关系,并基于气隙尺寸参数建立数学模型。同时,为模拟实际运行中产生的气隙,对模型进行冷热冲击循环试验,通过对比试验前后模型局部放电起始电压(PDIV)、介质损耗因数及电热老化寿命的变化,综合评估气隙对绝缘结构长期可靠性的影响。结果表明:气隙轴向尺寸一定时,气隙电场强度随着气隙径向尺寸的增大呈幂指数函数减小;当气隙径向尺寸一定时,气隙电场强度随着气隙轴向尺寸的增大呈幂指数函数增大;随着冷热冲击循环周期的增加,模型的PDIV整体呈下降趋势,介质损耗因数呈上升趋势;冷热冲击循环试验前后试样的电热老化寿命相差较大,经过10次冷热冲击循环周期的试样老化寿命仅为对比试样的1/30左右。

, authors=李丹1, 2, 樊洁心1, 2, 胡瑞超1, 2, 王孝卓1, 2, 刘冠芳1, 2, authorsList=李丹, 樊洁心, 胡瑞超, 王孝卓, 刘冠芳, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘设计及仿真技术的研究。

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘设计及仿真技术的研究。

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘设计及仿真技术的研究。

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Research on Influence of PWM pulse wave on time-varying characteristics of motor windings[J]. Electric Machines & Control Application,2021,48(12):37-42,53., articleTitle=Research on Influence of PWM pulse wave on time-varying characteristics of motor windings, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304923132276535907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=107, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=2, authorNames=李丹, 刘冠芳, 吉永红, journalName=大连交通大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李丹,刘冠芳,吉永红,.变频电机绕组内部暂态过电压分布特性[J].大连交通大学学报,2021,42(1):107-111., articleTitle=变频电机绕组内部暂态过电压分布特性, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304923132339450468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=107, pageEnd=111, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=3, authorNames=LI Dan, LIU Guanfang, JI Yonghong, journalName=Journal of Dalian Jiaotong University, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Dan, LIU Guanfang, JI Yonghong, et al. Transient overvoltage distribution characteristics inside the winding of variable frequency motor[J]. 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Overvoltage at motor end of PWM drive system with long cable connection and its effect on insulation[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University,2021., articleTitle=Overvoltage at motor end of PWM drive system with long cable connection and its effect on insulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304923132595303015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=1, pageStart=73, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=6, authorNames=李寅伟, 李强, 李岩, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李寅伟,李强,李岩,.大型水轮发电机绝缘参数对定子线棒端部电场和电位分布的影响[J].绝缘材料,2022,55(1):73-79., articleTitle=大型水轮发电机绝缘参数对定子线棒端部电场和电位分布的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304923132670800488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=55, issue=1, pageStart=73, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=7, authorNames=LI Yinwei, LI Qiang, LI Yan, journalName=Insulating Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Yinwei, LI Qiang, LI Yan, et al. Influence of Insulation parameters on electric field and potential distribution at stator bar end of large hydro-generator[J]. 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Analysis on polar coordinate pattern characteristics of stator winding insulation for 10 kV three-phase asynchronous motor[J]. 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Effect of AC voltage frequency on partial discharge characteristics of void in GIS insulators[J]. 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Research on the influence of temperature and air gap on the insulation characteristics of variable frequency traction motors and material modification[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University,2014., articleTitle=Research on the influence of temperature and air gap on the insulation characteristics of variable frequency traction motors and material modification, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304923133169922671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=29, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=14, authorNames=刘冠芳, 张洁, 吉永红, journalName=大电机技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘冠芳,张洁,吉永红,.双馈风力发电机绝缘系统的热场和热应力场分析研究[J].大电机技术,2020(4):29-33., articleTitle=双馈风力发电机绝缘系统的热场和热应力场分析研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1304923133228642928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=29, pageEnd=33, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=15, authorNames=LIU Guanfang, ZHANG Jie, JI Yonghong, journalName=Large Electric Machine and Hydraulic Turbine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Guanfang, ZHANG Jie, JI Yonghong, et al. Study on thermal field and thermal stress field of insulation system of the doubly-fed wind generator[J]. 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Research on thermal mechanical stress distribution of motor insulation structure[J]. 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Study on gas production law of stator bar with fault for hydrogenerator[J]. 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Study on the discharge characteristics of internal air gap insulation at the end of stator bar of hydro generator[J]. 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High voltage insulation technology[M]. Beijing: China Electric Power Press,2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304923127474057749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304923127495029270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, companyId=1304923127474057749, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1CRRC YongJi Electric Co., Ltd., Yuncheng 044502, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304923127503417879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, companyId=1304923127474057749, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中车永济电机有限公司,山西 运城 044502)]), AuthorCompany(id=1304923127574721048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, 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Comparison of simulation and theoretical calculation results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气隙径向尺寸/mm电场强度/(kV/mm)
仿真计算理论计算偏差/%
0.10气隙7.6167.51.5
绝缘2.5702.52.8
0.01气隙9.0228.80.2
绝缘2.8942.91.3
), ArticleFig(id=1304923132045849184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304923124051505654, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真与理论计算结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气隙径向尺寸/mm电场强度/(kV/mm)
仿真计算理论计算偏差/%
0.10气隙7.6167.51.5
绝缘2.5702.52.8
0.01气隙9.0228.80.2
绝缘2.8942.91.3
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电机绝缘气隙电场与可靠性研究
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李丹 1, 2 , 樊洁心 1, 2 , 胡瑞超 1, 2 , 王孝卓 1, 2 , 刘冠芳 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2026,59(4): 71-77
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绝缘材料 |绝缘技术 2026 , 59 (4) : 71 -77
电机绝缘气隙电场与可靠性研究
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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘设计及仿真技术的研究。

