Article(id=1304925018274681323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1750694400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-24, revisedDate=1754236800000, revisedDateStr=2025-08-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047968691, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047968691, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047968691, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047968691, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304924993196941811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047962712, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118140557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=87, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304925018467619308, articleId=1304925018274681323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on ampacity of HVDC submarine cable under vertical ocean currents considering sediment permeability, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As offshore wind power expands into deep sea, the precise calculation of steady-state ampacity for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine cable is of critical importance. Existing studies often neglect the influences of ocean currents on the heat transfer in seabed porous media and submarine cable laying conditions, leading to deviation in ampacity assessment. This study established a three-dimensional thermo-electro-hydrodynamic coupled model based on COMSOL multiphysics to systematically investigate the influencing mechanisms of sediment permeability, porosities, and submarine cable laying conditions on the temperature field and ampacity of HVDC XLPE submarine cable under vertical ocean currents. The results show that seawater flow velocity is the decisive factor influencing ampacity. Setting the sediment porosities to 0.4 and the permeability to 103 d, when the flow velocity increases from 2 cm/s to 50 cm/s, the ampacity increases by 35.2%, which is mainly attributed to the significant enhancement of convective heat transfer efficiency in the sediment layer. Setting the sediment permeability to 103 d and the seawater flow velocity to 50 cm/s, when the sediment porosities increases from 0.2 to 0.6, the ampacity increases by 5.6%, which attributes to expanded pore networks enhancing the equivalent thermal conductivity. Sediment permeability and flow velocity exhibit a significant synergistic effect, when the permeability exceeds 102 d, secondary convective heat transfer can be induced in high-speed flow fields. Setting the sediment porosities to 0.4 and seawater flow velocity to 50 cm/s, compared to 102 d of sediment permeability, the flowing fluid can additionally contribute 1.6% of the ampacity gain when the sediment permeability is 103 d. The bipolar system exhibits a significant thermal coupling effect under ocean currents, causing the temperature difference between the two poles to increase with the increase of flow velocity. Setting the sediment porosities to 0.6 and the permeability to 103 d, when the flow velocity is 50 cm/s, the temperature difference between the two poles increases by 1 283.3%, resulting in an ampacity difference up to 136 A. Among the laying parameters, the laying spacing has a greater impact on the ampacity than the laying depth.

, authors=Jianwei GAO1, Huan LI1, Zhuobin XI1, Mengyao ZHU1, Lei WEI1, Kangning WU2, authorsList=Jianwei GAO, Huan LI, Zhuobin XI, Mengyao ZHU, Lei WEI, Kangning WU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huan LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304925021848228371, articleId=1304925018274681323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=垂直洋流下考虑沉积物渗透性的高压直流海缆载流量研究, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着海上风电向深远海发展,高压直流(HVDC)海缆稳态载流量的精确计算至关重要。现有研究多忽略洋流对海底多孔介质传热以及海缆敷设条件的影响,导致载流量评估存在偏差。本文基于COMSOL Multiphysics建立三维热-电-流耦合模型,系统研究了垂直洋流下沉积物渗透率和孔隙率以及海缆敷设条件对HVDC XLPE海缆温度场及载流量的影响机制。结果表明:海水流速是影响载流量的决定性因素,设置沉积物孔隙率为0.4,渗透率为103 d,当流速从2 cm/s增大至50 cm/s时,载流量提升111 A,其核心在于显著增强了沉积层的对流传热效率;设置沉积物渗透率为103 d,海水流速为50 cm/s,当沉积物孔隙率从0.2增大至0.6时,载流量提升了5.60%,这是由于孔隙网络扩展提升了等效导热系数;沉积物渗透率与海水流速存在显著协同效应,当渗透率超过102 d时,在高速流场下可诱发二次对流换热;设置沉积物孔隙率为0.4,海水流速为50 cm/s,沉积物渗透率为103 d相比于102 d时,流动流体可额外贡献1.6%的载流量增益;双极系统在洋流下存在显著热耦合效应,导致两极温差随流速增大而增大;设置沉积物孔隙率为0.6,渗透率为103 d,当流速为50 cm/s时,两极温差增幅达1 283.3%,引发高达136 A的载流量差异;敷设参数中,敷设间距对载流量的影响大于敷设深度。

, authors=高剑伟1, 李欢1, 惠卓斌1, 朱梦瑶1, 魏磊1, 武康宁2, authorsList=高剑伟, 李欢, 惠卓斌, 朱梦瑶, 魏磊, 武康宁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李欢, authorNote=

高剑伟(2002-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备绝缘结构的设计工作

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李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等方面的研究。
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高剑伟(2002-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备绝缘结构的设计工作

