Article(id=1304925017817506589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746201600000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-03, revisedDate=1752681600000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047968581, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047968581, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047968581, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047968581, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304924993196941811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047962712, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118140557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=108, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304925017972695838, articleId=1304925017817506589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Application of electroluminescent coating in defects self-diagnosis for GIS basin insulators, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Regarding the issue of metal suspended particle defects in basin insulators, based on the electroluminescence principles, a ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin luminescent composite coating was prepared by doping sulfurized zinc-based material (ZnS:Cu) into epoxy resin (EP), and its properties were characterized. The luminescence pattern of the coating was investigated using rod-plate electrodes, and a defect experiment was simulated on basin-type insulator to explore the feasibility of the ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin coating in defect self-diagnosis. The results show that with the increase of ZnS:Cu content, the surface flashover voltage of the ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin composite coating rises, and the dielectric loss factor increases. The composite coating has a certain luminous threshold, when the mass fraction of ZnS:Cu is 10%-30% and the coating thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm, its luminous intensity increases with the increase of electric field strength, ZnS:Cu content, and coating thickness. Moreover, after spraying the ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin coating on the basin insulator, the defect location can be determined through the luminescence, achieving the purpose of defect diagnosis, which provides a new idea for the defect identification and diagnosis of power insulation equipment.

, authors=Hechen LIU1, Wenhao TIAN1, Huaiqing TIAN1, Yi JIANG2, Xiong WU2, authorsList=Hechen LIU, Wenhao TIAN, Huaiqing TIAN, Yi JIANG, Xiong WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304925020694799161, articleId=1304925017817506589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=电致发光涂层在GIS盆式绝缘子缺陷自诊断的应用, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对盆式绝缘子的金属悬浮颗粒缺陷问题,基于电致发光原理,在环氧树脂(EP)中填充硫化锌基材料(ZnS:Cu),制备了ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂发光复合涂层,并对其性能进行表征;通过棒-板电极探究该涂层的发光规律,并在盆式绝缘子上模拟缺陷实验,探究ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层在缺陷自诊断方面的可行性。结果表明:随着ZnS:Cu含量的增加,ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层的沿面闪络电压提高,介质损耗因数增大。复合涂层存在一定的发光阈值,当ZnS:Cu的质量分数为10%~30%、涂层厚度为0.1~0.3 mm时,其发光强度随电场强度、ZnS:Cu含量和涂层厚度的增大而提高。此外,在盆式绝缘子上喷涂ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层后,可以通过发光判断缺陷所在处,达到缺陷诊断的目的,为电力绝缘设备的缺陷识别诊断提供了新的思路。

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刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估,主要包括环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性等研究

田文浩(2001-),男(汉族),湖北襄阳人,硕士生,主要从事新型电工材料的研究

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刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估,主要包括环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性等研究

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(a) 实物图 (b) 仿真模型

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Leakage current test results of basin insulator coatings

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序号ZnS:Cu质量分数/%涂层厚度/mm泄漏电流/µA
100173.743
2100.1171.384
3100.3176.016
4100.5176.707
5200.1180.156
6300.1193.719
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盆式绝缘子涂层的泄漏电流测试结果

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序号ZnS:Cu质量分数/%涂层厚度/mm泄漏电流/µA
100173.743
2100.1171.384
3100.3176.016
4100.5176.707
5200.1180.156
6300.1193.719
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Dielectric loss factors of composite coatings

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序号ZnS:Cu质量分数/%涂层厚度/mm介质损耗因数/(×10-3)
1003.8
2100.13.6
3100.33.9
4100.54.1
5200.14.3
6300.14.7
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复合涂层的介质损耗因数

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序号ZnS:Cu质量分数/%涂层厚度/mm介质损耗因数/(×10-3)
1003.8
2100.13.6
3100.33.9
4100.54.1
5200.14.3
6300.14.7
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电致发光涂层在GIS盆式绝缘子缺陷自诊断的应用
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刘贺晨 1 , 田文浩 1 , 田怀青 1 , 江翼 2 , 吴雄 2
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(2): 108-116
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (2) : 108 -116
电致发光涂层在GIS盆式绝缘子缺陷自诊断的应用
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刘贺晨1, 田文浩1, 田怀青1, 江翼2, 吴雄2
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学 河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 2国网电力科学研究院武汉南瑞有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430074
作者简介:

刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北衡水人,副教授,博士,主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估,主要包括环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、高压直流电缆绝缘状态评估及电树枝特性等研究

田文浩(2001-),男(汉族),湖北襄阳人,硕士生,主要从事新型电工材料的研究

Application of electroluminescent coating in defects self-diagnosis for GIS basin insulators
Hechen LIU1, Wenhao TIAN1, Huaiqing TIAN1, Yi JIANG2, Xiong WU2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of New Materials and Equipment for Green and Efficient Electrical Engineering of Hebei Province, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2Wuhan Nanrui Limited Liability Company, State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan 430074, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.012
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针对盆式绝缘子的金属悬浮颗粒缺陷问题,基于电致发光原理,在环氧树脂(EP)中填充硫化锌基材料(ZnS:Cu),制备了ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂发光复合涂层,并对其性能进行表征;通过棒-板电极探究该涂层的发光规律,并在盆式绝缘子上模拟缺陷实验,探究ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层在缺陷自诊断方面的可行性。结果表明:随着ZnS:Cu含量的增加,ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层的沿面闪络电压提高,介质损耗因数增大。复合涂层存在一定的发光阈值,当ZnS:Cu的质量分数为10%~30%、涂层厚度为0.1~0.3 mm时,其发光强度随电场强度、ZnS:Cu含量和涂层厚度的增大而提高。此外,在盆式绝缘子上喷涂ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层后,可以通过发光判断缺陷所在处,达到缺陷诊断的目的,为电力绝缘设备的缺陷识别诊断提供了新的思路。

GIS  /  盆式绝缘子  /  电致发光  /  复合涂层  /  缺陷自诊断

Regarding the issue of metal suspended particle defects in basin insulators, based on the electroluminescence principles, a ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin luminescent composite coating was prepared by doping sulfurized zinc-based material (ZnS:Cu) into epoxy resin (EP), and its properties were characterized. The luminescence pattern of the coating was investigated using rod-plate electrodes, and a defect experiment was simulated on basin-type insulator to explore the feasibility of the ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin coating in defect self-diagnosis. The results show that with the increase of ZnS:Cu content, the surface flashover voltage of the ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin composite coating rises, and the dielectric loss factor increases. The composite coating has a certain luminous threshold, when the mass fraction of ZnS:Cu is 10%-30% and the coating thickness is 0.1-0.3 mm, its luminous intensity increases with the increase of electric field strength, ZnS:Cu content, and coating thickness. Moreover, after spraying the ZnS:Cu/epoxy resin coating on the basin insulator, the defect location can be determined through the luminescence, achieving the purpose of defect diagnosis, which provides a new idea for the defect identification and diagnosis of power insulation equipment.

