Article(id=1190367575130342115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1735228800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-27, revisedDate=1740326400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761735345871, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761735345871, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761735345871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735345871, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190367575314891493, articleId=1190367575130342115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of anodic oxidation on electrical and mechanical properties of aluminum-epoxy interface, columnId=1190365080723226768, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Electrical Equipment Interface Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To investigate the application of anodization technology on improving the interface performance between epoxy resin and aluminum electrodes, aluminum alloys were electrolyzed for different durations to form anodized films on the substrate surface. The morphology, composition, structure, and electrical properties of the anodized films were characterized, and the effects of anodic oxide films on the adhesion and dielectric properties of the epoxy-aluminum interface were analyzed. The results show that after anodic oxidation, an amorphous anodized film with a nanoporous structure is formed. As the electrolysis time increases, the thickness of the anodized film increases linearly, while the internal defects also increase, which reduces the volume resistivity and electric strength. The film exhibits a high dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor, which remain stable at 25℃-125℃. Benefiting from the nanoporous structure and polar bonds, the adhesive shear strength between the aluminum substrate and epoxy resin increases from 6.76 MPa to 10.89 MPa, and the adhesive tensile strength increases from 6.89 MPa to 9.78 MPa after anodic oxidation. The impact toughness increases from 66.21 kJ/m2 to 76.42 kJ/m2, and the flexural strength increases from 147.65 MPa to 180.50 MPa. The anodized film improves the electric strength of the aluminum-epoxy composite, and the interface polarization makes the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the aluminum-anodized film-epoxy composite structure slightly higher than those of the aluminum-epoxy structure. In HVDC electric fields, space charges mainly accumulate at the interface between the electrode and the dielectric, and the anodized film can inhibit the injection of charges into the dielectric. Therefore, as an effective interface modification method, anodic oxidation can enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of aluminum electrodes and epoxy resin.

, articleAbstract=

To investigate the application of anodization technology on improving the interface performance between epoxy resin and aluminum electrodes, aluminum alloys were electrolyzed for different durations to form anodized films on the substrate surface. The morphology, composition, structure, and electrical properties of the anodized films were characterized, and the effects of anodic oxide films on the adhesion and dielectric properties of the epoxy-aluminum interface were analyzed. The results show that after anodic oxidation, an amorphous anodized film with a nanoporous structure is formed. As the electrolysis time increases, the thickness of the anodized film increases linearly, while the internal defects also increase, which reduces the volume resistivity and electric strength. The film exhibits a high dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor, which remain stable at 25℃-125℃. Benefiting from the nanoporous structure and polar bonds, the adhesive shear strength between the aluminum substrate and epoxy resin increases from 6.76 MPa to 10.89 MPa, and the adhesive tensile strength increases from 6.89 MPa to 9.78 MPa after anodic oxidation. The impact toughness increases from 66.21 kJ/m2 to 76.42 kJ/m2, and the flexural strength increases from 147.65 MPa to 180.50 MPa. The anodized film improves the electric strength of the aluminum-epoxy composite, and the interface polarization makes the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the aluminum-anodized film-epoxy composite structure slightly higher than those of the aluminum-epoxy structure. In HVDC electric fields, space charges mainly accumulate at the interface between the electrode and the dielectric, and the anodized film can inhibit the injection of charges into the dielectric. Therefore, as an effective interface modification method, anodic oxidation can enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of aluminum electrodes and epoxy resin.

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为研究阳极氧化技术在提高环氧树脂与铝电极界面性能中的应用,本文对铝合金进行不同时间的电解,在铝基底表面形成阳极氧化膜。对阳极氧化膜的形貌、成分、结构和电气性能进行了表征,并分析了阳极氧化膜对环氧树脂和铝界面粘接、介电性能的影响。结果表明:阳极氧化后,可形成具有纳米多孔结构的非晶态氧化膜。随着电解时间的增加,氧化膜厚度呈线性增加,但同时其内部缺陷增加,体积电阻率和电气强度降低。阳极氧化膜表现出较高的介电常数和介质损耗因数,并且在25~125℃下保持稳定。得益于阳极氧化膜的纳米多孔结构和极性键,阳极氧化后铝基板与环氧树脂的粘接剪切强度从6.76 MPa提升至10.89 MPa,粘接拉伸强度从6.89 MPa提升至9.78 MPa;冲击强度从66.21 kJ/m2提升至76.42 kJ/m2;弯曲强度从147.65 MPa提升至180.50 MPa。阳极氧化膜提高了铝-环氧体系的电气强度,界面极化使铝-阳极氧化膜-环氧复合结构的介电常数和介质损耗因数略高于铝-环氧结构。在高压直流电场中,空间电荷主要积聚在电极和介质的界面上,阳极氧化膜可以抑制电荷注入到介质中。因此,阳极氧化作为一种有效的界面改性方法,可提升铝电极和环氧树脂的力学性能和电气性能。