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Hoboken:Wiley,1943:100-150., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1304925022083109396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304925022095692309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, companyId=1304925022083109396, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1School of Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304925022104080918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, companyId=1304925022083109396, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001)]), AuthorCompany(id=1304925022175384087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304925022183772696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, companyId=1304925022175384087, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1304925022192161305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, companyId=1304925022175384087, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1304925024104763968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Structure of ±500 kV single-core XLPE DC submarine cable, figureFileSmall=cbh78Q9MTc1L7ksbFvXp+w==, figureFileBig=D2FScWcoMeA0/f+CTKNaSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925024176067137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=图1, caption=±500 kV单芯XLPE直流海缆结构, figureFileSmall=cbh78Q9MTc1L7ksbFvXp+w==, figureFileBig=D2FScWcoMeA0/f+CTKNaSg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925024381588034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Submarine cable laying environment and its boundary conditions, figureFileSmall=o1X8Y7p4Z0R5mm+kvN1O7g==, figureFileBig=YbbC8u9Pv3FH/m0yKXwpRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925024440308291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=图2, caption=海缆敷设环境及其边界条件, figureFileSmall=o1X8Y7p4Z0R5mm+kvN1O7g==, figureFileBig=YbbC8u9Pv3FH/m0yKXwpRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925024503222852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Fluid flow in sediment and temperature distribution of submarine cables with different porosities, figureFileSmall=PRxUufhXIaNZNf/Unrd1Dw==, figureFileBig=MZNu89SbS2VPrfPSP7QStg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925024561943109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=图3, caption=不同孔隙率下沉积物内流体流动情况与海缆温度分布

(a) 孔隙率为0.2 (b) 孔隙率为0.6

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(a) 海水流速为2 cm/s (b) 海水流速为50 cm/s

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(a) 孔隙率为0.2 (b) 孔隙率为0.6

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(a) 渗透率为10-2 d (b) 渗透率为103 d

, figureFileSmall=Nn697UFKuK4ZoLcCp2UffQ==, figureFileBig=ZQeR5xwNjs2srd9+TlAb5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925025988006491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Steady state ampacity of submarine cables at different permeabilities and seawater flow rates, figureFileSmall=cSLFSAQKTVRGbBP8yHSCaA==, figureFileBig=0nWID1hNLtQSUTZ8Hl5SsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925026042532444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=图14, caption=不同渗透率及海水流速下海缆的稳态载流量, figureFileSmall=cSLFSAQKTVRGbBP8yHSCaA==, figureFileBig=0nWID1hNLtQSUTZ8Hl5SsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925026122224221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Change curves of temperature difference between submarine cables at different permeabilities and seawater flow rates, figureFileSmall=/qj5FHlo9FE7eqSMLkoCyw==, figureFileBig=Lt+jNG1mCQ9UzeE/QZjJDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925026185138782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=图15, caption=不同渗透率及海水流速下海缆间的温差变化曲线, figureFileSmall=/qj5FHlo9FE7eqSMLkoCyw==, figureFileBig=Lt+jNG1mCQ9UzeE/QZjJDA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925026256441951, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Fluid flow in sediment and temperature distribution of submarine cable at different laying spacings, figureFileSmall=jscUjAUwY8T95QpwcALFCA==, figureFileBig=HV7aJo5SHYEcPyqIIN7Bdg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1304925026319356512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=图16, caption=不同敷设间距下沉积物内流体流动情况与海缆温度分布

(a) 敷设间距为0.5 m (b) 敷设间距为5.0 m

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Material parameters of ±500 kV single-core XLPE DC submarine cable

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构厚度/mm外径/mm比热容/(J/(kg·K))导热系数/(W/(m·K))密度/(kg/m3)
铜导体643854008 960
导体屏蔽层2.969.82 7000.51 120
XLPE绝缘层30129.82 3020.46930
绝缘屏蔽层1.5132.82 7000.51 120
阻水缓冲层4140.82 0000.231 150
合金铅套4.9150.612835113 4
PE护套5.21612 3020.42900
PP内垫层41691 8500.23910
钢丝铠装618145058.2778
PE外护套4.519018500.23910
), ArticleFig(id=1304925026860421736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304925018274681323, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

±500 kV单芯XLPE直流海缆相关材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构厚度/mm外径/mm比热容/(J/(kg·K))导热系数/(W/(m·K))密度/(kg/m3)
铜导体643854008 960
导体屏蔽层2.969.82 7000.51 120
XLPE绝缘层30129.82 3020.46930
绝缘屏蔽层1.5132.82 7000.51 120
阻水缓冲层4140.82 0000.231 150
合金铅套4.9150.612835113 4
PE护套5.21612 3020.42900
PP内垫层41691 8500.23910
钢丝铠装618145058.2778
PE外护套4.519018500.23910
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垂直洋流下考虑沉积物渗透性的高压直流海缆载流量研究
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高剑伟 1 , 李欢 1 , 惠卓斌 1 , 朱梦瑶 1 , 魏磊 1 , 武康宁 2
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(2): 87-98
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (2) : 87 -98
垂直洋流下考虑沉积物渗透性的高压直流海缆载流量研究
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高剑伟1, 李欢1, 惠卓斌1, 朱梦瑶1, 魏磊1, 武康宁2
作者信息
  • 1陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
  • 2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
通讯作者:
李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等方面的研究。
作者简介:

高剑伟(2002-),男(汉族),陕西榆林人,硕士生,主要从事电气设备绝缘结构的设计工作

Study on ampacity of HVDC submarine cable under vertical ocean currents considering sediment permeability
Jianwei GAO1, Huan LI1, Zhuobin XI1, Mengyao ZHU1, Lei WEI1, Kangning WU2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.010
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随着海上风电向深远海发展,高压直流(HVDC)海缆稳态载流量的精确计算至关重要。现有研究多忽略洋流对海底多孔介质传热以及海缆敷设条件的影响,导致载流量评估存在偏差。本文基于COMSOL Multiphysics建立三维热-电-流耦合模型,系统研究了垂直洋流下沉积物渗透率和孔隙率以及海缆敷设条件对HVDC XLPE海缆温度场及载流量的影响机制。结果表明:海水流速是影响载流量的决定性因素,设置沉积物孔隙率为0.4,渗透率为103 d,当流速从2 cm/s增大至50 cm/s时,载流量提升111 A,其核心在于显著增强了沉积层的对流传热效率;设置沉积物渗透率为103 d,海水流速为50 cm/s,当沉积物孔隙率从0.2增大至0.6时,载流量提升了5.60%,这是由于孔隙网络扩展提升了等效导热系数;沉积物渗透率与海水流速存在显著协同效应,当渗透率超过102 d时,在高速流场下可诱发二次对流换热;设置沉积物孔隙率为0.4,海水流速为50 cm/s,沉积物渗透率为103 d相比于102 d时,流动流体可额外贡献1.6%的载流量增益;双极系统在洋流下存在显著热耦合效应,导致两极温差随流速增大而增大;设置沉积物孔隙率为0.6,渗透率为103 d,当流速为50 cm/s时,两极温差增幅达1 283.3%,引发高达136 A的载流量差异;敷设参数中,敷设间距对载流量的影响大于敷设深度。

高压直流海缆  /  沉积物渗透性  /  载流量  /  有限元分析

As offshore wind power expands into deep sea, the precise calculation of steady-state ampacity for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) submarine cable is of critical importance. Existing studies often neglect the influences of ocean currents on the heat transfer in seabed porous media and submarine cable laying conditions, leading to deviation in ampacity assessment. This study established a three-dimensional thermo-electro-hydrodynamic coupled model based on COMSOL multiphysics to systematically investigate the influencing mechanisms of sediment permeability, porosities, and submarine cable laying conditions on the temperature field and ampacity of HVDC XLPE submarine cable under vertical ocean currents. The results show that seawater flow velocity is the decisive factor influencing ampacity. Setting the sediment porosities to 0.4 and the permeability to 103 d, when the flow velocity increases from 2 cm/s to 50 cm/s, the ampacity increases by 35.2%, which is mainly attributed to the significant enhancement of convective heat transfer efficiency in the sediment layer. Setting the sediment permeability to 103 d and the seawater flow velocity to 50 cm/s, when the sediment porosities increases from 0.2 to 0.6, the ampacity increases by 5.6%, which attributes to expanded pore networks enhancing the equivalent thermal conductivity. Sediment permeability and flow velocity exhibit a significant synergistic effect, when the permeability exceeds 102 d, secondary convective heat transfer can be induced in high-speed flow fields. Setting the sediment porosities to 0.4 and seawater flow velocity to 50 cm/s, compared to 102 d of sediment permeability, the flowing fluid can additionally contribute 1.6% of the ampacity gain when the sediment permeability is 103 d. The bipolar system exhibits a significant thermal coupling effect under ocean currents, causing the temperature difference between the two poles to increase with the increase of flow velocity. Setting the sediment porosities to 0.6 and the permeability to 103 d, when the flow velocity is 50 cm/s, the temperature difference between the two poles increases by 1 283.3%, resulting in an ampacity difference up to 136 A. Among the laying parameters, the laying spacing has a greater impact on the ampacity than the laying depth.

