Article(id=1304925050977677979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748188800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-26, revisedDate=1750780800000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047976487, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047976487, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047976487, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047976487, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304924993196941811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047962712, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118140557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=99, endPage=107, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304925051179004572, articleId=1304925050977677979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research and application of two-component polyurea materials in enhancing insulation strength of transmission line conductor gaps, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper aims to investigate the application effect of two-component polyurea materials in enhancing the insulation strength of transmission line conductor gaps. Firstly, the physicochemical and electrical properties of the two-component polyurea materials were characterized systematically. On this basis, an experimental platform simulating transmission line conductor gaps was constructed, and the effects of coating thickness and gap distance on the breakdown characteristics of the conductor gaps under 50 Hz AC voltage were analyzed systematically. The results show that the glass transition temperature of the two-component polyurea materials is 152℃, exhibiting good thermal stability, the characteristic electric strength reaches 26.21 kV/mm, the tensile strength is 20.2 MPa, and the elongation at break is 515.2%, and it also shows excellent resistance to UV ageing. When the coating thickness is thin (1 mm and 2 mm), the enhancement effect of polyurea materials on the breakdown voltage of transmission line conductor gaps is limited. However, as the coating thickness increases to 3-5 mm, the breakdown voltage of conductor gap increases significantly. In particular, when the gap distance is 20 cm, as the polyurea coating thickness increases from 0 mm to 4 mm, the characteristic breakdown voltage of conductor gap increases from 138.43 kV to 160.94 kV, showing a significant improvement. When the coating thickness reaches 4 mm or more, even if the minimum withstand gap distance shorten to below 3 cm, the polyurea coating still does not breakdown, demonstrating excellent voltage resistance.

, authors=Honggang PENG, Xiaomeng SU, Shan LIU, Mulang WANG, Yunxun LIU, Longsheng LI, Zimin WANG, authorsList=Honggang PENG, Xiaomeng SU, Shan LIU, Mulang WANG, Yunxun LIU, Longsheng LI, Zimin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304925053053858479, articleId=1304925050977677979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=双组份聚脲材料在提升输电线路导线间隙绝缘强度中的研究和应用, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

本文旨在研究双组份聚脲材料在提升输电线路导线间隙绝缘强度方面的应用效果。首先对双组份聚脲材料的理化性能及电气特性进行系统表征,在此基础上,搭建了模拟输电线路导线间隙的试验平台,系统分析在50 Hz交流电压作用下,涂层厚度和间隙距离对导线间隙击穿特性的影响规律。结果表明:双组份聚脲材料的玻璃化转变温度为152℃,热稳定性良好;特征电气强度达26.21 kV/mm,拉伸强度为20.2 MPa,断裂伸长率达515.2%,并表现出良好的抗紫外老化性能。当聚脲涂层厚度较薄(1 mm和2 mm)时,对输电线路导线间隙击穿电压的提升效果有限;而当涂层厚度增大至3~5 mm时,导线间隙击穿电压显著提高。特别是当间隙距离为20 cm时,随着聚脲涂层厚度从0 mm增大至4 mm,导线间隙的特征击穿电压由138.43 kV提高至160.94 kV,提升效果显著;当涂层厚度达到4 mm及以上时,即使耐压最小间隙距离缩短至3 cm以下,聚脲涂层仍未发生击穿,展现出优异的耐压性能。

, authors=彭红刚, 苏小盟, 刘珊, 王牧浪, 刘云勋, 李龙生, 王子民, authorsList=彭红刚, 苏小盟, 刘珊, 王牧浪, 刘云勋, 李龙生, 王子民, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

彭红刚(1985-),男(汉族),广东广州人,正高级工程师,研究方向为机械设计制造及其自动化、输电线路工程及绝缘防护技术。

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彭红刚(1985-),男(汉族),广东广州人,正高级工程师,研究方向为机械设计制造及其自动化、输电线路工程及绝缘防护技术。

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彭红刚(1985-),男(汉族),广东广州人,正高级工程师,研究方向为机械设计制造及其自动化、输电线路工程及绝缘防护技术。

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Dielectric withstand experiment results

