Article(id=1304924994547511362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1748880000000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-03, revisedDate=1751299200000, revisedDateStr=2025-07-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1789047963033, onlineDateStr=2026-09-10, pubDate=1771516800000, pubDateStr=2026-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1789047963033, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-09-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1789047963033, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1789047963033, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1304924993196941811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2026', volume='59', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='158', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1771516800000', pubDateStr='2026-02-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1789047962712, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1789118140557, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1305219340496819101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1304924993196941811, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=39, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1304924994719477827, articleId=1304924994547511362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of thermal ageing on properties of multi-layer oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper, columnId=null, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the performance degradation characteristics of multi-layer Nomex insulating paper used in transformers during the thermal ageing process, firstly, the multi-layer oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper was conducted accelerated thermal ageing test, then a frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy testing platform and a surface potential testing platform were established to obtain the dielectric loss factor and surface potential decay curves of oil-immersed insulating paper at different ageing time, and the surface trap distribution characteristics of the oil-immersed insulating paper with different ageing degree were calculated and analyzed. The results show that with the increase of thermal ageing degree, the dielectric loss factor of oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper samples increases significantly across all frequency bands. The dielectric loss factors of double-layer and triple-layer oil-immersed insulating paper samples are significantly higher than that of single-layer oil-immersed insulating paper sample, and the dielectric loss factor of triple-layer oil-immersed insulating paper sample exhibits an even greater increase. As the thermal ageing degree increases, the initial surface potentials of the insulating paper samples gradually decrease, and the surface potential decay rate increases with ageing time, while at the same ageing cycle, the surface potential decay rate gradually decreases with the increase of insulating paper layer number. The shallow trap density of oil-immersed insulating paper increases with the increase of ageing degree, while the deep trap density decreases. The decline rates of deep trap density and energy level of double-layer oil-immersed insulating paper are lower than those of single-layer oil-immersed insulating paper, while the increase rates of its shallow trap density and energy level are higher than those of single-layer oil-immersed insulating paper. The research results can provide some reference for the design of transformer oil-paper insulation.

, authors=Yanyan BAO1, 2, Longjiang WEI3, Dingjun WEN4, Xiaofei WANG2, Zhenyong CHEN4, Yushuo WU2, Bodong CHEN2, Yongqiang KANG3, *, authorsList=Yanyan BAO, Longjiang WEI, Dingjun WEN, Xiaofei WANG, Zhenyong CHEN, Yushuo WU, Bodong CHEN, Yongqiang KANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongqiang KANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1304924997147979862, articleId=1304924994547511362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=热老化对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸性能的影响, columnId=null, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究变压器用多层Nomex绝缘纸在热老化过程中的性能劣化特性,本文首先对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸进行加速热老化试验,然后搭建频域介电谱测试平台和表面电位测试平台,获得不同老化时间下油浸Nomex绝缘纸的介质损耗因数和表面电位衰减曲线,并计算和分析不同老化程度油浸绝缘纸的表面陷阱分布特性。结果表明:随着热老化程度的增加,油浸Nomex绝缘纸试样全频段的介质损耗因数明显增大,双层和三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数明显大于单层油浸绝缘纸试样,且三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数增幅更大。随着热老化程度的增加,油浸绝缘纸试样的表面初始电位逐渐降低,表面电位衰减率随老化时间的增加而增加,且随着绝缘纸层数的增加,相同老化周期下的表面电位衰减率逐渐降低。油浸绝缘纸的浅陷阱密度随老化程度的增加而增大,深陷阱密度则下降,且双层油浸绝缘纸的深陷阱密度和能级的下降速率小于单层油浸绝缘纸,而其浅陷阱密度和能级的增大速率大于单层油浸绝缘纸。研究结果可为变压器油纸绝缘的设计提供一定的参考。

, authors=包艳艳1, 2, 魏龙江3, 温定筠4, 王晓飞2, 陈振勇4, 吴玉硕2, 陈博栋2, 康永强3, *, authorsList=包艳艳, 魏龙江, 温定筠, 王晓飞, 陈振勇, 吴玉硕, 陈博栋, 康永强, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=康永强, authorNote=