HVDC submarine cables  /  sediment permeability  /  ampacity  /  finite element analysis
高剑伟, 李欢, 惠卓斌, 朱梦瑶, 魏磊, 武康宁. 垂直洋流下考虑沉积物渗透性的高压直流海缆载流量研究. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (2) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.010
Jianwei GAO, Huan LI, Zhuobin XI, Mengyao ZHU, Lei WEI, Kangning WU. Study on ampacity of HVDC submarine cable under vertical ocean currents considering sediment permeability[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (2) : 87 -98 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.010
随着我国最新可再生能源替代政策的实施与百万千瓦级深远海海上风电示范项目的启动,海上风电产业得到了快速发展[1]。作为电力传输的重要通道,海缆的建设规模越来越大,数量越来越多,对海缆的安全性与经济性也提出了更高的要求[2-3]。从能源传输的角度看,直流海缆相比于交流海缆有着更大的优势,相同外径下直流海缆传输的电能更多,且具有远距离输电的能力[4-5]
由于高压直流海缆在运行过程中会产生热量,若其载流量超出额定值,会导致发热加剧,从而加速绝缘材料的老化甚至损坏[6-7]。而海缆的投资成本普遍较高,维修成本与难度也较高,研究和优化海缆的载流量设计有助于提高海缆的运行效率,减少不必要的维护成本和延长海缆的使用寿命,提高经济效益[8-10]。目前针对海缆载流量的分析计算方法主要有基于IEC 60287-1-1:2006的解析计算法和基于数值法的有限元仿真计算法[11-15]。在载流量计算工程中,解析计算法是最常用的方法,但是IEC 60287-1-1:2006未对高压直流海缆在海底敷设时的环境等效热阻进行说明,同时对于其他相关因素的考虑也存在缺失。在计算海底直埋敷设的海缆载流量时,热对流在散热中起到的重要作用往往会被忽视,导致对载流量的错误计算[14]。近年来,使用有限元法进行载流量计算的学者逐渐增多,其更快速的计算效率和更贴合实际情况的特点受到了更多青睐[16-20]
海底沉积物可以视作一种充满饱和液体的典型多孔介质。海缆滩涂段的敷设海滩主要分为砾石滩(卵石滩)、粗砂滩和细砂滩,3种海滩对应的物理性质指标存在差异。而多孔介质中流体是可流动的,这种流动被称为渗流[21]。海滩物理性质指标的不同会直接影响多孔介质内的流体流动,进而影响海缆的散热条件。同时由于海底环境复杂多变,不同沉积物渗透率和固相热导率下的导体最高工作温度也存在区别[22]。海缆的散热方式取决于沉积物渗透率的大小,在低渗透率下沉积物中的海水流动困难,此时海缆散热的主要方式为传导散热[23]。当渗透率大于10 d(渗透率单位,达西量级[24])时,沉积物中的海水开始缓慢流动,流动速度随着渗透率的增大逐渐增大,此时海缆的散热方式除了热传导外还有热对流。热对流的效率取决于沉积物中流体的流动速度。在渗透率增大到一定数值后,虽然流体的流速有所增大,但受限于海水自身的密度和比热,海水难以通过流动带走更多的热量[14]。在高渗透率、较小压力水头的情况下,沉积物流体垂直方向上的流速更大,沉积物中出现涡流且涡流位置随着渗透率增大而上移,说明流体在此情况下的对流更为剧烈[25]。同时考虑到更多环境因素的影响,在垂直洋流下直埋敷设的海缆,其载流量明显高于无洋流的情况。此外,渗透率的变化对平铺在沉积物上的海缆载流量没有明显的影响[26]
上述研究大多仅探究单一变量对海缆载流量的影响,未考虑海洋环境多因素协同作用时海缆邻近区域的温度分布情况及稳态载流量的变化。因此本文采用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件,建立在海水流动情况下考虑海底沉积物渗透性的高压直流海缆热-电-流耦合三维模型,研究海底沉积物物理性质、海水流速、敷设情况等对海缆温度场分布及载流量的影响,为复杂海洋环境下电缆的热安全评估提供新的方法论体系。
要得到高压直流海缆在海水流动情况下的稳态载流量,需在海缆的导体上加载电压和电流。导体加载电流后产生电磁场,致使缆芯与绝缘层出现损耗,导致海缆的工作温度逐渐升高[27-28]。并且产生的热量通过传导或对流进入多孔介质,影响沉积物中的温度场与流场。同时,温度的变化使得海缆绝缘层的电导率发生变化,反过来影响电磁损耗。此外,多孔介质内温度的升高会影响流体的密度,使得流体上浮,海水层的流动对多孔介质内流体流动的影响又会使流体的水平流动方向发生变化[29]。各物理场可以用式(1)~(7)所示控制方程描述[30]