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介电耐压试验结果

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双组份聚脲材料在提升输电线路导线间隙绝缘强度中的研究和应用
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彭红刚 , 苏小盟 , 刘珊 , 王牧浪 , 刘云勋 , 李龙生 , 王子民
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(2): 99-107
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (2) : 99 -107
双组份聚脲材料在提升输电线路导线间隙绝缘强度中的研究和应用
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彭红刚(1985-),男(汉族),广东广州人,正高级工程师,研究方向为机械设计制造及其自动化、输电线路工程及绝缘防护技术。

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彭红刚(1985-),男(汉族),广东广州人,正高级工程师,研究方向为机械设计制造及其自动化、输电线路工程及绝缘防护技术。

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彭红刚, 苏小盟, 刘珊, 王牧浪, 刘云勋, 李龙生, 王子民
作者信息
  • 广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局,广东 广州 510310
作者简介:

彭红刚(1985-),男(汉族),广东广州人,正高级工程师,研究方向为机械设计制造及其自动化、输电线路工程及绝缘防护技术。

Research and application of two-component polyurea materials in enhancing insulation strength of transmission line conductor gaps
Honggang PENG, Xiaomeng SU, Shan LIU, Mulang WANG, Yunxun LIU, Longsheng LI, Zimin WANG
Affiliations
  • Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510310, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.011
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本文旨在研究双组份聚脲材料在提升输电线路导线间隙绝缘强度方面的应用效果。首先对双组份聚脲材料的理化性能及电气特性进行系统表征,在此基础上,搭建了模拟输电线路导线间隙的试验平台,系统分析在50 Hz交流电压作用下,涂层厚度和间隙距离对导线间隙击穿特性的影响规律。结果表明:双组份聚脲材料的玻璃化转变温度为152℃,热稳定性良好;特征电气强度达26.21 kV/mm,拉伸强度为20.2 MPa,断裂伸长率达515.2%,并表现出良好的抗紫外老化性能。当聚脲涂层厚度较薄(1 mm和2 mm)时,对输电线路导线间隙击穿电压的提升效果有限;而当涂层厚度增大至3~5 mm时,导线间隙击穿电压显著提高。特别是当间隙距离为20 cm时,随着聚脲涂层厚度从0 mm增大至4 mm,导线间隙的特征击穿电压由138.43 kV提高至160.94 kV,提升效果显著;当涂层厚度达到4 mm及以上时,即使耐压最小间隙距离缩短至3 cm以下,聚脲涂层仍未发生击穿,展现出优异的耐压性能。

聚脲树脂  /  导线  /  耐压  /  局部绝缘  /  组合间隙  /  绝缘强度

This paper aims to investigate the application effect of two-component polyurea materials in enhancing the insulation strength of transmission line conductor gaps. Firstly, the physicochemical and electrical properties of the two-component polyurea materials were characterized systematically. On this basis, an experimental platform simulating transmission line conductor gaps was constructed, and the effects of coating thickness and gap distance on the breakdown characteristics of the conductor gaps under 50 Hz AC voltage were analyzed systematically. The results show that the glass transition temperature of the two-component polyurea materials is 152℃, exhibiting good thermal stability, the characteristic electric strength reaches 26.21 kV/mm, the tensile strength is 20.2 MPa, and the elongation at break is 515.2%, and it also shows excellent resistance to UV ageing. When the coating thickness is thin (1 mm and 2 mm), the enhancement effect of polyurea materials on the breakdown voltage of transmission line conductor gaps is limited. However, as the coating thickness increases to 3-5 mm, the breakdown voltage of conductor gap increases significantly. In particular, when the gap distance is 20 cm, as the polyurea coating thickness increases from 0 mm to 4 mm, the characteristic breakdown voltage of conductor gap increases from 138.43 kV to 160.94 kV, showing a significant improvement. When the coating thickness reaches 4 mm or more, even if the minimum withstand gap distance shorten to below 3 cm, the polyurea coating still does not breakdown, demonstrating excellent voltage resistance.