GIS  /  basin insulators  /  electroluminescent  /  composite coatings  /  defect self-diagnosis
刘贺晨, 田文浩, 田怀青, 江翼, 吴雄. 电致发光涂层在GIS盆式绝缘子缺陷自诊断的应用. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (2) : 108 -116 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.012
Hechen LIU, Wenhao TIAN, Huaiqing TIAN, Yi JIANG, Xiong WU. Application of electroluminescent coating in defects self-diagnosis for GIS basin insulators[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (2) : 108 -116 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.012
气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备(GIS)因其结构紧凑、空间利用率高、运行可靠、维护方便等显著优势,广泛适用于城市、高海拔地区等对空间和运行环境要求严格的场合[1]。其中盆式绝缘子作为GIS中的关键组件,起着电气隔离、结构支撑等重要作用,其性能直接关系到开关设备的稳定运行和使用寿命。在GIS的长期运行过程中,盆式绝缘子可能会产生金属悬浮微粒附着、表面裂纹等绝缘缺陷[2],进而诱发局部放电和表面闪络,极端情况下甚至会引发绝缘击穿,造成大面积断电等重大事故,因此开展盆式绝缘子缺陷诊断研究具有重要的现实意义[3]
目前,研究者提出了多种关于盆式绝缘子的缺陷识别方法,包括模态分析法、光子计数法、超声导波法等,但由于相关检测方法程序复杂、检测成本高,且当绝缘子表面出现较小尺寸的悬浮颗粒附着缺陷时,常用检测方法难以发现,容易突发闪络故障[4-6],因此找到一种快速、准确的新型绝缘缺陷识别方法仍是学者们关注的焦点问题。近年来,各种新型响应材料例如电致发光、热致发光、热激活延迟荧光材料等凭借其灵敏度高、实时响应、识别明显的优点得到快速发展。受此启发,在盆式绝缘子表面喷涂电致发光材料,利用电致发光材料存在场强发光阈值的特点,使绝缘缺陷产生的局部电场畸变通过发光和颜色变化等特征表现出来。电致发光效应(electroluminescence,简称EL)是一种物理现象,表现为电流通过物质或物质处于强电场中时,电能直接转化为光能。因此,基于电致发光效应的新型绝缘响应材料有望实现绝缘缺陷的自我检测和诊断。
在电致发光材料发展历程中,无机电致发光材料一直处于重要的研究地位,常见的无机电致发光基体材料包括硫化锌(ZnS)、氮化镓(GaN)。有机电致发光材料于1987年邓青云团队的突破性研究后才逐渐兴起。朱明晓等[7]利用棒-板结构电极探究了电致发光智能涂层的发光机理。GUO X B等[8]将硫化锌(ZnS)填料填充到聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)中制备了一种自诊断复合涂层。该涂层能够在较低电压下发光,且发光强度随电场强度和ZnS含量的增加而增强,可有效检测绝缘缺陷并提高绝缘材料的闪络强度。杨欣颐等[9]将电致发光涂层应用于绝缘子,通过硫化锌基材料(ZnS:Cu)的高场强发光效应以及图像处理技术,测量了绝缘子表面不同位置的表面场强。贾云飞等[10]基于电致发光效应制备出电压传感器,其具有结构简单、成本低、无需载波光源的优点,适用于测量固定频率或波形的电压幅值。朱明晓等[11]介绍了发光变色刺激—响应材料的类型、工作原理及应用现状,包括电致发光、聚集诱导发光、荧光分子探针材料,以及色素色(电致/热致变色)和结构色(光子晶体和胆甾相液晶)响应材料,指出发光变色刺激—响应材料在绝缘缺陷自诊断方面的重要性和研究意义,并提出研制适配绝缘缺陷特征的自诊断涂层等建议。