, articleAbstract=

为研究阳极氧化技术在提高环氧树脂与铝电极界面性能中的应用,本文对铝合金进行不同时间的电解,在铝基底表面形成阳极氧化膜。对阳极氧化膜的形貌、成分、结构和电气性能进行了表征,并分析了阳极氧化膜对环氧树脂和铝界面粘接、介电性能的影响。结果表明:阳极氧化后,可形成具有纳米多孔结构的非晶态氧化膜。随着电解时间的增加,氧化膜厚度呈线性增加,但同时其内部缺陷增加,体积电阻率和电气强度降低。阳极氧化膜表现出较高的介电常数和介质损耗因数,并且在25~125℃下保持稳定。得益于阳极氧化膜的纳米多孔结构和极性键,阳极氧化后铝基板与环氧树脂的粘接剪切强度从6.76 MPa提升至10.89 MPa,粘接拉伸强度从6.89 MPa提升至9.78 MPa;冲击强度从66.21 kJ/m2提升至76.42 kJ/m2;弯曲强度从147.65 MPa提升至180.50 MPa。阳极氧化膜提高了铝-环氧体系的电气强度,界面极化使铝-阳极氧化膜-环氧复合结构的介电常数和介质损耗因数略高于铝-环氧结构。在高压直流电场中,空间电荷主要积聚在电极和介质的界面上,阳极氧化膜可以抑制电荷注入到介质中。因此,阳极氧化作为一种有效的界面改性方法,可提升铝电极和环氧树脂的力学性能和电气性能。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘鹏(1979-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘的研究工作。
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朱思佳(1995-),女(汉族),博士生,河北保定人,主要从事电力设备金属-环氧界面性能的研究;

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朱思佳(1995-),女(汉族),博士生,河北保定人,主要从事电力设备金属-环氧界面性能的研究;

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朱思佳(1995-),女(汉族),博士生,河北保定人,主要从事电力设备金属-环氧界面性能的研究;

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电解时间/h 体积电阻率/(Ω·m) α/(kV/mm) β
0.5 2.41×109 42.18 45.61
1.0 9.38×108 40.88 31.4
1.5 8.67×108 39.73 36.82
2.0 5.50×108 38.67 34.17
2.5 3.88×108 38.84 21.79
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阳极氧化膜的绝缘性能

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电解时间/h 体积电阻率/(Ω·m) α/(kV/mm) β
0.5 2.41×109 42.18 45.61
1.0 9.38×108 40.88 31.4
1.5 8.67×108 39.73 36.82
2.0 5.50×108 38.67 34.17
2.5 3.88×108 38.84 21.79
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试样 α/(kV/mm) β
AE 24.47 13.73
AOE-0.5 26.03 18.48
AOE-1.0 26.07 16.99
AOE-1.5 26.43 18.41
AOE-2.0 26.66 20.83
AOE-2.5 26.82 19.28
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AOE和AE的击穿性能

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试样 α/(kV/mm) β
AE 24.47 13.73
AOE-0.5 26.03 18.48
AOE-1.0 26.07 16.99
AOE-1.5 26.43 18.41
AOE-2.0 26.66 20.83
AOE-2.5 26.82 19.28
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阳极氧化对铝-环氧界面电气和力学性能的影响
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朱思佳 , 刘鹏 , 周瑞彤 , 庞曦 , 王青于 , 彭宗仁
绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025,58(7): 55-63
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绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025, 58(7): 55-63
阳极氧化对铝-环氧界面电气和力学性能的影响
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朱思佳, 刘鹏, 周瑞彤, 庞曦, 王青于, 彭宗仁
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 朱思佳(1995-),女(汉族),博士生,河北保定人,主要从事电力设备金属-环氧界面性能的研究;