电场控制方程如式(1)~(3)所示。
J=Qj,φ
J=σE+Je
E=-φ
式(1)~(3)中:∇为矢量微分算子;J为电流密度, A/m2Qj,φ为电流源,A/m3σ为材料电导率,S/m;E为电场强度,V/m;Je为外部注入电流密度,A/m2φ为电势,V。
温度场的控制方程根据能量守恒定律可表示为式(4)。
(ρCp)fuT=(λeffΤ)+1σJ2
式(4)中:下标f代表固体;ρ为流体或固体的密度,kg/m3Cp为流体的恒压热容,J/(kg·K);u为流体的速度,cm/s;λeff为有效导热系数,W/(m·K);T为需求解的温度,℃;J为电流密度,A/m2σ为材料的电导率,S/m。
海水层流动可由不可压缩的纳维-斯托克斯方程描述,如式(5)所示。
ρ(u)u=--PI+μu+uTu=0
式(5)中:P为压力,Pa;μ表示流体动力黏度,Pa·s;I为单位矩阵。
在多孔域中,采用Forchheimer修正版的Brinkman方程[31]描述流量,如式(6)所示。
1εpρuu1εp=-PI+μεpu+uT-uμκ+ρεpCfκuu=0
式(6)中:εp为孔隙率;κ为多孔介质的渗透率,m2(在实际计算中转换为达西量级,d[13]);Cf为无量纲摩擦系数,可表示为式(7)。
Cf=1.75150εp3
本文的研究对象为±500 kV铜芯交联聚乙烯(XLPE)绝缘直流海缆,其结构如图1所示,相关材料参数见表1[17]
海缆的几何模型复杂,从内到外分为10层。相比于沉积物与海水层,海缆模型非常小,故在网格划分时,不同的区域采用不同的策略。整体网格采用三角形划分,对于海缆的绝缘层和导体部分剖分极细,以增加网格密度。为得到更精确的温度变化,沉积物层网格中靠近海缆的部分划分也更细,其余部分采用较粗的网格以提高计算速度。
为保护海缆免受船只锚链、渔业活动等的影响,潜水段的海缆敷设通常采用直接埋设。这种方式通过专用的海缆埋设设备将海缆埋入海底的土壤中。海缆的直埋敷设深度一般为0~3 m,我国新型海缆敷设船最大的敷设深度可达4.5 m[32]
本文主要研究海水流动对沉积物中单根海缆和双极型海缆温度场与流场分布的影响,计算域的结构如图2所示。模型中物理场的设置如下:
(1)电场
直流海缆中铜导体至合金铅套部分需要计算电场[33]。先给海缆导体外表面施加±500 kV电压,再通过仿真软件中外部电流密度的接口给导体施加电流,接地部分为合金铅套。
(2)传热场
直流海缆本体传热为固体传热,沉积物部分为多孔介质传热,海水域为流体传热,周围海水温度为Ta。假设沉积物底部和左右两侧与海缆距离无限远,设置沉积物底部与左右两侧温度为环境温度T0。顶部采用牛顿换热定律描述其散热[34],即设置对流散热,对流系数h为6.5 W/(m2·K),在该边界右侧施加压力约束点P0[30]
(3)流场
海底沉积物中的流动可用Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer方程进行控制,引入多孔介质域并加入重力场。海缆壁面视为无滑移壁[27],设定海水以一定速度(V0)从左垂直于海缆向右流出,出口压力P为0 Pa;n为界面单位方向向量。
沿海地区的海水受季节性季风和温度变化的影响,例如中国东南沿海夏季盛行东南季风,推动表层海水向岸边流动,且夏季太阳辐射增强,表层海水温度升高、密度降低,形成温跃层,抑制垂向混合,减弱深层水流对表层的影响;冬季转为西北季风,此时离岸水流增强。风向变化可直接改变沿岸流的强度和方向,而温度下降可导致表层水下沉,增强垂向对流,使流速分布更均匀。通过查询中国国家海洋技术中心定期发布沿岸海流监测报告,中国部分沿海区域(如渤海湾、珠江口)的海水流速呈现夏季较慢(0.1~0.3 m/s)、冬季较快(0.3 m/s以上)的季节性特征,故设置海水流速为2~50 cm/s(方向为垂直于海缆,从左向右流动)。
为研究流速场影响下沉积物孔隙率(材料中孔隙体积与材料在自然状态下总体积的比值)对高压直流海缆载流量及温度分布的影响,设置海缆所处的环境温度为20℃,埋设深度为0.5 m。参考我国南海部分海域沉积物参数,设置孔隙率为0.2~0.6(步长为0.1)[35]
图3为沉积物渗透率为103 d、海水流速为50 cm/s下沉积物孔隙率分别为0.2和0.6时,沉积物中流体的流动方向及海缆周围的温度分布,图中红色箭头代表沉积物中流体的流动方向。从图3可以看出,孔隙率为0.2时,多孔介质内流体受上层海水流动的影响,其流动方向与海水的流动方向相同,均从左向右流动。流体流动到海缆附近后,垂直方向上的流动方向发生变化。在对海缆施加一定电流产生热量后,海缆附近的多孔介质内海水受热后密度发生变化,流动速度加快,使流体产生了向上的浮力。流体在海缆左侧向右下方流动,流动到海缆右侧后方向变为水平流动。