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘设计及仿真技术的研究。

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李丹1, 2, 樊洁心1, 2, 胡瑞超1, 2, 王孝卓1, 2, 刘冠芳1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中车永济电机有限公司,山西 运城 044502
  • 2轨道交通牵引电机山西省重点实验室,山西 运城 044502
作者简介:

李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘设计及仿真技术的研究。

Research on air gap electric field and reliability of motor insulation
Dan LI1, 2, Jiexin FAN1, 2, Ruichao HU1, 2, Xiaozhuo WANG1, 2, Guanfang LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1CRRC YongJi Electric Co., Ltd., Yuncheng 044502, China
  • 2Shanxi Key Laboratory of Traction Motor for Rail Transit, Yuncheng 044502, China
出版时间: 2026-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.009
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本文通过构建绝缘结构及其内部气隙模型,研究气隙径向与轴向尺寸对绝缘内部电场的影响规律,揭示气隙尺寸变化与电场之间的定量关系,并基于气隙尺寸参数建立数学模型。同时,为模拟实际运行中产生的气隙,对模型进行冷热冲击循环试验,通过对比试验前后模型局部放电起始电压(PDIV)、介质损耗因数及电热老化寿命的变化,综合评估气隙对绝缘结构长期可靠性的影响。结果表明:气隙轴向尺寸一定时,气隙电场强度随着气隙径向尺寸的增大呈幂指数函数减小;当气隙径向尺寸一定时,气隙电场强度随着气隙轴向尺寸的增大呈幂指数函数增大;随着冷热冲击循环周期的增加,模型的PDIV整体呈下降趋势,介质损耗因数呈上升趋势;冷热冲击循环试验前后试样的电热老化寿命相差较大,经过10次冷热冲击循环周期的试样老化寿命仅为对比试样的1/30左右。