鉴于电致发光ZnS:Cu广泛应用于电子显示、柔性可穿戴电子、电压和场强测量等领域,本研究尝试将其应用于GIS中盆式绝缘子的绝缘缺陷自诊断,提出利用电致发光效应产生的发光现象,识别出盆式绝缘子表面微小金属颗粒附着的缺陷问题。首先在环氧树脂(EP)中填充ZnS:Cu,制备绝缘缺陷自识别的ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂发光涂层,探究ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂电致发光涂层的发光规律和影响因素。然后结合仿真实验,论证发光涂层应用于盆式绝缘子金属缺陷故障识别的可行性。研究结果将为绝缘子的缺陷自诊断提供新的研究方向。
ZnS:Cu颗粒,平均直径为25 µm,上海科研光电有限公司;超低黏度环氧树脂(HS-603 A型,环氧值为5.0~5.6 mmol/g)、脂环胺改性环氧固化剂(1030HN型,黏度为15~35 mPa·s(25℃)),滁州惠盛电子材料厂;MX14 775-F92 7-29-6型盆式绝缘子,浙江开化七一电器股份有限公司。
将不同质量的ZnS:Cu粉末倒入环氧树脂溶液(环氧树脂和固化剂的质量比为3∶1)中,再将混合溶液放入40℃水浴锅中搅拌,转速为250 r/min,搅拌时间为20 min,得到ZnS:Cu质量分数分别为10%、20%、30%的ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层溶液。
将配置完成的不同ZnS:Cu含量的ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层溶液倒入直径为10 cm、厚度为3 mm的模具中,再将模具放入100℃干燥箱中固化0.5 h成型,即可得到ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层样品,如图1所示。
首先将盆式绝缘子用清水清洗,去除表面大颗粒污渍,保证绝缘子表面光滑,便于后续喷涂,然后用去离子水和酒精擦拭干净,放入提前准备好的80℃烘箱中烘干备用。
取上述ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层溶液倒入喷涂装置中,均匀地喷涂在盆式绝缘子对应区域,然后放入100℃真空干燥箱中固化0.5 h,得到盆式绝缘子涂层样品。利用ZnS:Cu粉末在紫外灯照射下呈现绿光的原理可以判断喷涂是否均匀,如图2所示。为使涂层对绝缘子表面场强无畸变影响,所涂敷的涂层应尽可能薄,厚度应该小于0.1 mm。
将不同ZnS:Cu含量的ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层溶液以不同厚度(0.1、0.3、0.5 mm)均匀刮涂在环氧树脂样品上,再将样品放入100℃真空干燥箱中固化0.5 h,得到环氧树脂涂层样品。
搭建如图3所示的复合涂层电致发光测试平台,工频试验变压器通过保护电阻向高压电极施加高电压,变压器的输出电压由智能高压控制台调节;利用数码相机拍摄复合涂层的发光分布;利用亮度计测试复合涂层的亮度值。
棒-板电极容易产生非均匀电场,且在高压棒极附近的局部场强较高,易产生发光现象,故本研究使用棒-板电极对ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层施加8、11、14 kV电压,观察其发光特征。实验过程中,相机感光度设置为100、光圈为F2.8,曝光时间在10 s左右,根据复合涂层发光亮度自动设置。
沿面闪络电压测试:根据IEC 60243-1:2013,采用指形电极测试复合涂层样品的沿面闪络电压,以1 kV/s的升压速率加压直至样品发生沿面闪络,记录至少15个有效数据,利用Weibull分布对试验结果进行统计分析,以工频闪络概率为63.2%时对应的电压作为样品的工频闪络电压。
泄漏电流测试:将试验变压器高压输出端连接盆式绝缘子的导体端,绝缘子金属法兰部分连接微安表后接地,测量盆式绝缘子涂层样品的泄漏电流。其中工频变压器的升压速率为1 kV/s,试验电压为50 kV,耐压时间为60 s。
介质损耗因数测试:根据GB/T 1409—2006,采用YG9100型全自动抗干扰精密介质损耗测试仪进行测试,复合涂层样品直径为10 cm、厚度为3 mm,试验电压为2 kV。
采用棒-板电极对环氧树脂涂层样品进行测试,研究ZnS:Cu浓度、涂层厚度对涂层发光亮度的影响。