polyurea resin  /  conductor  /  withstand voltage  /  local insulation  /  combined gap  /  insulation strength
彭红刚, 苏小盟, 刘珊, 王牧浪, 刘云勋, 李龙生, 王子民. 双组份聚脲材料在提升输电线路导线间隙绝缘强度中的研究和应用. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (2) : 99 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.011
Honggang PENG, Xiaomeng SU, Shan LIU, Mulang WANG, Yunxun LIU, Longsheng LI, Zimin WANG. Research and application of two-component polyurea materials in enhancing insulation strength of transmission line conductor gaps[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (2) : 99 -107 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.011
随着电网的快速发展和电能质量需求的不断提高,维持输电线路的安全稳定运行已成为电力系统面临的关键挑战之一。近年来,灾害性天气的增多使得输电线路频繁发生风偏放电事故,造成架空裸导线与树木、引流线与杆塔以及相邻导线之间短路,严重影响线路的重合闸操作并可能引发线路停运[1]。尤其是当架空线路穿越恶劣气候区域时,大风易使导线间物理距离减小,从而显著增加间隙放电的风险。其中塔型和间隙距离设计裕度不足是导致风偏的关键因素,以110 kV干字型杆塔为例,由于其引流线较长存在弧垂,且调整线路爬距后未进行风偏校验,中相导线与塔身的距离可能因风偏缩短,无法满足正常运行的最小空气间隙距离(0.25 m)要求。此外风偏故障也存在明显的地域性,尤其在新疆地区,较长的输电走廊和丰富的风能资源,使得输电线路受大风影响显著,进而导致短路跳闸事故频发。仅在2021年记录在案的110 kV电压等级风偏事故就达十余起,造成了较大的经济损失及社会影响[2]。因此,亟需探索一种提升输电线路杆塔间隙绝缘强度的有效方法,以进一步增强输电线路的稳定性、安全性和可靠性[3]
目前,导线的局部绝缘化被认为是提高间隙绝缘强度的一种有效方法,其基本原理是通过改善导线周围的电场分布,从而提升间隙绝缘性能。H K AGARWAL等[4]、C E WILLIAMSON等[5]研究了在导线表面局部包覆外绝缘层的方式对间隙绝缘强度的提升效果。结果表明,局部包覆外绝缘层能够有效降低线路的故障率。然而,该方法仅适用于输电线路的初期规划,后期施工难度较大。黄宇辰等[6]研究了输电线路绝缘护套厚度和长度对其击穿电压的影响,发现击穿电压与绝缘护套厚度呈二次函数关系。陈杰等[7]研究了导线局部安装绝缘护套的效果,发现该方式能够有效提升导线与杆塔间空气间隙的击穿电压。然而,安装绝缘护套时导线与护套之间不可避免地会存在空隙缺陷,容易导致电场畸变。此外,导线结构复杂、表面不规则也可能造成绝缘护套覆盖不完全,形成绝缘盲区。
选择合适的绝缘涂料是实现输电线路导线局部绝缘化的关键。近年来,一些学者对绝缘涂料的性能与应用进行了研究。例如,醇酸树脂具有良好的柔韧性、光泽度和附着力,但耐化学性和硬度较差[8];硅树脂由于具有Si-O键和高极性,表现出优异的附着性、柔韧性和抗氧化性[9-10]。G CANOSA等[11]通过将环氧环脂肪族/己内酰胺基涂料与硅氧烷功能化的己内酰胺多元醇混合,在保证防污闪和绝缘性能的同时,提高了涂料的力学性能。然而,上述涂料普遍存在固化时间长(≥30 min[9,11])及单次施工涂层厚度薄(≤0.5 mm)的缺点,难以满足高电压领域对厚涂层的应用需求。针对固化时间的问题,B MARC[12]开展了双组份聚脲材料的合成及性能研究。由于伯胺基与异氰酸酯基之间的快速反应,聚脲材料能够在20 s内完成凝胶化[13-14],从而在短时间内形成高厚度绝缘层,为其在导线局部绝缘的应用提供了可能。然而,目前关于聚脲材料在导线间隙绝缘强度提升方面的研究仍较少,其综合绝缘性能尚需进一步探讨。