电机绝缘  /  气隙电场  /  介质损耗因数  /  PDIV  /  可靠性

In this paper, the influence laws of radial and axial dimensions of air gap on the internal electric field of motor insulation were studied by constructing the insulation structure and its internal air gap model. The quantitative relationship between the change of air gap size and electric field were revealed, and the mathematical model was established based on the air gap size parameters. At the same time, to simulate the air gap generated in actual operation, the cold-hot shock cycling test was conducted on models. By comparing the changes of partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV), dielectric loss factor, and electrothermal ageing life of the model before and after the test, the effect of the air gap on long-term reliability of the insulation structure was comprehensively evaluated. The results show that when the axial dimension of air gap is constant, the gap electric field decreases exponentially with the increase of the radial dimension of air gap. When the radial dimension of the air gap is constant, the air gap electric field increases exponentially with the increase of the axial dimension of air gap. As the cycle period of cold-hot shock increases, the overall PDIV of the model shows a downward trend, while the dielectric loss factor shows an upward trend. The electrothermal ageing life of the samples before and after cold-hot shock cycleing test are quite different, the ageing life of the sample after 10 cycles of cold-hot shock is only about 1/30 of that of the control sample.

motor insulation  /  air gap electric field  /  dielectric loss factor  /  PDIV  /  reliability
李丹, 樊洁心, 胡瑞超, 王孝卓, 刘冠芳. 电机绝缘气隙电场与可靠性研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (4) : 71 -77 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.009