包艳艳(1990-),女(汉族),甘肃兰州人,博士生,主要从事超特高压电力设备状态检测、诊断与评价方面的研究

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康永强(1988-),男(汉族),甘肃天水人,副教授,博士,主要从事高压绝缘防护及新能源电力系统安全方面的研究。
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包艳艳(1990-),女(汉族),甘肃兰州人,博士生,主要从事超特高压电力设备状态检测、诊断与评价方面的研究

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Attribution of major absorption peaks in the infrared spectra of oil-immersed insulating paper

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吸收峰波数/(cm-1)对应化学键特征峰
3 291N-H伸缩振动峰
2 922甲基与亚甲基C-H反对称伸缩振动峰
1 642酰胺Ⅰ带峰(C=O伸缩振动)
1 537酰胺Ⅱ带峰(N-H键面内弯曲振动、部分C-N键伸缩振动)
1 295酰胺Ⅲ带峰(C-N键伸缩振动、N-H键面内弯曲振动、C-C键伸缩振动)
780N-H键面外弯曲振动峰
680酰胺Ⅴ带峰(N-C=O面内弯曲振动)
), ArticleFig(id=1304925002147590313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1304924994547511362, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

油浸绝缘纸红外光谱主要吸收峰归属

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吸收峰波数/(cm-1)对应化学键特征峰
3 291N-H伸缩振动峰
2 922甲基与亚甲基C-H反对称伸缩振动峰
1 642酰胺Ⅰ带峰(C=O伸缩振动)
1 537酰胺Ⅱ带峰(N-H键面内弯曲振动、部分C-N键伸缩振动)
1 295酰胺Ⅲ带峰(C-N键伸缩振动、N-H键面内弯曲振动、C-C键伸缩振动)
780N-H键面外弯曲振动峰
680酰胺Ⅴ带峰(N-C=O面内弯曲振动)
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热老化对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸性能的影响
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包艳艳 1, 2 , 魏龙江 3 , 温定筠 4 , 王晓飞 2 , 陈振勇 4 , 吴玉硕 2 , 陈博栋 2 , 康永强 3, *
绝缘材料 | 2026,59(2): 39-48
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绝缘材料 | 2026 , 59 (2) : 39 -48
热老化对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸性能的影响
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包艳艳(1990-),女(汉族),甘肃兰州人,博士生,主要从事超特高压电力设备状态检测、诊断与评价方面的研究

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包艳艳1, 2, 魏龙江3, 温定筠4, 王晓飞2, 陈振勇4, 吴玉硕2, 陈博栋2, 康永强3, *
作者信息
  • 1兰州理工大学 电气工程与信息工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 2国网甘肃省电力公司电力科学研究院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 3兰州交通大学 新能源与动力工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
  • 4国网甘肃省电力公司,甘肃 兰州 730070
通讯作者:
康永强(1988-),男(汉族),甘肃天水人,副教授,博士,主要从事高压绝缘防护及新能源电力系统安全方面的研究。
作者简介:

包艳艳(1990-),女(汉族),甘肃兰州人,博士生,主要从事超特高压电力设备状态检测、诊断与评价方面的研究

Effect of thermal ageing on properties of multi-layer oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper
Yanyan BAO1, 2, Longjiang WEI3, Dingjun WEN4, Xiaofei WANG2, Zhenyong CHEN4, Yushuo WU2, Bodong CHEN2, Yongqiang KANG3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Electrical Engineering and Information Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 2Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Gansu Power Company, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 3School of New Energy and Power Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
  • 4State Grid Gansu Power Company, Lanzhou 730070, China
出版时间: 2026-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.005
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为研究变压器用多层Nomex绝缘纸在热老化过程中的性能劣化特性,本文首先对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸进行加速热老化试验,然后搭建频域介电谱测试平台和表面电位测试平台,获得不同老化时间下油浸Nomex绝缘纸的介质损耗因数和表面电位衰减曲线,并计算和分析不同老化程度油浸绝缘纸的表面陷阱分布特性。结果表明:随着热老化程度的增加,油浸Nomex绝缘纸试样全频段的介质损耗因数明显增大,双层和三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数明显大于单层油浸绝缘纸试样,且三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数增幅更大。随着热老化程度的增加,油浸绝缘纸试样的表面初始电位逐渐降低,表面电位衰减率随老化时间的增加而增加,且随着绝缘纸层数的增加,相同老化周期下的表面电位衰减率逐渐降低。油浸绝缘纸的浅陷阱密度随老化程度的增加而增大,深陷阱密度则下降,且双层油浸绝缘纸的深陷阱密度和能级的下降速率小于单层油浸绝缘纸,而其浅陷阱密度和能级的增大速率大于单层油浸绝缘纸。研究结果可为变压器油纸绝缘的设计提供一定的参考。