基于上述背景,本文选用双组份聚脲材料作为导线局部绝缘的基体材料,系统研究其对钢芯铝绞线间隙绝缘强度的影响。首先,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、差示扫描量热分析(DSC)等手段对聚脲材料进行表征,测试材料在240 h加速老化后的性能,并开展交流电气强度和拉伸强度试验。随后,通过输电线路导线间隙的交流击穿试验,分析聚脲涂层厚度对导线间隙击穿电压的影响。此外,开展110 kV导线间隙耐压试验,以验证聚脲涂层在不同厚度下的绝缘性能。研究结果可为双组份聚脲材料在输电线路中的应用提供理论支持和实验依据。
双组分聚脲材料由石家庄玮士奇新材料有限公司生产,牌号为SPE-220,纯度为99%。A组分为异氰酸酯预聚物(主要成分包括二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯和聚醇),B组分为端氨基聚醚扩链剂(主要成分为端羟基聚醚和二乙基甲苯二胺)。A组分与B组分按化学计量比1∶1混合。采用双组分喷涂设备,将喷涂压力调节至18.62 MPa,喷涂温度设定为65℃。喷涂过程中,首先将混合后的A、B组分均匀喷覆于涂有脱模剂的丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯共聚物平板模具上,涂层厚度为1 mm。常温固化后,将样品切割成直径为100 mm的圆形试片,用于材料测试。随后,将聚脲涂层以不同厚度(δ=1、2、3、4、5 mm)喷覆于LJG-240型钢芯铝绞线表面,确保喷涂均匀性并在常温下固化成型,得到局部绝缘化的导线试品,作为后续试验的测试样本。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,JSM-5900型)分析聚脲样品的表面和断面形貌特征。样品通过溅射镀金(电流为40 mA,持续时间为1 min)消除电荷效应。在20 kV的激活电压和高真空条件下,利用二次电子探测器采集样品的扫描电镜图像。
使用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR,Nicolet 570型)研究聚脲样品的化学结构及官能团特性。测试波数为400~4 000 cm-1,分辨率为0.6 cm-1
通过差示扫描量热分析仪(DSC,3500 Sirius型)评估聚脲样品的热稳定性。测试过程中,在氮气氛围下(流速为60 mL/min),首先将样品从室温加热至250℃以消除热历史,然后迅速冷却至-10℃并保持3 min,最后以10℃/min的升温速率加热至250℃,通过记录第二次升温过程中热流率与温度的关系曲线,分析样品的热性能参数。
按照IEC 60060:2025对聚脲材料的交流击穿性能进行测试,测试系统如图1所示。先将制备好的聚脲样品浸入恒温油浴杯中预热2 min,以消除温度梯度的影响。然后以2 kV/s的升压速率施加电压,直至样品击穿。为避免降解副产物干扰数据,每完成10次测试更换一次油液。记录每个样品的击穿电压值,并通过威布尔分布对样品的电气强度进行统计分析。
参照GB/T 23446—2009对材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率以及热收缩率进行测试。
本研究还对样品开展紫外加速老化性能测试,先将被测样品放入紫外老化箱中,距样品表面50 mm左右的空间温度为45℃,恒温照射240 h,每隔60 h测试一次材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率和电气强度。