Dan LI, Jiexin FAN, Ruichao HU, Xiaozhuo WANG, Guanfang LIU. Research on air gap electric field and reliability of motor insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (4) : 71 -77 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.009
随着宽禁带半导体器件的逐步推广应用,其高频开关特性使得输入电机的PWM脉冲电压频率更高、上升沿和下降沿的时间更短,加剧了电机绕组内部电压分布的不均匀性,显著增大了绝缘系统所承受的电压幅值[1-3]。在此背景下,若绝缘材料内部存在气隙缺陷,由于空气的介电常数远低于绝缘固体介质,在交变电场作用下,气隙区域将承担更高的电场梯度,导致局部电场畸变。同时,空气的电气强度较低,使得气隙内容易发生局部放电[4-5]。频率的升高还会进一步增大绝缘材料的相对介电常数,进而增大气隙中的电场、减小局部放电的起始电压。气隙电场越大,局部温升越高,气体的电气强度进一步下降,显著增加了运行过程中局放的可能性,对电机绝缘的可靠性提出了更高的挑战[6-7]
绝缘系统中气隙的产生贯穿于电机制造与运行的全过程。在制造阶段,若真空压力浸渍工艺中的浸漆压力、浸漆时间、固化温度及固化时间等参数控制不当,均可能导致材料内部残留微小气泡或形成气隙;嵌线操作不规范则可能直接损伤绝缘层,引发层间分离或局部缺陷。此外,绝缘材料自身存在密度分布不均、杂质或微观缺陷,也会在使用过程中演化为气隙源。在电机运行阶段,频繁启停或长期过载会引发电磁力、热应力及机械振动的耦合作用。若不同材料之间的热膨胀系数存在差异,在热循环作用下将产生热机械应力,导致微观裂纹扩展并形成气隙。同时,电磁振动也可能导致线圈松动、层间垫条磨损或绝缘层破裂,进一步增加气隙数量及分布密度。运行过程中热应力的反复作用还会引发复合材料分层或漆膜开裂,加剧绝缘中气隙群的扩展[8-9]
气隙的存在不仅使局部放电活动更加密集,而且放电过程中释放的臭氧、氮氧化物等活性气体还会对绝缘材料产生化学腐蚀,破坏其分子结构,导致原有气隙尺寸扩大并诱发新生缺陷,显著加速绝缘老化进程,降低绝缘寿命[10]。绝缘结构在运行过程中承受不同温度梯度和外部环境冷热冲击,易产生热应力集中,引发复合材料分层、漆膜开裂等结构性损伤,进一步增加气隙群的分布密度。当主绝缘位置出现缺陷时,局部电场畸变效应尤为显著,导致放电能量集中,加剧温升并形成恶性循环。研究表明,定子线棒及绝缘气隙内部电场分布变化对局部放电行为具有决定性影响,局部放电导致局部温升过高,加速绝缘老化,以致绝缘过早失效[11-16]。这种由气隙引发的局部放电,若持续发展,将最终导致接地故障、匝间短路或相间短路等严重绝缘故障。因此,深入探讨气隙尺寸及其对绝缘结构中电场畸变的影响机制,对评估电机绝缘系统长期运行可靠性具有重要意义。
本文系统探究电机绝缘材料内部气隙尺寸变化对其内部电场分布的影响规律,并结合电热加速老化可靠性寿命试验,综合分析气隙缺陷对电机绝缘系统长期运行可靠性的影响机制。研究结果将为电机绝缘结构的优化设计、状态评估及可靠性预测提供重要的理论依据与数据支撑。
当主绝缘结构用于隔离两导体时,其内部的绝缘介质可等效为理想电容的填充介质。若该绝缘结构内部存在气隙,且假设气隙为理想几何形状(如图1所示,其中a代表气隙径向尺寸,b代表气隙轴向尺寸,空白区域为气隙,填充区域为绝缘介质),则该平板电容结构将形成气隙与绝缘介质共存的双层介质体系。由于气隙与绝缘介质的介电性能存在明显差异,会直接引发绝缘内部电场分布的不均匀性,而这种电场分布不均的现象将显著增大气隙内部发生放电的概率。为明确气隙尺寸对气隙内部电场分布的影响机制,本文以气隙尺寸为核心变量,采用理论计算方法,系统分析气隙尺寸与气隙内部电场分布的内在关联规律。
气隙和绝缘中填充的是不同的介质,在绝缘中多层气隙间相互串联,再与绝缘介质串联,气隙与绝缘的电压降之和为两介质之间的电压。
假设绝缘承受的电压为U,气隙的平均电场为E1,绝缘介质的电场强度为E2,气隙的相对介电常数为εr1,绝缘介质的相对介电常数为εr2,主绝缘总厚度为d,气隙径向尺寸为a,剔除气隙后的绝缘厚度为c
假设导体与铁心之间的绝缘由理想绝缘介质构成,不考虑边缘效应,对气隙中的电场进行理论计算。由于绝缘和气隙在极板中的电位移相等,即电场分布与介电常数成反比[17],则可以得到式(1),同时根据绝缘和气隙的串联关系得出两者的电压和为U,如式(2)所示。
εr1E1=εr2E2