热老化  /  多层Nomex绝缘纸  /  频域介电特性  /  表面电荷  /  红外光谱

In order to investigate the performance degradation characteristics of multi-layer Nomex insulating paper used in transformers during the thermal ageing process, firstly, the multi-layer oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper was conducted accelerated thermal ageing test, then a frequency domain dielectric spectroscopy testing platform and a surface potential testing platform were established to obtain the dielectric loss factor and surface potential decay curves of oil-immersed insulating paper at different ageing time, and the surface trap distribution characteristics of the oil-immersed insulating paper with different ageing degree were calculated and analyzed. The results show that with the increase of thermal ageing degree, the dielectric loss factor of oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper samples increases significantly across all frequency bands. The dielectric loss factors of double-layer and triple-layer oil-immersed insulating paper samples are significantly higher than that of single-layer oil-immersed insulating paper sample, and the dielectric loss factor of triple-layer oil-immersed insulating paper sample exhibits an even greater increase. As the thermal ageing degree increases, the initial surface potentials of the insulating paper samples gradually decrease, and the surface potential decay rate increases with ageing time, while at the same ageing cycle, the surface potential decay rate gradually decreases with the increase of insulating paper layer number. The shallow trap density of oil-immersed insulating paper increases with the increase of ageing degree, while the deep trap density decreases. The decline rates of deep trap density and energy level of double-layer oil-immersed insulating paper are lower than those of single-layer oil-immersed insulating paper, while the increase rates of its shallow trap density and energy level are higher than those of single-layer oil-immersed insulating paper. The research results can provide some reference for the design of transformer oil-paper insulation.