当孔隙率由0.2增大为0.6时,多孔介质内孔隙体积增大,含水量增多,流体的水平流动速度变快,海缆左侧的流体水平流动速度相应变大。选取与海缆导体中心平行左侧1 m处为参考点,相比于孔隙率为0.2时,孔隙率为0.6时该点的流动速度增大了117%。
图3还可以看出,海缆附近的温度场是非均匀分布的,且海缆的热量顺着流体流动被带走,在孔隙率为0.6时热量扩散的方向更为明显。
当沉积物渗透率为103 d时,给海缆导体施加一定大小的电流,使导体达到最高工作温度,得到海缆稳态载流量变化曲线如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着海水流速增大,海缆的载流量以固定数值上升,上升过程近似为一条直线。海水流速每增大10 cm/s,海缆的载流量上升约20 A。此外,在海水流速为50 cm/s条件下,沉积物孔隙率为0.6时的载流量(3 638 A)相比于沉积物孔隙率为0.2(3 445 A)时上升约193 A(5.60%)。经分析得出,载流量上升幅度和孔隙率增大幅度近似呈线性关系。
设置沉积物渗透率为10-2~104 d,孔隙率为0.4,海水流速为50 cm/s,得到不同渗透率下的流体流动与温度场分布情况如图5所示。
沉积物中流体流动方向和流速除了受海缆升温导致的流体热运动影响外,还受上层海水流动的影响。当上层海水以一定速度流动时,部分与沉积物接触的海水会以一定速度流入沉积物中,使沉积物中流体的流动状态发生改变。由图5(a)5(b)可知,当渗透率数值为10-2~100 d时,流体的流动十分缓慢,接近于无流动的状态,即较低的渗透率使得沉积物内流体流动十分困难。当渗透率逐渐升高时,沉积物中流体逐渐开始流动,同样选取与海缆导体中心平行左侧10 cm为参考点,当渗透率小于100 d时,该点的流体流速近似为0,当渗透率为102 d时,流速为0.015 cm/s,当渗透率增大至103 d时,流速增大至0.025 cm/s,与渗透率为102 d时相比增大了66.7%。
图6为渗透率为103 d、孔隙率为0.4时,不同海水流速对海缆及其周围温度场分布的影响。从图6可以看出,当海水流速为2 cm/s时,海缆附近温度分布均匀,离海缆表面越远温度越低。当海水流速为50 cm/s时,由于海水从左向右流动,海缆产生的热量会被流体带至海缆右侧,此时海缆的温度场并不是均匀分布,而是向右扩散。
图7为孔隙率为0.4时,不同海水流速及沉积物渗透率下的稳态载流量变化曲线。从图7可以看出,当沉积物渗透率小于10 d时,沉积物中流体流动较为困难,即便海水流速不断增大,沉积物内的流体流动情况也很难发生变化,海缆的载流量也几乎不发生改变。此时海缆导体产生的热量只能通过热传导的形式缓慢散发。当沉积物渗透率大于10 d时,热对流开始发生,能带走大部分的热量,成为海缆散热的主要方式。在海水流速为50 cm/s条件下,沉积物渗透率为103 d时的载流量(3 607 A)相比于102 d时的载流量(3 555 A)提升了约1.5%,海缆的载流量随着沉积物渗透率的增大而增大,且渗透率越大,载流量的增量也越大。当渗透率为103 d,海水流速从2 cm/s增大至50 cm/s时,海缆的稳态载流量提升了111 A。当渗透率小于104 d时,载流量与海水流速的关系曲线近似为直线,当渗透率大于104 d时,载流量与海水流速的关系曲线变为凸函数曲线。随着渗透率的增大,载流量的增长速率先增大后减小,证明在沉积物高渗透率(大于10 d)情况下,海水流速的增大对海缆载流量的提升是有限的。
在研究海水流速对海缆的影响时,设置沉积物孔隙率为0.4,渗透率为103 d,直埋深度为0.5 m,环境温度为20℃,得到海缆的载流量变化曲线如图8所示。
上层海水会通过多孔介质中与海水层接触的边界层渗透进沉积物中,海水的流动情况会对多孔介质内流体流动速度和方向产生影响。从图8可以看出,当海水流速小于10 cm/s时,海水流速的变化对海缆的稳态载流量影响很小。当海水流速达到10 cm/s以上,随着海水流速增大,海缆的稳态载流量提升速度逐渐增大。其中当海水流速增大至20 cm/s时,载流量相比10 cm/s时增大了20 A;当海水流速增加至50 cm/s时,载流量相比40 cm/s时增大了43 A,提升了3.57%。海水的流动速度增大会使多孔介质内流体的流动速度变快,快速流动的流体加快了热对流过程,使得流体能带走更多的热量,因此海缆的载流量也随之提升。
根据岩土力学中的有效压力原理,土体中的总压力由有效压力和孔隙水压力共同组成,如式(8)所示。
σ'=σ-u
式(8)中:σ'为有效压力,kPa;σ为总压力,kPa;u为孔隙水压力,kPa。
根据式(8)可知,有效压力对土壤颗粒的固结程度和流体流动能力至关重要。有效压力越大,土壤颗粒之间的接触力越强,从而影响水在土壤中的流动[36]。由于重力场的存在,随着敷设深度的增加,沉积物中总压力会随之增大,也会影响水在土壤中的流动,进而影响海缆热量的散发,最终影响其稳态载流量。