E1a+E2c=U
由式(1)和式(2)得出气隙中的电场如式(3)所示。
E1=Uεr2aεr2+cεr1
假设主绝缘承受3 kV电压,主绝缘总厚度d为1 mm,气隙轴向尺寸b=5 mm,εr1=1,εr2=3。
(1)当气隙径向尺寸a=0.10 mm、c=0.9 mm时,根据式(3)可得气隙中的电场E1=7.5 kV/mm,根据式(1)得出绝缘中的电场E2=2.5 kV/mm。
(2)当气隙径向尺寸a=0.01 mm、c=0.99 mm时,根据式(3)可以算出E1=8.8 kV/mm,根据式(1)得出E2=2.9 kV/mm。
建立如图1所示d为1 mm的主绝缘结构二维模型。为排除边缘效应影响,仿真分析在气隙径向尺寸≤0.2 mm、轴向尺寸≥0.1 mm范围内进行,分别计算导体间气隙径向尺寸与轴向尺寸对气隙电场分布的影响。
当气隙径向尺寸a=0.10 mm、c=0.90 mm、气隙轴向尺寸b=5 mm时,气隙电场仿真计算结果如图2所示。
图2可以看出,蓝色区域为绝缘电场分布,棕色区域为气隙电场分布,气隙中间部位平均电场强度为7.616 kV/mm,绝缘中平均场强为2.570 kV/mm。
当气隙径向尺寸a=0.01 mm、c=0.99 mm、气隙轴向尺寸b=5 mm时,气隙电场仿真计算结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,气隙中间部位平均电场强度为9.022 kV/mm,绝缘中平均电场强度为2.894kV/mm。
表1为仿真计算与理论计算结果的对比。从表1可以看出,当气隙轴向尺寸b=5 mm时,气隙径向尺寸越小,电场强度越大,表明气隙径向尺寸对气隙电场影响较大;两种计算方法的结果吻合度在95%以上,验证了仿真分析的可行性。
分别研究气隙径向尺寸a和轴向尺寸b为单一变量时气隙电场的分布趋势。根据巴申定律可知,气体的击穿电压与气隙的尺寸和压强的乘积呈函数关系。假设气隙的压强不变,研究气隙尺寸对气体电场的影响关系。图4为气隙径向尺寸a一定时,气隙电场随轴向尺寸b的变化趋势。从图4可以看出,a越小气隙电场越大,且气隙电场随着b的增加增幅较小;a越大气隙电场越小,但气隙电场随着b的增加增幅较大;a不变时,气隙电场随着b的增大呈现幂指数函数增大。
图5图6分别为气隙径向尺寸a为0.01 mm和0.10 mm时的气隙电场与轴向尺寸b的拟合曲线,拟合公式分别如式(4)和式(5)所示。
Ea1=-0.1369×b-0.8555+8.948
Ea10=-0.3782×b-0.9027+7.626
式(4)~(5)中:Ea1a=0.01 mm时的电场;Ea10a=0.10 mm时的电场。
图5可以看出,当b较小时,气隙电场数据存在异常,这是由于气隙轴向尺寸较小电场边缘效应明显,直接影响到气隙电场的均匀性。从图6可以看出,当a=0.10 mm时,随着轴向尺寸的增加,电场的规律性存在一定偏差,可能与网格剖分的差异有关。
当气隙轴向尺寸b一定时,气隙电场随径向尺寸a的变化规律如图7所示。从图7可以看出,气隙轴向尺寸b越大,气隙电场越大,随着a的增加降幅越小;当气隙轴向尺寸b不变时,气隙电场随着a的增大呈现幂指数函数减小。图7中电场变化异常的点位于后半部分,可能受网格剖分差异的影响。
图8图9分别为气隙轴向尺寸b为0.10 mm和1.00 mm时的气隙电场与径向尺寸a的拟合曲线,拟合公式分别如式(6)和式(7)所示。
Eb1=-14.15a0.3505+10.89
Eb10=-11.99a0.8424+9.052
式(6)~(7)中:Eb1b=0.10 mm时的电场;Eb10b=1.00 mm时的电场。
图8图9可以看出,在同样的径向尺寸范围内,轴向尺寸为1.00 mm时的气隙电场整体高于轴向尺寸为0.10 mm的电场。
根据文献[9]和[12-13]研究成果,在热胀冷缩的作用下,不同绝缘材料由于热膨胀系数不匹配会导致分层或产生内部裂痕,进而产生气隙。虽然气隙缺陷的大小不影响各放电阶段的变化趋势,但气隙内部电场变化对气隙放电的影响较大。不同绝缘结构(少胶和多胶结构)的气隙放电特征相近,但冷热冲击循环会显著改变气隙等效间距和电容参数。因此测试绝缘试样冷热冲击循环周期过程中的介质损耗因数和局部放电起始电压(PDIV),研究冷热冲击前后气隙对绝缘结构性能的影响;测试冷热冲击前后绝缘试样的电热老化寿命,研究气隙对线棒绝缘老化可靠性的影响。