通讯作者:

刘鹏(1979-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘的研究工作。
Effect of anodic oxidation on electrical and mechanical properties of aluminum-epoxy interface
Sijia ZHU, Peng LIU, Ruitong ZHOU, Xi PANG, Qingyu WANG, Zongren PENG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.006
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为研究阳极氧化技术在提高环氧树脂与铝电极界面性能中的应用,本文对铝合金进行不同时间的电解,在铝基底表面形成阳极氧化膜。对阳极氧化膜的形貌、成分、结构和电气性能进行了表征,并分析了阳极氧化膜对环氧树脂和铝界面粘接、介电性能的影响。结果表明:阳极氧化后,可形成具有纳米多孔结构的非晶态氧化膜。随着电解时间的增加,氧化膜厚度呈线性增加,但同时其内部缺陷增加,体积电阻率和电气强度降低。阳极氧化膜表现出较高的介电常数和介质损耗因数,并且在25~125℃下保持稳定。得益于阳极氧化膜的纳米多孔结构和极性键,阳极氧化后铝基板与环氧树脂的粘接剪切强度从6.76 MPa提升至10.89 MPa,粘接拉伸强度从6.89 MPa提升至9.78 MPa;冲击强度从66.21 kJ/m2提升至76.42 kJ/m2;弯曲强度从147.65 MPa提升至180.50 MPa。阳极氧化膜提高了铝-环氧体系的电气强度,界面极化使铝-阳极氧化膜-环氧复合结构的介电常数和介质损耗因数略高于铝-环氧结构。在高压直流电场中,空间电荷主要积聚在电极和介质的界面上,阳极氧化膜可以抑制电荷注入到介质中。因此,阳极氧化作为一种有效的界面改性方法,可提升铝电极和环氧树脂的力学性能和电气性能。

铝电极  /  环氧树脂  /  阳极氧化  /  固-固界面  /  空间电荷

To investigate the application of anodization technology on improving the interface performance between epoxy resin and aluminum electrodes, aluminum alloys were electrolyzed for different durations to form anodized films on the substrate surface. The morphology, composition, structure, and electrical properties of the anodized films were characterized, and the effects of anodic oxide films on the adhesion and dielectric properties of the epoxy-aluminum interface were analyzed. The results show that after anodic oxidation, an amorphous anodized film with a nanoporous structure is formed. As the electrolysis time increases, the thickness of the anodized film increases linearly, while the internal defects also increase, which reduces the volume resistivity and electric strength. The film exhibits a high dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor, which remain stable at 25℃-125℃. Benefiting from the nanoporous structure and polar bonds, the adhesive shear strength between the aluminum substrate and epoxy resin increases from 6.76 MPa to 10.89 MPa, and the adhesive tensile strength increases from 6.89 MPa to 9.78 MPa after anodic oxidation. The impact toughness increases from 66.21 kJ/m2 to 76.42 kJ/m2, and the flexural strength increases from 147.65 MPa to 180.50 MPa. The anodized film improves the electric strength of the aluminum-epoxy composite, and the interface polarization makes the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor of the aluminum-anodized film-epoxy composite structure slightly higher than those of the aluminum-epoxy structure. In HVDC electric fields, space charges mainly accumulate at the interface between the electrode and the dielectric, and the anodized film can inhibit the injection of charges into the dielectric. Therefore, as an effective interface modification method, anodic oxidation can enhance the mechanical and electrical properties of aluminum electrodes and epoxy resin.