搭建的输电线路交流试验平台如图2所示。试验采用两根长度为8 m的LJG-240型钢芯铝绞线模拟输电线路导线,两端分别通过4个悬式复合绝缘子支撑并固定。通过调整天车的竖直高度及地电位侧导线的水平距离,精确设定导线间最小间隙距离(d=5、10、15、20、25、30 cm)。试验电压由1 500 kV工频试验变压器提供,并通过阻容分压器实时测量导线间施加的电压。击穿试验流程如下:①试验前用工业酒精清洗导线表面,除去杂质,静置干燥;②使用TR-73U型温湿度计记录试验大气条件(温度为(274±6)K,压力为(101.3±6.5)kPa,相对湿度为(55%±7%);③以2 kV/s的升压速率逐步升高施加电压,直至击穿,每组测试重复10次,每次试验间隔2 min以消除残余空间电荷影响;④采用高速相机(IL5 HSC system型)记录击穿路径,分析击穿电压分布特性。
为研究聚脲涂层涂覆厚度对导线间隙击穿电压(Ub)的影响,分别调整涂层厚度(δ=0、1、2、3、4、5 mm),进行组合绝缘间隙击穿试验。采用图2平台,初始间隙距离设定为10 cm,通过升压法逐步升高电压至110 kV电力系统的工频相电压(63.5 kV)并保持1 min。如果未发生间隙放电,则以1 cm为步长缩小间隙距离并重复测试,直至发生击穿。每组试验重复5次,记录不同涂层厚度下导线间隙击穿的最大耐压距离,并分析涂层厚度对耐压性能的影响。
图3为聚脲材料表面和断面的SEM图。从图3可以看出,聚脲材料表面存在少量圆形缺陷及线状区域,这些缺陷可能源于材料聚合和固化过程中的不均匀性及局部应力集中。聚脲材料的断面形貌显示出较高的粗糙度,这主要由断裂过程中材料所承受的机械应力引起。不规则的凸起和凹陷进一步反映了分子链在拉伸应力作用下的滑移以及网状支链的断裂变形。总体上,聚脲样品的表面较为平整,质量良好,可用于导线间隙的电气性能测试。
聚脲材料的FT-IR谱图如图4所示。分析图4可知,3 334 cm-1处的强吸收峰对应于氢键缔合胺基(N-H)的伸缩振动,未观察到3 420 cm-1处的游离胺基吸收峰,表明样品具有较高的氢键化程度;2 974 cm-1处为C-H键的伸缩振动峰;2 260~2 080 cm-1处为异氰酸酯基(NCO)的特征吸收峰,峰强较弱,表明NCO已基本反应完全;1 732 cm-1处为酯羰基的特征吸收峰;1 647 cm-1处为氢键缔合脲羰基的伸缩振动峰;1 605、1 567、1 509、1 454 cm-1处为苯环的特征振动峰;1 088 cm-1处为醚键(C-O-C)的伸缩振动峰[15-16]。这些特征谱带证实了胺基与异氰酸基成功发生反应,表明样品为结构完整的聚脲材料[17-18]
聚脲材料的热性能测试结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,聚脲材料的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为152℃。在Tg之前,样品未观察到显著的放热峰或吸热峰[25],说明聚脲材料在-10~128℃范围内未发生明显的热降解或相变。这一结果表明聚脲样品具有较好的热稳定性[19],适合应用于温度波动较大的环境。
材料的电气强度是评价其绝缘性能的关键参数。采用威布尔分布方程分析聚脲样品的电气强度测试结果,如式(1)所示。
P(E)=1-exp((-EEb)α)
式(1)中:P(E)为击穿概率;E为电气强度实测值;α为形状因子;EbP(E)=63.2%时材料的特征电气强度。
图6为聚脲材料在30℃下的交流电气强度威布尔分布结果。从图6可以看出,聚脲材料的工频交流特征电气强度达到26.21 kV/mm,聚脲优异的电气强度可归因于其独特的分子结构。聚脲为高极性聚合物,其脲基(-NHCONH-)之间存在强偶极-偶极相互作用,这种分子间和分子内的作用力通过氢键进一步稳定分子链结构,限制了链段的运动。此外,聚脲为非晶态聚合物,其分子结构中缺乏长程有序的排列,局部化的电子能级分布形成了大量电荷陷阱,有效抑制了载流子在电场中的迁移,从而降低了局部电荷积聚的风险[20-24]