为研究气隙对电机绝缘结构可靠性的影响,本文按照GB/T 17948.3—2017相关要求制作两套相同绝缘结构的局部模型,其中一套模型进行冷热冲击循环试验,另一套模型作为对比。每套局部模型的有效试样数量为5个,局部模型实物如图10所示。
局部模型试样的绝缘结构参照某型电机的实际绝缘结构,主绝缘使用玻璃布补强云母带,按照电机绝缘结构方案和工艺进行绝缘处理,按照电机浸漆工艺进行VPI浸漆,并按照电机固化工艺进行烘焙固化。所有试样在常温条件下的介质损耗因数为0.40%~0.64%。
两个局部模型的具体试验流程见图11
将一套局部模型进行10个周期的冷热冲击循环试验,随后对冷热冲击试样和对比样分别进行电热老化试验。测试每个周期冷热冲击循环试验前后的PDIV和介质损耗因数,分析冷热冲击所产生气隙对绝缘结构的影响。冷热冲击循环试验的高温取180℃,低温取-45℃,每个循环周期下高低温持续时间均为3 h,切换时间小于3 min,共循环10个周期。
图12为模型PDIV随冷热冲击循环周期的变化趋势图。由图12可知,随着冷热冲击循环试验周期的增加,模型的PDIV整体呈现降低的趋势。
图13为模型介质损耗因数随冷热冲击循环周期的变化趋势。从图13可以看出,随着冷热冲击循环周期的增加,模型的介质损耗因数整体呈上升趋势,主要原因在于模型中不同绝缘材料之间应力参数不匹配进而导致内部开裂产生气隙。冷热冲击循环的累积会通过增加内部气隙来加剧局部放电,而由局部放电产生的额外损耗导致介质损耗因数升高。
鉴于冷热冲击循环试验的高温为180℃,未超过材料200℃的耐温等级,且10个循环的高温累积时间较短,该过程不会对绝缘材料造成显著的热老化。介质损耗因数是诊断绝缘材料老化程度的灵敏指标,由于本次冷热冲击试验中的高温阶段未引发绝缘明显老化,因此试验后测得的常温介质损耗因数变化可排除材料老化的可能性。
为验证冷热冲击产生的气隙对绝缘寿命可靠性的影响,对局部模型进行电热老化试验,获取其老化寿命。本文主要采取电加速方式增大局部放电量来缩短老化寿命,以3.5UNUN为3 kV)作为加速老化电压,电压频率为5 kHz;电老化温度设定为180℃,该温度低于绝缘结构200℃(C级)的耐温上限,将绝缘击穿视为寿命终点。在此条件下进行电老化试验,既可模拟实际运行中热场对放电老化过程的加速效应,又能将所观察到的老化现象主要归因于电场的作用,从而确保电应力是本试验中的主要老化因素。冷热冲击前后的电热老化试验试样均为5个,结果取老化寿命平均值和标准差进行分析。
冷热冲击前后模型电热老化寿命对比如图14所示。从图14可以看出,冷热冲击对绝缘结构的可靠性影响较大,对比试样的平均老化寿命为335.4 h,经10个周期冷热冲击循环试验后的试样平均老化寿命为11.6 h,其老化寿命仅为对比试样的1/30左右。主要原因在于不同热膨胀系数的绝缘材料在频繁高低温转换的热机械应力作用下导致微观裂纹并产生气隙,降低局部放电起始电压,增加局部放电密度和放电量,加速绝缘老化,进而导致绝缘提前击穿。
(1)设置电机主绝缘结构厚度为1 mm,在气隙径向尺寸≤0.2 mm、轴向尺寸≥0.1 mm范围内,当径向尺寸一定时,气隙场强随着轴向尺寸的增大呈幂指数增大;当轴向尺寸一定时,气隙场强随着径向尺寸的增大呈幂指数函数减小。
(2)随着冷热冲击循环周期的增加,模型试样的介质损耗因数呈现递增趋势,PDIV呈现降低趋势,进一步证实了气隙的存在与扩展会降低绝缘结构起始放电电压。
(3)经10个冷热冲击循环周期后的模型试样老化寿命仅为对比试样的1/30左右。

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2026年第59卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.04.009
  • 接收时间:2025-06-17
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-17
  • 修回日期:2025-08-04
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    1中车永济电机有限公司,山西 运城 044502
    2轨道交通牵引电机山西省重点实验室,山西 运城 044502
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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