aluminum electrode  /  epoxy resin  /  anodic oxidation  /  solid-solid interface  /  space charge
朱思佳, 刘鹏, 周瑞彤, 庞曦, 王青于, 彭宗仁. 阳极氧化对铝-环氧界面电气和力学性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 55 -63 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.006
Sijia ZHU, Peng LIU, Ruitong ZHOU, Xi PANG, Qingyu WANG, Zongren PENG. Effect of anodic oxidation on electrical and mechanical properties of aluminum-epoxy interface[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 55 -63 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.006
环氧树脂具有良好的绝缘性能、机械强度和热稳定性,广泛应用于各种电力设备中,如干式变压器、干式套管、复合绝缘子、绝缘拉杆等[1-4]。然而,由于环氧树脂固化时产生的应力大[5],且与金属之间的粘接强度低,环氧树脂与金属之间的界面容易脱粘和开裂[6],加之设备运行状态下金属、环氧、气隙之间的电场畸变程度高[7],导致绝缘件易发生机械故障或者放电甚至击穿,威胁到设备的安全[8-10]。因此,有必要寻找一种简便、可靠的方法来提高金属与环氧树脂之间的机械强度,并保障金属-环氧界面的电性能稳定。
铝箔和铝合金是常见的导电材料,阳极氧化可作为改善其与环氧界面性能的解决方案。自然状态下生成的氧化膜厚度小且易破损,相比之下,阳极氧化膜厚度可以达到几十微米,与基体结合牢固,具有更高的硬度、耐磨性和耐腐蚀性,绝缘性能更好[11]。阳极氧化工艺通常以无机酸、有机酸和混合酸等作为电解液,其中硫酸电解工艺稳定、成膜速度快、能耗低、温度范围大,因此应用最为广泛。近年来,铝阳极氧化技术发展迅速,通过一次氧化、二次氧化等方法可以制造出不同结构和尺寸的氧化物,用于光子晶体、传感器、过滤和分离膜以及复合材料功能层等[12]。阳极氧化技术可以提高金属和胶黏剂之间的粘接强度,已经被多位专家学者进行了实验证实和理论分析。W M MULLINS等[13]表征了多种阳极氧化液处理后铝合金的费米能级,讨论了路易斯酸碱性与铝合金-环氧粘接性能之间的关系。WU X T等[14]发现阳极处理后的铝合金试样虽然表面粗糙度变化不大,但表面呈现亲水性,可以改善表面接触状态,其剪切强度比砂纸处理试样高30%。在电气领域,铝阳极氧化技术(包括硬质阳极氧化、微弧氧化等)被用来开发铝芯绝缘线和架空输电线等[15-16],证明该技术具有良好的研究和应用价值。然而,关于铝-环氧树脂界面绝缘和力学性能的研究少有报道。
本文采用常见的阳极氧化技术处理铝合金表面,经过电解不同时间后在铝基底表面形成阳极氧化膜。对阳极氧化膜的形貌、成分、结构和电气性能进行表征,并比较分析阳极氧化膜对铝-环氧树脂界面粘接、介电性能的影响。
以6063铝合金作为阳极氧化基体,除铝元素外,它还含有硅、铁、铜、锰、镁、铬、锌和钛等杂质元素。首先对铝片做预处理:将铝片的一面用高速转动的铜丝刷打磨出磨砂表面,另一面保持光滑平整,超声清洗去除铝片表面的金属屑,然后放入酸性溶液中浸泡3 min以去除表面油脂和锈迹,用去离子水清洗并用冷风吹干。
阳极氧化装置如图1所示,将阳极铝片置于电解槽中间,浸入到150 g/L硫酸电解液中,两个相同尺寸的阴极铝片对称放置,各距阳极3 cm,外加电压12 V。采用磁力搅拌(200 r/min)增加电解液的流动性,外加冷水循环使电解槽保持室温。电解时间为0.5~2.5 h。
阳极氧化后的铝片被氧化膜完全包围,为了制备铝-阳极氧化膜-环氧复合试样(AOE),用退镀液腐蚀掉阳极氧化铝片一侧的氧化膜,使导电金属面裸露,再用可清洗的硅脂密封后固定在浇注模具中;在铝片另一侧浇注环氧树脂薄膜(Tg≈110℃),固化成型后洗去表面硅脂。将具有不同电解时间的AOE试样用“AOE+时间”命名。同理,在预处理后未氧化的铝片上浇注环氧树脂薄膜,可得铝-环氧复合试样(AE)。