thermal ageing  /  multi-layer Nomex insulating paper  /  frequency domain dielectric properties  /  surface charge  /  infrared spectroscopy
包艳艳, 魏龙江, 温定筠, 王晓飞, 陈振勇, 吴玉硕, 陈博栋, 康永强. 热老化对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2026 , 59 (2) : 39 -48 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.005
Yanyan BAO, Longjiang WEI, Dingjun WEN, Xiaofei WANG, Zhenyong CHEN, Yushuo WU, Bodong CHEN, Yongqiang KANG. Effect of thermal ageing on properties of multi-layer oil-immersed Nomex insulating paper[J]. Insulating Materials, 2026 , 59 (2) : 39 -48 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.005
在现代电力系统中,变压器作为关键设备,其绝缘系统的可靠性直接关系到电力设备的安全与稳定运行[1]。绝缘纸广泛应用于变压器等电气设备中,其绝缘性能的优劣对变压器的使用寿命和稳定运行具有重要影响。在众多的绝缘材料中,Nomex绝缘纸凭借其良好的电气绝缘性能、高温耐受性和高机械强度,常被用作油浸式变压器绕组高温区域的关键绝缘材料,以提升设备的运行可靠性[2-3]。在变压器运行环境中,绝缘纸材料会经历热、电及机械应力等多种因素的协同作用而发生老化,其中热老化是导致绝缘纸性能劣化的重要因素[4-5]
绝缘纸内部由于材料固有的不均匀性、杂质及结构缺陷等因素会形成大量物理化学陷阱,在外加电场作用下,绝缘纸中的电荷载流子发生迁移并在陷阱处被捕获,导致空间电荷在特定区域非均匀积聚,进而影响绝缘纸材料内部电场的分布特性[6-9]。随着长期服役或高温环境中的热老化作用,绝缘纸的性能逐渐退化,其陷阱特性显著改变,表现为陷阱深度、陷阱密度以及陷阱分布状态的变化,这些变化进一步影响了绝缘纸中电荷的积累与消散规律,使其内部的电场分布产生畸变[10-12]。这种电场的非线性分布不仅加速了绝缘纸的老化进程,还可能导致其电气强度显著下降,最终引发绝缘介质的击穿失效。
目前,国内外众多学者对于绝缘纸的热老化特性及其电荷输运行为展开了广泛的研究,主要通过测量和分析绝缘纸的多种参数来表征其老化状态及性能退化特性,这些参数包括绝缘纸的聚合度、介电频谱特性、拉伸强度、微观形貌以及变压器油中糠醛含量等。文献[13-16]通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、气相色谱(GC)等手段对绝缘纸化学组分的变化和降解产物进行表征。文献[17-18]研究了不同温度和热老化时间下绝缘油的频域介电特性。文献[19-21]通过频域介电谱技术对不同老化程度的油纸绝缘进行测试,分析了油纸绝缘的介电特性与老化状态的关系。文献[22-24]采用静电计测量了油纸绝缘的表面电位分布,分析了热老化和高频电老化对油纸绝缘表面电荷积聚和消散特性的影响。文献[25-27]研究了油纸绝缘系统在直流与脉冲电压作用下的界面电荷动态行为,结果表明绝缘纸表面电荷在初始阶段衰减较为迅速,随着时间的推移逐渐减缓,最终表面电荷的消散趋于稳定。文献[28-30]测量了不同老化阶段绝缘纸的红外光谱,分析了油纸绝缘老化过程中有机分子官能团的变化情况。目前绝缘纸的老化研究主要集中于单层材料体系或复合层压纸,然而,在高压设备实际应用中绝缘纸为多层结构,人们对同质多层结构的界面协同劣化机制尚不明确。尤其当层间存在物理/化学陷阱耦合时,界面效应会显著影响材料的老化进程,具体表现为:①多层结构效应,层间界面阻碍分子链自由降解,延缓主链断裂;②界面势垒效应,层间界面形成势垒,捕获载流子并稳定深陷阱状态;③界面极化效应,界面两侧介质在电荷迁移率和极化响应上出现严重失配,阻碍电荷的跨界面迁移。同时,多层界面导致载流子迁移路径延长,抑制电荷的消散,传统基于均质材料的陷阱理论难以解释多层体系的非线性老化行为。因此,深入研究热老化对多层Nomex绝缘纸老化特征量的影响及其机理具有重要的理论和实践意义。