图9为孔隙率为0.4、渗透率为103 d时,不同敷设深度和海水流速下海缆的稳态载流量变化曲线。从图9可以看出,敷设深度变化引发的载流量变化幅度很小,海水流速为50 cm/s的情况下,敷设深度为1.5 m和4.5 m时海缆的稳态载流量仅相差26 A。
由于海底空间资源的限制,海缆敷设时通常多根一起进行敷设。与单根海缆不同,双极型海缆在工作时会互相影响,且会使沉积物中流体的流动情况发生变化。
在单根海缆的模型基础上,在原海缆同一深度,与原海缆间隔0.5 m的位置再设置一根结构与尺寸相同的高压直流海缆。设置两根海缆的敷设深度为0.5 m,环境初始温度为20℃,渗透率为103 d,海水流速为50 cm/s,对海缆施加一定电流,使导体温度达到70℃,计算出不同沉积物参数下海缆的稳态载流量。不同孔隙率下海缆周围的流体流动及温度分布情况如图10所示。
图10可以看出,不同沉积物孔隙率下双极型海缆的流体流动情况近似于单根海缆。由于沉积物内流体流动方向与海水流动方向相同,均为从左向右流动,左侧海缆产生的热量随着流体流动至右侧海缆,进而对右侧海缆及周围介质的温度分布产生影响,故左侧海缆的温度扩散范围小于右侧海缆。图10(b)中显示孔隙率增大后,海缆温度扩散范围与趋势更为明显,左侧海缆最左侧边界的温度为31.94℃,右侧海缆最左侧边界的温度为36.32℃。产生上述结果的原因在于双极型海缆产生的热量更多,沉积物内流体上升浮力更大,流动速度更快。同时,当渗透率为0.6时,在左侧海缆左侧水平距离10 cm处、两根海缆中点处、右侧海缆右侧水平距离10 cm处取A、B、C 3个点,仿真计算得到3个点的流体流动速度分别为0.035、0.031、0.026 cm/s。由于两根海缆之间距离较小,沉积物中流体受到左侧海缆的阻碍后无法在两根海缆间汇聚并重新加速,使得右侧海缆附近的流体流动速度小于左侧海缆附近的流动速度,导致右侧海缆被带走的热量小于左侧海缆。
图11为渗透率为103 d时,不同孔隙率和海水流速下两根海缆缆芯之间的温差变化曲线。
图11可以看出,当海水层流速接近0 cm/s时,不同孔隙率下的海缆间温差不大,随着海水流速的增大,海缆间的温差逐渐增大。以孔隙率为0.4为例,当海水流速从2 cm/s增大到50 cm/s时,海缆间温差从0.30℃增大到4.15℃,增幅达1 283.3%。海缆间温差的存在会导致其中一根先达到最高工作温度,而另一根的载流量受到限制。以孔隙率为0.6、海水流速为50 cm/s为例,达到稳态时右侧海缆缆芯温度为69.99℃,左侧海缆缆芯温度为65.63℃,增大左侧海缆的电流值使其导体温度达到70℃,得出左侧海缆的稳态载流量与右侧海缆相比减小了136 A。此外,当孔隙率为0.4~0.6时,海缆缆芯间温差变化幅度小于孔隙率为0.2~0.4时的情况。当海水流速为50 cm/s时孔隙率从0.2增大到0.3,海缆缆芯温差从3.32℃增大到3.85℃,上升了约16%;而孔隙率从0.4增大到0.5,海缆缆芯间的温差从4.15℃增大到4.28℃,仅上升了约3%。
当渗透率为103 d时,不同孔隙率和海水流速下海缆的稳态载流量如图12所示。从图4图12可以看出,双极型海缆的稳态载流量变化与单根海缆的稳态载流量变化趋势相同。
设置双极型海缆敷设时沉积物渗透率为10-2~107 d、孔隙率为0.4、海水流速为50 cm/s,得到不同渗透率下海缆周围的流体流动及温度分布情况如图13所示。
图13可以看出,双极型海缆和单根海缆在不同沉积物渗透率下的流体流动情况与海缆附近的温度分布情况相似。在低渗透率(10-2 d)下沉积物内流体流动较为困难,海缆周围温度分布均匀,两根海缆间存在热传递。渗透率逐渐增大后,沉积物内流体开始流动,同时热对流开始发生,左侧海缆的温度随流体流动传递到右侧海缆,使右侧海缆温度上升速率明显大于左侧海缆。
图14为孔隙率为0.4时,不同渗透率及海水流速下海缆的稳态载流量变化曲线。对比图7图14发现,在渗透率为103 d,海水流速为20 cm/s时,双极型海缆的稳态载流量比单根海缆减小了146 A,改变海水流速为50 cm/s后,双极型海缆稳态载流量比单根海缆减小了168 A。可见当沉积物流体发生流动后,右侧海缆温度的上升限制了其载流量的提高,且随着海水流速的增大,载流量的上升速率逐渐变缓。
图15为孔隙率为0.4时,不同渗透率及海水流速下两根海缆缆芯间的温差变化曲线。