按照图2所示的喷涂方法,将ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层溶液均匀地喷涂在盆式绝缘子的顶部、中部、底部3个区域,各个区域做相同的金属颗粒缺陷附着处理。然后从0 kV不断加压至50 kV,每隔10 kV记录盆式绝缘子表面的发光效果,探究其缺陷自诊断特性。
图4为不同ZnS:Cu含量ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层的SEM图。从图4可以看出,不同ZnS:Cu含量的复合涂层中ZnS:Cu颗粒均呈现出明亮的、轮廓清晰的类球形或不规则多面体等,平均直径约为25 µm且ZnS:Cu颗粒均匀地镶嵌在环氧树脂中,与环氧树脂基体之间界面清晰,连接紧密。随着ZnS:Cu含量的逐渐增加,颗粒的间距减小,范德华力等作用增强,颗粒的分布密度明显增大,颗粒之间开始接近或发生电接触,存在小范围的团聚现象,有助于形成致密的发光层。
所有复合涂层样品中的ZnS:Cu都表现出表面相对光滑的特征,主要原因在于ZnS:Cu是硫化锌掺杂的铜材质,其表面还包覆了一层光滑的保护壳(氧化铝或二氧化硅),目的是为了提高材料的化学稳定性和改善其光学性能[12]
沿面闪络电压测试是研究绝缘材料一项极其重要的实验手段,可以反映其在高压环境下的绝缘性能。图5为不同ZnS:Cu含量、涂层厚度复合涂层样品的闪络电压测试结果。从图5可以看出,纯环氧树脂样品的闪络电压最低,为13.18 kV。随着ZnS:Cu含量和涂层厚度的增大,复合涂层样品的闪络电压升高,ZnS:Cu质量分数为30%的复合涂层样品闪络电压最高,比纯环氧树脂样品提高了7.4%。
ZnS:Cu含量和涂层厚度对复合涂层的闪络电压都有显著影响,但含量的影响更为直接和显著。这是因为复合涂层的基体可视为均匀介质,其介电常数与分子结构密切相关。在ZnS:Cu质量分数较低时(<10%),复合涂层基本处于绝缘态,其电导率约等于纯环氧树脂的电导率。随着ZnS:Cu质量分数升高,复合涂层的电导率跃升,由渗流效应为主导,掺杂的ZnS:Cu粒子在聚合物基体中呈现无序分布的状态,并产生界面效应。根据多区核模型理论[13],填料与聚合物链间存在强相互作用力,会限制聚合物链的运动,进而对偶极基团的取向产生抑制作用,使得掺杂填料后的材料有效介电常数出现下降趋势。但是对偶极基团的抑制作用取决于可用界面面积,而该面积受填料含量制约。因此在一定的含量范围内,当ZnS:Cu含量增大时,相邻填料界面区重叠,导致填料出现聚集现象,使有效界面面积减小和对偶极基团的抑制作用减弱,从而降低了对界面区的约束效果[14],最终使复合涂层的相对介电常数升高,电场线可以更有效地限制在介电材料内部,使得涂层表面的电场分布更加均匀,降低发生闪络的概率。而相对更厚的涂层可以提供更高的电气强度,从而降低涂层发生闪络的概率。因此在一定范围内增大复合涂层的厚度可以有效降低涂层表面的电场应力,有助于减少电场畸变和延迟放电的发生[15]
表1为不同ZnS:Cu含量、涂层厚度盆式绝缘子涂层样品的泄漏电流测试结果。由表1可知,随着涂层厚度的增大,其泄漏电流呈现先减小后增大的变化趋势;随着ZnS:Cu含量的增加,泄漏电流呈现出先轻微减小再增大的变化趋势。
当涂层厚度≤0.1 mm时,由于涂层厚度较小,涂层可以更加均匀地贴附于绝缘子表面,减小了局部电场畸变的概率,有效地阻断导电通道,因此泄漏电流较小[16]。但当涂层厚度≥0.1 mm时,由于喷涂工艺缺陷和盆式绝缘子表面光滑的原因,容易造成填料堆积、喷涂不均匀,进而引起复合涂层产生内部缺陷如气泡和固化裂纹等,在高电压下容易引发局部放电,导致泄漏电流增大。当ZnS:Cu质量分数≤10%时,由于Cu2+含量较少,复合涂层仍是以环氧树脂基体的绝缘性能和疏水性为主导,此时泄漏电流较小;但当ZnS:Cu质量分数较高时,ZnS:Cu中的Cu2+含量增加,可能形成导电通道,将显著增大泄漏电流[17]
介质损耗因数是绝缘材料性能评估的“温度计”,既能判断微观缺陷,又能预测宏观设备的可靠性。表2为不同ZnS:Cu含量、涂层厚度复合涂层的介质损耗因数测试结果。