本文首先对多层油浸Nomex绝缘纸试样进行加速热老化试验,然后搭建频域介电谱测试平台和表面电位测试平台,测量不同老化程度油浸绝缘纸的介质损耗因数和表面电位衰减曲线,分析热老化对单层、双层、三层油浸Nomex绝缘纸频域介电特性、表面电荷积聚消散特性、陷阱分布特性的影响,并阐释多层绝缘纸的老化机理,为变压器的绝缘设计与防护提供试验基础和依据。
本研究使用杜邦T411型Nomex绝缘纸(厚度为0.58 mm)与克拉玛依25#变压器油作为试验材料。将绝缘纸裁剪为40 mm×40 mm的方形,并通过环氧树脂胶将裁剪的绝缘纸粘合制成双层、三层结构,如图1所示。试验前使用滤油机将绝缘油过滤3次,将过滤后的绝缘油和绝缘纸置于温度为90℃、真空度为50 Pa的真空干燥箱内持续干燥48 h;将Nomex绝缘纸试样与绝缘油按1∶10的质量比在氮气环境下进行浸渍处理,并将尺寸为5 cm×5 cm×0.1 cm的铜条浸入每个装有油纸的容器中,以模拟实际工况中的变压器绕组,保证绝缘纸完全浸没在绝缘油中并密封;最后依据GB/T 464—2008和DL/T 285—2012设定加速热老化条件参数,对装有油纸的容器在50 Pa、150℃的恒温恒压条件下进行加速热老化,试验包括5个老化周期,每个周期时长为5 d(总时长为25 d)。
本试验采用自主搭建的频域介电谱测试平台,如图2所示,其中全密封亚克力试验箱内集成三电极测量系统。测试时将油浸绝缘纸试样置于高压电极与测试电极之间,并将环形屏蔽电极接地以抑制表面电流干扰。油纸绝缘材料的频域介电谱采用Megger公司生产的IDAX300型测试系统进行测量,其可以提供测试频率为10-4~103 Hz、峰值范围为0~200 V连续可调的正弦交流电压。通过对不同层数油浸绝缘纸试样施加不同频率正弦交流电压,试样中将产生电流,通过精确测量电压和电流的数值,可以计算试样的介电常数和介质损耗因数(tanδ)。为保证试验结果的可靠性与可重复性,每组试验重复3次,取3次测量数据的平均值作为试验结果。
为分析不同热老化时长对油浸绝缘纸绝缘性能的影响,本研究对热老化试样进行表面电位衰减特性测试,测试系统如图3所示。电晕激励源为P10型高频脉冲电源,其可输出幅值为0~10 kV、频率为1 Hz~50 kHz的单极性高频方波脉冲电压,高精度静电探头型号为TREK MODEL 3455-ET,精度为±0.1%,表面电位计型号为TREK-341B。电晕充电过程中,控制针电极与油浸绝缘纸试样的距离为5 mm。测试流程如下:将试样置于接地铜板平台上,施加5 kV电压(频率为10 kHz)进行10 min的电晕充电,充电完成后,迅速撤去电压,并在2 s内将试样转移至固定的静电探头下方(静电探头和试样的距离为3 mm)进行表面电位测量,防止电荷在迁移过程中发生耗散或中和。测试过程中持续监测并记录油浸绝缘纸表面电位随时间变化的衰减曲线。
基于有源静电探头法测得的油浸绝缘纸表面电位μ,可通过式(1)反推计算其表面电荷密度σ
σ=με0εr/d
式(1)中:ε0为真空介电常数;εr为油浸Nomex绝缘纸的相对介电常数;d为静电探头与绝缘纸表面的距离。
由式(1)可知,表面电荷密度σ与表面电位μ成线性正比关系,表面电位分布情况可反映表面电荷密度分布情况。因此,本文直接分析油浸绝缘纸的表面电位分布特性。
不同老化时间多层油浸绝缘纸tanδ随频率的变化曲线如图4所示。由图4可知,随着老化程度的增加,单层、双层及三层油浸绝缘纸全频段的tanδ明显增大,表明对应的电导损耗及松弛极化损耗均增加。
图4还可以看出,各油浸绝缘纸试样在中低频率段内的tanδ增幅随着热老化时间的增加更为显著。造成这一现象的原因是低频区以界面极化和电导损耗为主导,而高频区则以快速的电子或离子极化为主,受老化影响较小。在热老化过程中,纤维素降解生成水分、糠醛、有机酸等极性产物,这些副产物不仅加速绝缘纸的劣化,也增加了极性物质和可移动离子的浓度,从而提高了整体电导率。电导率对tanδ的影响与频率呈负相关,因此在低频下tanδ变化更为显著。同时,随着热老化程度的加剧,介质中的偶极子与跳跃载流子浓度持续上升,进而在低频范围内加剧了介电弥散响应,最终使得tanδ随老化时间延长而增大,并且在低频段增幅尤为明显。