环氧树脂的特征电气强度为31.20 kV/mm[25],聚脲与其相比仅下降15.99%,但环氧树脂的固化时间较长(˃30 min),考虑到聚脲材料固化时间短 (˂4 min)的工艺优势,其性能已达到高水平绝缘材料的应用需求。因此,可以认为聚脲材料适宜作为绝缘材料在输电杆塔导线上应用。
材料的力学性能对输电线路的工程应用也具有重要的意义。图7为聚脲材料的力学性能测试结果。从图7可以看出,聚脲材料的拉伸强度达到20.2 MPa,断裂伸长率为515.2%,这种良好的力学性能可能是源于聚脲分子链较高的交联密度以及紧密连续的氢键网络结构。此外,聚脲材料的热收缩率仅为0.3%,保证了聚脲材料在使用过程中不会因为温度变化而出现损坏或变形,使其在高温户外环境下也能保持优异的性能。
户外场景下,阳光照射是导致材料降解的原因之一,其中紫外光对材料的耐久性影响尤为显著。图8为聚脲材料在240 h紫外光老化过程中电气强度和力学性能的变化。从图8(a)可以看出,聚脲材料的电气强度虽然在老化120~180 h时出现了较大程度的下降(差值为1.27 kV/mm),但是在老化结束后电气强度的保持率为91.61%,总体展现出良好的抗紫外性能。从图8(b)可以看出,聚脲材料的力学性能在老化后也出现了下降。其中断裂伸长率相比于老化前仅下降了5.7%,保持了良好的柔韧性。拉伸强度在老化前为20.2 MPa,老化后则为18.1 MPa,这种变化可能与聚脲中脲键的降解有关,随着老化过程中刚性链段的持续减少,聚脲的分子结构趋于无序,从而影响了材料的力学性能。
图9为不同聚脲涂层厚度下导线间组合绝缘间隙的击穿电压威布尔分布。从图9可以看出,在最小间隙距离为5 cm时,不同涂层厚度(1、2、3、4、5 mm)导线间组合绝缘间隙的特征击穿电压从无涂层的72.04 kV分别提升至85.80、85.09、86.53、82.76、88.35 kV,提升幅度为14.88%~22.64%。在最小间隙距离为10 cm时,不同涂层厚度(1、2、3、4、5 mm)导线间组合绝缘间隙的特征击穿电压从无涂层的104.56 kV提升至111.54、111.35、110.90、111.67、111.66 kV,提升幅度为6.06%~6.80%。在最小间隙距离为15 cm时,提升幅度进一步减小至1.09%~3.92%。这表明在较小的间隙距离下,涂覆聚脲涂层对提高导线间组合绝缘间隙特征击穿电压的效果较为显著,同时增大涂层厚度也能在一定程度上提升其耐压值。
对于较大的间隙距离(如20 cm及以上),涂层厚度对导线间组合绝缘间隙特征击穿电压的作用更为显著。在最小间隙距离为20 cm时,不同涂层厚度(1、2、3、4、5 mm)导线间组合绝缘间隙的特征击穿电压分别从无涂层的138.43 kV提升至149.39、146.55、160.54、160.94、160.02 kV,提升幅度为5.87%~16.26%。在最小间隙距离为25 cm和30 cm,涂层厚度较小(1、2 mm)时,击穿电压有所下降,但涂层厚度为3 mm及以上时,击穿电压显著提高,最大提升幅度分别为11.95%和9.30%。这是因为涂层厚度较小(1 mm、2 mm)时,其降低涂层表面最大电场强度的效果不足以显著影响空气间隙整体的绝缘性能,同时,由于聚脲表面的低电导率导致电荷积聚,进一步限制了击穿电压的提升。而当涂层厚度达到3 mm及以上时,涂层表面电场强度的显著降低抑制了空气间隙中的流注发展,并减小了边缘效应,使表面电荷积聚得以缓解,从而有效提高了组合绝缘间隙的击穿电压。然而,试验还发现,当涂层厚度从4 mm增大至5 mm时,组合绝缘间隙击穿电压的提升效果趋于饱和,表明该厚度区间内聚脲涂层对击穿电压的提升已达到极限。