分析表2数据可知,随着ZnS:Cu含量和涂层厚度的增大,复合涂层的介质损耗因数呈先下降后上升的趋势。分析认为,在ZnS:Cu含量较少时,掺杂的Cu2+浓度较低,高阻低损耗的ZnS:Cu填料通过物理作用限制了环氧树脂分子链的极性运动并阻断了漏电通道,降低了复合材料的整体能量耗散,因此介质损耗因数略有降低,但当ZnS:Cu含量较高时,Cu2+会取代Zn2+的位置,引入受主能级或施主能级,使材料内部产生浅陷阱,促进载流子的迁移,增大材料的电导率,由文献[18]可知介质损耗因数与其表面电导率呈正相关,因此复合涂层的介质损耗因数有所升高。当涂层厚度≤0.1 mm时,由于涂层厚度较小,涂层可以更加均匀地贴附于绝缘子表面,由缺陷导致的损耗较低;随着涂层厚度的增大,涂层材料内部电场可能因喷涂工艺缺陷而分布不均匀,导致空间电荷积累,同时热损耗加剧,此时温升也会加剧极化损耗[19]。因此最优选择为使用低ZnS:Cu填充量的薄层涂料,使涂层的介质损耗略小于或更接近于纯基体树脂。
图6为涂层厚度为3 mm时不同ZnS:Cu含量复合涂层分别在初始发光电压、8、11、14 kV电压下的发光图片和亮度值(图中左上角数据)。从图6可以看出,在同一电压下,随着ZnS:Cu含量的增加,复合涂层的亮度和发光范围增大。此外,复合涂层存在发光电压阈值,在达到发光电压阈值时,靠近棒电极的涂层只能观察到微弱的蓝绿色小圆光环,随着电压增大,发光区域和发光亮度逐渐增大。当工频电压达到8 kV时,发光区域和发光亮度明显增大,且由于亮度增加,在棒-板电极的塑料支撑外壳侧反射出亮度斑点。随着电压的持续增大,发光亮度和发光区域也不断增大,当工频电压达到14 kV时,在靠近棒电极区域,发光亮度接近饱和,呈现出白光特征,且随着与棒电极距离的增大,发光亮度逐渐减小。
ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层的发光特性主要源于在外电场作用下,载流子发生激发和复合的过程:当外施电场足够大,达到发光阈值时,电子从阴极注入到环氧树脂基质中,并在高电场作用下得到加速,与ZnS:Cu颗粒中的Cu2+发生碰撞,与此同时,空穴从阳极注入并在电场作用下迁移,最终二者在Cu2+掺杂能级上发生复合发光[20]
图7为ZnS:Cu质量分数为10%时不同涂层厚度复合涂层分别在初始发光电压、11 kV、14 kV电压下的发光图片和亮度值。由图7可以看出,在涂层达到发光电压阈值之前,不能观察到电致发光现象,当外施电压达到临界发光电压时,在棒电极附近同样只能观察到微弱的蓝绿光。对于同一样品,随着外施电压升高,发光亮度和发光范围明显增大;在同一电压条件下,涂层厚度较大的样品发光更明显,且随着涂层厚度的增大,涂层亮度激发需要达到的电压阈值也逐渐降低[21]
图8为盆式绝缘子的实物图和仿真模型图。为保证仿真结果更贴合实际,仿真模型采用1∶1原尺寸盆式绝缘子结构。其中中心轴形电极处为高压电极,仿真过程中施加工频交流电压为1 kV,法兰处电位设置为0 kV。高压电极和法兰处为金属材料,由于介电常数较大,仿真时将其数值设置为1010;本研究使用的盆式绝缘子和复合涂层均由环氧树脂浇筑而成,其相对介电常数均设置为6;为避免引入涂层对盆式绝缘子表面电场产生影响,厚度设置为0.1 mm。其余部分为空气,相对介电常数为1。
为方便涂覆前后对比,仿真试验只在绝缘子左侧添加涂层材料,得到无缺陷盆式绝缘子的表面场强分布如图9所示。从图9可以看出,在所设定的参数下,ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层对盆式绝缘子表面的电场分布无影响。
在保证涂层无影响的前提下,对涂敷后的盆式绝缘子进行金属颗粒缺陷试验,分别在盆式绝缘子的高压电极和地电极附近设置金属颗粒缺陷,仿真得到盆式绝缘子的表面场强分布如图10所示。从图10可以看出,盆式绝缘子左侧发光点即为两个缺陷点,其中靠近高压电极附近的缺陷点局部场强更大,也更容易达到涂层电致发光的场强阈值,因此在相同外施电压条件下,高压电极附近的电致发光现象更加明显。
图11为无缺陷和含缺陷绝缘子表面左侧各个点位的场强数值。从图11可以看出,含缺陷绝缘子的表面共存在2个场强极大值,两处极值分别对应两处人为设置的金属颗粒缺陷处,且高压电极处缺陷场强接近于3.5 kV/mm,远大于地电极处缺陷场强。
由上述分析可知,涂层亮度较高的区域为电场较高区域。因此利用该特点,可以通过涂层亮度分布来判断高电场区域,同时也可识别样品由于绝缘缺陷所形成的局部高电场区域,达到绝缘缺陷自诊断的目的。