进一步分析图4可以发现,当老化时间和频率相同时,随着油浸绝缘纸层数的增多,其tanδ在10-3~100 Hz范围内不断升高,而在100~103 Hz频域范围内,随着测试频率的增大,tanδ基本无变化。在老化初期,单层、双层及三层油浸绝缘纸试样的tanδ相近,随着老化程度的增加,双层和三层油浸绝缘纸试样的tanδ明显大于单层油浸绝缘纸试样的tanδ,并且相较于双层油浸绝缘纸试样,三层油浸绝缘纸试样的tanδ增幅更大。这是因为相较于仅存在“油-纸”界面的单层结构,多层绝缘纸结构引入了额外的“纸-纸”界面。这些界面通常被绝缘油渗透或含有微气隙,从而形成具备梯度介电属性的界面区域。由于绝缘纸、绝缘油和微气隙3种介质在介电常数和电导率上存在差异,导致界面两侧介质在电荷迁移率和极化响应上出现严重失配,阻碍电荷的跨界面迁移,并诱发Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars界面极化效应。随着层数增加,界面数量增多且介电属性梯度更陡峭,导致有效的界面极化弛豫时间延长和可被激发的Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars极化单元增加。这种高度弛豫性的界面极化过程大幅增强了介电能量的不可逆耗散,成为交流电压下主导tanδ的关键因素,致使多层结构油浸绝缘纸的tanδ显著高于单层结构油浸绝缘纸。
图5为不同老化时间油浸绝缘纸试样的表面电位时域衰减曲线。从图5可以看出,油浸绝缘纸的初始表面电位随老化时间增加而降低,初始表面电位越低,表明试样表面积累的电荷密度越小。表面电位的衰减过程呈现典型弛豫衰减特征,在衰减初期速率最快,随后持续递减,最终趋于稳态。
为便于定量比较不同油浸绝缘纸试样表面电位的衰减程度,本文定义表面电位衰减率dV/dt计算式如式(2)所示。
dVdt=V0-V4000V0
式(2)中:V0为试样初始表面电位;V4000为消散时间t=4 000 s时的表面电位值。
基于式(2)计算的表面电位衰减率如图6所示。从图6可以看出,未老化的油浸绝缘纸试样表面电位衰减率最低,约为10%。电晕充电后,相较于未老化试样,热老化5 d的油浸绝缘纸试样表面电位衰减率增幅最大,且随着绝缘纸层数的增加,表面电位衰减率增幅减小。当老化时间为5 d时,单层、双层、三层油浸绝缘纸试样的表面电位衰减率分别为82.11%、64.78%、49.93%。随着老化时间的增加,油浸绝缘纸表面电位衰减率增长趋势减缓。对不同层数的油纸绝缘试样进行分析发现,单层油浸绝缘纸表面电位的衰减率始终高于双层和三层油浸绝缘纸,且随着绝缘纸层数的增加,相同老化时间下的表面电位衰减率逐渐降低。但随着老化程度的加剧,多层绝缘纸表面电位衰减率的增长趋势明显大于单层绝缘纸。
绝缘纸在外界应力作用下会发生一系列老化反应,生成CO、CO2、糠醛等特征产物,因此绝缘纸的老化过程必然伴随着其分子结构中官能团的变化,利用红外光谱技术可以从分子层面揭示这些变化。不同老化时间下单层、双层及三层油浸绝缘纸的红外光谱表征结果如图7所示,各吸收峰的位置如表1所示。
图7可以看出,相较于未老化的油浸绝缘纸,老化后的油浸绝缘纸在4 000~500 cm-1范围内并未出现新的特征吸收峰,说明热老化作用下未生成新的官能团,但不同老化时间下各吸收峰的透过率峰值存在差异。由于透过率与吸收强度呈反比,透过率升高即代表对应振动的吸收减弱。随着热老化程度的加剧,油浸绝缘纸的特征吸收峰峰值逐渐降低,吸收强度逐渐减弱,表明材料的化学结构发生了一定程度的变化。
结合图7表1可以看出,不同层数的油浸绝缘纸在3 291 cm-1处都有明显的N-H键伸缩振动峰。未老化的单层油浸绝缘纸在3 291 cm-1处透过率为86.44%,老化时间为15 d的单层油浸绝缘纸透过率为92.68%,相较于未老化试样增加了7.22%,老化时间为25 d的单层油浸绝缘纸透过率为93.24%,相较于未老化试样增加了7.87%;未老化的双层油浸绝缘纸在3 291 cm-1处透过率为91.99%,老化时间为15 d的双层油浸绝缘纸透过率为95.13%,相较于未老化试样增加了3.41%,老化时间为25 d的双层油浸绝缘纸透过率为95.38%,相较于未老化试样增加了3.69%;未老化的三层油浸绝缘纸在3 291 cm-1处透过率为93.16%,老化时间为15 d的三层油浸绝缘纸透过率为95.91%,相较于未老化试样增加了2.95%,老化时间为25 d的三层油浸绝缘纸透过率为96.51%,相较于未老化试样增加了3.60%。