以上组合绝缘间隙击穿行为的差异可能与其电气击穿机制有关。在组合绝缘间隙中,施加交流电压时,击穿过程始于气隙的击穿。根据流注理论,受空间电荷的极性效应影响,起始于正流注的发展过程,正流注通常从阳极开始,朝向电场最强即最接近阳极的聚脲涂层发展[26]。在高电位侧聚脲涂层表面以及当正流注达到地电位侧聚脲涂层表面后,聚脲涂层表面积聚了大量电荷,由于涂层较小的曲率半径,表面电场强度显著提高。在高电场的作用下,聚脲分子链在麦克斯韦应力、热电子及光子的影响下容易断裂,从而在聚脲材料中产生微纳米级别的空洞或裂纹。这些空洞在电场的作用下,其内部电场强化,触发局部放电,直至空洞表面形成碳化层。随着时间的推移,这种空洞和碳化层的形成交替进行,并在更高电压的影响下显著加速,从而更快地形成放电通道,加速绝缘击穿的发生[27]。同时,在表面电荷积聚和高电场作用下,聚脲涂层与空气间的介电常数差异导致电荷在涂层表面形成陷阱,并在绝缘体中形成不稳定的内部电场[28]。这种不稳定的电场在电、热或脉冲的扰动下可能被打破,释放出大量电子,引发沿面闪络[29]
试验结果显示,聚脲涂层厚度为1 mm时,聚脲涂层上存在击穿点;聚脲涂层厚度为2 mm及以上时,聚脲涂层上不存在击穿点,仅会沿固体介质表面发生放电现象,在材料表面出现明显的放电路径。这是由于组合绝缘间隙的电场强度垂直于聚脲涂层表面的分量远大于平行于表面的分量,气隙通道内因碰撞电离存在大量带电质点,在较强的电场垂直分量下带电质点不断撞击电介质表面,使其局部温度升高[30],一定电压下,当温度高达足以引起气体热电离时,气隙通道中带电质点剧增[31-32]。气隙通道的长度保证了自由电子能够获得很大的能量,进而注入绝缘材料内部。注入绝缘材料内部的电荷中,一部分可以被聚脲内的陷阱捕获,转而形成绝缘材料内部的空间电荷,另一部分则可以穿过绝缘材料,注入接地极。当绝缘材料厚度较小时,耐压性能不足则会导致击穿[33-34]
为了提高输电线路导线间隙的绝缘强度,本节将分析聚脲涂层厚度对固体-空气-固体组合绝缘间隙在110 kV交流电压下耐压距离的影响,试验结果如表1所示。其中,d为0表示两高压导线表面直接接触;“W”表示耐压成功;“F”表示耐压失败且聚脲涂层被击穿;“S”表示空气间隙击穿且聚脲涂层表面发生沿面闪络但涂层未被击穿。
表1可知,当聚脲涂层厚度从1 mm增大至 5 mm时,导线的耐压最小间隙距离得到了不同程度的提升。裸导线在间隙距离为3.5 cm时发生击穿,而喷覆1 mm聚脲涂层的导线在间隙距离为4 cm时才出现击穿现象。当涂层厚度增大至2 mm和 3 mm时,导线的耐压性能与裸导线相比无显著差异,且耐压失效时涂层均被击穿。当涂层厚度增大至4 mm及以上时,导线的耐压性能显著提高。另外在4 mm和5 mm涂层厚度下,当间隙距离缩短至2 cm时,仅沿涂层表面发生放电现象,而涂层本身未被击穿。当间隙距离进一步缩短至导线表面相互接触时,聚脲涂层仍保持完整,展现出优异的绝缘性能。需要指出的是,当涂层厚度从4 mm增大至5 mm时,耐压性能未见明显提升,这表明在导线相互接触时,涂层厚度对导线间隙耐压水平的影响已达到饱和状态。
上述分析表明,喷覆4~5 mm厚的聚脲涂层能够显著提高导线间隙的绝缘强度,为输电线路的安全运行提供了一种高效的技术手段。此外,由于聚脲材料快速固化的工艺特性及在高电压环境下的优异性能,其应用潜力十分广阔。
(1)本文制备的聚脲材料具有良好的表面状态及较高的热稳定性,其电气强度达到26.21 kV/mm,满足输电线路绝缘应用的技术需求。
(2)当聚脲涂层厚度较小(1 mm和2 mm)时,对提升导线组合绝缘间隙击穿电压和缩短耐压距离的作用不明显。而当涂层厚度增大至3~5 mm时,导线组合间隙的绝缘性能显著提升。特别是在20 cm间隙距离下,随着聚脲涂层厚度从0 mm增大至4 mm,特征击穿电压从138.43 kV提升至160.94 kV,提升幅度达到16.26%。当涂层厚度达到4 mm及以上时,即使耐压最小间隙距离缩短至3 cm以下,聚脲涂层亦能保持未击穿状态,展现出优异的耐压性能。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.011
  • 接收时间:2025-05-26
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-26
  • 修回日期:2025-06-25
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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