盆式绝缘子在气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(GIL)中作为关键绝缘部件,其性能直接影响到GIL的可靠性和安全性。其中盆式绝缘子在制作过程中容易出现填料分布不均匀、固化收缩产生气隙、表面裂纹划痕、金属部件接触不良、表面金属颗粒附着等缺陷问题。本研究针对常见的金属颗粒附着盆式绝缘子表面的问题,利用ZnS:Cu的高场强电致发光原理,通过在盆式绝缘子表面涂覆ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层,发现在运行的过程中,当盆式绝缘子表面粘附金属颗粒,造成局部放电时,缺陷处的电致发光涂层将会发光预警。
本研究拍摄了在10、20、30、40、50 kV电压下盆式绝缘子表面不同位置存在金属颗粒缺陷时的发光情况。图12为模拟金属颗粒附着于高压电极附近时绝缘子表面的发光亮度图。从图12可以看出,当电压为20 kV时,涂层已经发出较为明显的点状光斑;随着电压升高,盆式绝缘子表面的电场强度持续增大,光斑越来越亮。而未设置金属颗粒缺陷的部位即使在50 kV下也未见明显发光。由此可知,电致发光涂层可用于诊断盆式绝缘子高压电极侧的金属颗粒缺陷。
图13为模拟金属颗粒附着于地电极附近时绝缘子表面的发光亮度图。由图13可知,当盆式绝缘子靠近地电极附近区域附着金属颗粒时,涂层材料在30 kV下可发出肉眼可见的点状光斑,此处电致发光亮度达到0.513 cd/m2,但明显低于金属颗粒附着于高压电极附近时的发光亮度。随着外施电压的持续升高,表面电场强度增大,光斑越来越亮,在50 kV电压下,光点亮度达到2.742 cd/m2。由此可知,该种电致发光材料也可用于盆式绝缘子地电极附近金属颗粒附着缺陷的自诊断。
本文成功制备了一种绝缘缺陷自识别的ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂发光复合涂层,对其性能进行表征,并探究了ZnS:Cu含量、涂层厚度等因素对复合涂层电致发光强度的影响。通过对比试验法,验证该复合涂层在盆式绝缘子缺陷自诊断方面的可行性。主要结论如下:
(1)随着ZnS:Cu含量的增加,ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂复合涂层的沿面闪络电压提高,介质损耗因数增大。
(2)当外施电压相同时,随ZnS:Cu含量的增加,电致发光涂层的亮度增大;当ZnS:Cu的含量一定时,随着外施电压的增大,涂层的发光亮度和发光区域也增大。涂层的初始发光电压随ZnS:Cu含量的增大而降低。
(3)当ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层的厚度相同时,外施电压越大,涂层发光的亮度越高;当外施电压相同时,涂层越厚,发光亮度越高。涂层的初始发光电压随涂层厚度的增加而降低。
(4)复合涂层的电致发光与其电场强度相关,电场强度大的区域先产生电致发光现象。其中无缺陷的盆式绝缘子在50 kV电压下依然未出现发光现象,但在不同位置存在金属颗粒缺陷的绝缘子均在20~30 kV下出现明显的电致发光现象,验证了电致发光ZnS:Cu/环氧树脂涂层在绝缘子缺陷自诊断应用中的可行性。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.012
  • 接收时间:2025-05-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-03
  • 修回日期:2025-07-17
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    1华北电力大学 河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    2国网电力科学研究院武汉南瑞有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430074
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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