综上可知,随着老化时间的增加,各绝缘纸在3 291 cm-1处的透过率逐渐增大,且单层油浸绝缘纸的增幅大于双层和三层油浸绝缘纸,说明热老化过程破坏了油浸绝缘纸中的氢键网络,导致氢键数量减少,分子间的结合力减弱;在相同老化时间下,单层油浸绝缘纸的破坏程度大于双层和三层油浸绝缘纸,其氢键网络的完整性较低,氢键数量衰减程度明显高于双层和三层油浸绝缘纸,表明在多层结构中,相邻绝缘纸层间的界面相互作用提供了一种保护效应:层间界面阻碍分子链的自由降解,有效延缓分子链的主链结构在热应力下的断裂过程,从而在一定程度上保护了纸基的整体结构强度与绝缘性能,使其热老化降解速率相对于单层结构有所降低。另外,在1 500~500 cm-1的红外指纹区,老化试样的特征吸收峰强度显著低于未老化试样,原因在于关键化学键(N-H、C-N、C-C、N-C=O)的断裂,这会导致芳纶分子主链发生断裂及苯环结构开环,进而导致聚合物分子量下降,使得油浸绝缘纸的绝缘性能劣化。
绝缘材料内部的陷阱结构对其绝缘性能具有重要影响。分子链的有序排列、弯曲与折叠等结构,会在材料内部形成陷阱以物理机制束缚电荷;而分子链断裂、添加剂及杂质等因素引入的结构缺陷,则产生化学陷阱。实验所用Nomex绝缘纸的主要成分为聚间苯二甲酰间苯二胺(PMPD-I)短切纤维与沉析纤维[31]。短切纤维宽度随着热老化程度的增加持续减小直至断裂,导致纤维间形成孔隙与空洞;同时,PMPD-I长链发生键断裂反应和侧基氧化-水解反应,逐步引入-CH2、-CH3等脂肪族官能团及-OH、-COOH等极性基团,其中-CH3基团易捕获注入电子,-OH/-COOH基团可通过氢键或静电作用俘获周围电荷。这种化学反应过程直接改变了绝缘纸内部陷阱的分布状态,使物理陷阱与化学陷阱均发生明显变化,其中浅陷阱密度增多,而深陷阱密度则显著降低[32]。随着老化时间的增加,浅陷阱主导的陷阱导致电荷平均束缚能降低,电荷去极化过程加速,表现为绝缘纸表面电位衰减率持续上升,最终引发Nomex绝缘纸的绝缘性能劣化。
基于表面电位衰减曲线的测量数据,假设陷阱中脱陷的载流子将不再被重新捕获,结合式(3)可计算得到绝缘纸表面陷阱能级密度分布函数N(E)。
N(E)=4ε0εrqkTL2tdVdt
式(3)中:ε0为真空介电常数;εr为Nomex绝缘纸的相对介电常数;q为电子的电荷量;k为玻尔兹曼常数;T为绝对温度;L为绝缘纸试样厚度。
图8为不同老化时间下油浸绝缘纸试样的陷阱分布。从图8可以看出,老化试样的陷阱能级分布呈现典型的双峰特征,分别对应浅陷阱能级中心(0.60~0.80 eV)和深陷阱能级中心(0.80~1.00 eV)。未老化油浸绝缘纸呈现出深陷阱主导的特征,其深陷阱能级密度显著高于浅陷阱。然而,随着热老化程度加剧,浅陷阱密度逐渐升高,而深陷阱密度逐渐降低。在所有老化周期中,陷阱密度曲线的双峰结构始终存在,且随着老化时间增加,浅陷阱和深陷阱密度之间的差值在老化初期呈现减小趋势,而在老化后期逐渐增大。与单层油浸绝缘纸相比,双层和三层油浸绝缘纸的陷阱密度较低。随着热老化时间的增加,双层油浸绝缘纸的深陷阱密度和能级的下降速率低于单层油浸绝缘纸,浅陷阱密度和能级的增长速率高于单层油浸绝缘纸,而三层油浸绝缘纸相较于双层油浸绝缘纸所呈现的变化趋势更为显著。
绝缘纸的表面电位衰减特性与其内部的陷阱分布特性有关,电荷陷入浅陷阱容易脱陷,陷入深陷阱难以脱陷。老化初始阶段,浅陷阱中载流子快速脱陷导致表面电位急剧下降;随着时间的推移,深陷阱能级主导的油浸绝缘纸表面陷阱分布特性使得衰减速率显著减缓。未老化的油浸绝缘纸试样陷阱分布以深陷阱为主,电荷被捕获后难以消散,然而,随着老化程度的加剧,油浸绝缘纸内部产生大量浅陷阱,电荷入陷后更容易脱陷。因此,对比未老化试样,老化油浸绝缘纸试样的表面电位衰减速率更快。
电晕充电后,表面电位峰值位于加压中心,即为中心处初始表面电位,图9为不同老化时间下油浸绝缘纸的中心处初始表面电位。
图9可知,不同层数油浸绝缘纸试样电晕充电后初始表面电位随热老化时间的变化趋势一致,均随着热老化时间的增加而逐渐下降。对比未老化与老化试样中心处初始表面电位可知,未老化试样的初始表面电位显著高于老化试样,这是由于未老化的油浸绝缘纸积聚电荷的能力较强,随着绝缘纸的老化,其积聚并束缚电荷的能力减弱。在所有老化阶段,双层和三层试样的电荷积聚能力始终高于单层试样,且随着绝缘纸层数的增加,积聚电荷的能力上升。
热老化作用会导致Nomex绝缘纸的介电性能逐渐劣化,其介电常数随之改变,最终影响电荷注入行为,可以通过式(4)的肖特基势垒方程进行解释。
ψ(x)=ψm-x-q2/(16πε0εrx)-qEx