图15可以看出,当渗透率小于104 d时,随着渗透率和海水流速的增大,两根海缆缆芯间的温差逐渐增大。且随着渗透率的增大,温差增大的速率也逐渐增大。其中当海水流速为50 cm/s、渗透率为100 d时,两根海缆间的温差为1.10℃,渗透率增大为10 d时,两根海缆间的温差为1.83℃,继续增大渗透率至102 d时,两根海缆间的温差增大至2.82℃。但当渗透率大于104 d后,随着海水流速的增大,两根海缆间的温差出现先增大后减小的变化情况。且渗透率越大,温差变化曲线的拐点出现越早。海缆缆芯间出现温差的原因如下:沉积物中流体以一定速度开始流动后,会受到左侧海缆的阻碍,导致流体在海缆间的流速明显减小,除了左侧海缆传递给右侧海缆的热量外,右侧海缆被带走的热量也少于左侧,使得右侧海缆温度上升。且受到海缆与流体接触面积的影响,流体带走的热量是有限的。当渗透率继续增大,流体流动难度下降,在流过左侧海缆后重新汇聚,使得右侧海缆温度降低,两根海缆缆芯间的温差减小。如渗透率为107 d、海水流速为50 cm/s时,海缆导体同一水平高度的双极型海缆左侧10 cm处、海缆之间中点和海缆右侧10 cm处3点的流速分别为0.249、0.248、0.258 cm/s,并未出现明显变化,因此两根海缆缆芯间的温差减小。
双极型海缆的敷设间距是影响海缆间热传导的重要因素之一。为探究敷设间距对海缆载流量的影响,设置敷设间距为0.5 m、5.0 m,沉积物孔隙率为0.4,渗透率为103 d,敷设深度为0.5 m,其余环境条件不变,得到不同敷设深度下海缆周围的流体流动及温度分布情况如图16所示。
图16可以看出,当敷设间距较小时,左侧海缆的温度很容易传递至右侧海缆,同时流体很难在流过左侧海缆后重新汇聚,其流速也会有一定程度的下降。增大敷设间距后,两根海缆之间传导的热量逐渐减少,左侧海缆被流体带走的热量在流体流动过程中逐渐散发,最后只有少部分热量会传递至右侧海缆,同时较大的敷设间距使得流体在经过左侧海缆后重新汇聚并再次加速,有利于右侧海缆热量的散发。
设置孔隙率为0.4、渗透率为103 d,得到不同敷设间距及海水流速下稳态时两根海缆缆芯间的温差如图17所示。
图17可以看出,两根海缆缆芯间温差在海水流速较低时十分接近,随着海水流速的增大,不同敷设间距下的海缆缆芯温差也逐渐增大;随着敷设间距的增大,海缆缆芯间的温差逐渐减小。
图18为孔隙率为0.4,渗透率为103 d时,不同敷设深度及海水流速下海缆缆芯间的温差变化曲线。
图18可以看出,在相同的海水流速下,敷设深度对两根海缆间的温差影响较小。当海水流速为50 cm/s、敷设深度为1.5 m时,两根海缆缆芯间的温差为4.12℃,当敷设深度增大至2.5 m时,两根海缆缆芯间的温差为3.93℃,仅下降了0.19℃。
图19为孔隙率为0.4、渗透率为103 d时,不同敷设深度及海水流速下海缆稳态载流量的变化曲线。从图19可以看出,随着敷设深度的增加,海缆的稳态载流量有较小幅度的降低,当海水流速为50 cm/s、敷设深度为1.5 m时,海缆的稳态载流量为3 410 A,改变敷设深度为2.5 m,其稳态载流量为3 405 A,仅降低了5 A。
本文采用COMSOL Multiphysics有限元仿真软件,建立了流动海水域影响下,不同沉积物参数与海缆敷设情况下的三维热-电-流耦合模型,计算不同情况下的稳态载流量与温度分布情况,主要得到以下结论:
(1)上层海水流动显著影响沉积物内流体的流动情况。对于单根海缆,在沉积物孔隙率为0.4、渗透率为103 d的条件下,海水流速从2 cm/s增大至50 cm/s,其稳态载流量提升111 A;孔隙率相同时海水流速每增加10 cm/s,载流量上升约20 A;当渗透率≥102 d时,海水流速对海缆载流量的影响逐渐增强;敷设深度增大时海缆的载流量下降。
(2)双极型海缆在单向海水流动下,沉积物内流体呈单向流动,导致两根海缆缆芯间产生温差,成为限制其载流量提升的关键因素。孔隙率降低会使海缆缆芯间温差减小;海水流速增大时,海缆缆芯间温差逐渐增大,但增大速率趋缓;当渗透率足够大时,海缆缆芯间温差随流速变化会出现拐点,且渗透率越高,拐点对应的临界流速越低;增大敷设间距可降低海缆缆芯间温差;敷设深度增大时,海缆的载流量略有下降,但对海缆缆芯间的温差影响较小。

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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.010
  • 接收时间:2025-06-24
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-24
  • 修回日期:2025-08-04
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    1陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
    2西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要从事电介质物理、固体介质的劣化及失效机制、绝缘结构设计等方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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