式(4)中:ψ(x)为介质表面势垒;ψm为电极金属功函数;x为介质表面亲和势;E为外加场强。
由式(4)可知,在其他条件相同的情况下,介质势垒与相对介电常数ε呈正相关,介电常数降低会导致势垒显著降低,而更低的势垒意味着电荷更容易脱陷。未老化绝缘纸的势垒高,捕获的电荷需克服较高的势垒才可脱陷,因此未老化的油浸绝缘纸试样表面电位的衰减速率较慢。随着老化时间的增加,油浸绝缘纸的介电常数逐渐减小,势垒降低,绝缘纸中产生大量浅陷阱,导致其表面电位衰减速率加快。随着绝缘纸层数的增加,试样内部新增的层间界面增多,由于各层在纤维取向、胶含量与致密度上的微小差异,这些界面区域处容易形成结构缺陷并演化为深陷阱,从而俘获并积聚大量电荷。同时,界面两侧介电常数与电导率的不连续会诱发Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars极化,在界面附近形成额外的电位势垒。被俘获的载流子必须克服更高的界面势垒才能脱陷,导致电荷释放受阻,最终表现为试样表面电位峰值随绝缘纸层数增加而增大,表面电位的衰减速率随绝缘纸层数增加而降低。
本文通过对油浸多层Nomex绝缘纸进行加速热老化试验,分析了油浸多层Nomex绝缘纸在热老化作用下频域介电特性、表面电荷积聚与消散特性以及陷阱分布特性的变化,主要结论如下:
(1)随着老化程度的增加,单层、双层及三层油浸绝缘纸试样全频段的介质损耗因数显著增加,在中低频段内的增幅随着热老化时间的增加更为显著。在老化初期,单层、双层及三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数相近,随着老化程度的增加,双层和三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数明显大于单层油浸绝缘纸试样,并且相较于双层油浸绝缘纸试样,三层油浸绝缘纸试样的介质损耗因数增幅更大。
(2)油浸绝缘纸试样的初始表面电位随老化时间增加而逐渐降低。试样表面电位在老化初期衰减率较高,随着老化时间增加,衰减率显著减缓并最终趋近于稳定状态。同时电晕充电后,表面电位衰减率随老化时间的增加而增加。单层油浸绝缘纸试样表面电位的衰减率始终高于双层和三层油浸绝缘纸试样,且随着油浸绝缘纸层数的增加,相同老化时间下试样油浸绝缘纸的表面电位衰减率逐渐降低。
(3)随老化时间的增加,油浸绝缘纸内部深陷阱密度降低,浅陷阱密度增加。未老化的油浸绝缘纸以深陷阱为主,导致其表面电位衰减率最低。与单层油浸绝缘纸相比,双层和三层油浸绝缘纸的陷阱密度较低。随着热老化时间的增加,双层油浸绝缘纸的深陷阱密度和能级的下降速率低于单层油浸绝缘纸,浅陷阱密度和能级的增长速率高于单层油浸绝缘纸,而三层油浸绝缘纸相较于双层油浸绝缘纸所呈现的变化趋势更为显著。

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2026年第59卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2026.02.005
  • 接收时间:2025-06-03
  • 首发时间:2026-09-10
  • 出版时间:2026-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-03
  • 修回日期:2025-07-01
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    1兰州理工大学 电气工程与信息工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    2国网甘肃省电力公司电力科学研究院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    3兰州交通大学 新能源与动力工程学院,甘肃 兰州 730070
    4国网甘肃省电力公司,甘肃 兰州 730070

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康永强(1988-),男(汉族),甘肃天水人,副教授,博士,主要从事高压绝缘防护及新能源电力系统安全方面的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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