将电解不同时间的铝片在染色液中浸泡5min,再浸入封孔液中加热浸泡20 min,水洗干燥后观察氧化膜的染色情况,用涡流法测定氧化膜的厚度。分别用激光共聚焦显微镜(Leica DCM8型)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(TESCAN MAIA3 LMH型)表征氧化膜的微观形貌和表面粗糙度。用X射线衍射分析仪(XRD,D8 ADVANCEA25型)表征氧化膜的物相结构,并用X射线光电子仪(Thermo Fisher ESCALAB Xi+型)对铝片表面氧化层进行元素分析。
保留铝片光滑面的氧化膜,打磨掉磨砂面的氧化膜使具有导电性的金属表面暴露出来作为接地电极,用静电计(Keithley 6517B型)测试氧化膜的体积电阻率,施加100 V直流电压,根据60 s的泄漏电流计算电阻率。用宽频介电分析仪(Concept 80型)测试试样在1 V交流电压下的介电性能,测试频率为0.1~106 Hz,温度为25~150℃。用电压击穿试验仪(HCDJC-100kV型,北京华测试验仪器有限公司)在绝缘油中将试样上表面接直径为25 mm的柱电极以测量工频电气强度,升压速度为1 kV/s。采用高温电声脉冲系统[17]测试AOE和AE中的空间电荷分布特性,每次试验依次在10 kV/mm和20 kV/mm电场下极化和去极化各20 min,最后在30 kV/mm下极化和去极化各1 h,试验温度为25、40、60、80℃。
根据GB/T 7124—2008,将不同表面处理的铝板(尺寸为100 mm×25 mm×2 mm)以环氧树脂为粘接剂制成粘接剪切试样,粘接区域尺寸为25 mm×12.5 mm;将直径为16 mm的圆棒铝合金用环氧树脂对心粘接,制成粘接拉伸试样。参考GB/T 2567—2008制备长度为100 mm、宽度为15 mm的铝板-环氧双层试样,其中铝片的厚度为2 mm,环氧的厚度为2 mm或8 mm,分别用于三点弯曲试验和冲击试验。粘接剪切/拉伸试验和三点弯曲试验均在万能试验机上完成,位移速率为2 mm/min,冲击试验在简支梁试验机上完成。
电解0.5~2.5 h后阳极氧化膜的厚度、表面粗糙度与染色结果如图2所示。从图2可以看出,随着电解时间的增加,氧化膜厚度线性增加,染色逐渐均匀且颜色加深。磨砂面的氧化膜厚度略大于光滑面,这是因为磨砂面增加了铝和电解液的接触面积,暴露出更多的活性位点。酸腐蚀和电化学共同作用在铝片表面,在粗糙面凸点电场强度高,凹点电场强度低,在不均匀电场影响下铝表面“平峰填谷”,因此微米尺度的粗糙度随电解时间的增加先下降后上升。
铝合金光滑面和氧化膜的SEM图像如图3所示。从图3可以看出,铝合金的表面致密,仅有加工痕迹;电解1.5 h获得的氧化膜表面可以观察到宽度约为50 nm的腐蚀坑沿晶界分布,这是因为晶界中的金属杂质比铝电位更高,氧化速率滞后于铝基体而被溶解。在晶粒内部有均匀分布的纳米微孔,可显著增加氧化膜的表面积。电解2.0 h和2.5 h获得的氧化膜表面不仅有均匀分布的纳米微孔,还有直径超过50 nm的蚀坑,这是由于氧化膜厚度增加,电化学反应减弱,酸腐蚀作用加强。
电解0.5~2.5 h后阳极氧化膜的XRD图谱如图4所示。从图4可以看出,当衍射角2θ较小(10°<2θ<35°)时,出现一个宽而低的馒头峰,这表明阳极氧化膜是非晶态。在较大的衍射角范围内,阳极氧化膜特征峰的位置与未电解的铝片十分相似,属于多晶α-A1的衍射峰,反映了基体合金的特征结构。因为阳极氧化过程中先生成厚度不足100 nm的致密阻挡层,再生成多孔型氧化膜[18],所以文中不同电解时间获得的氧化膜具有相似非晶结构。
氧化膜的XPS图谱如图5所示。从图5可以看出,氧化膜的主要元素为C、O、Al,根据特征峰面积计算得到它们的原子含量分别为43.92%、38.15%、12.56%,其中C元素用于校正,O和Al的比例约为 3∶1,推测表层氧化膜的实际成分为贝利体Al2O3·3H2O[19]。氧化膜中还含有S、Si等杂质,原子含量分别为1.05%和3.70%,S元素源于电解液中的硫酸,氧化膜表面吸附了微量的硫酸盐,Si可能是6063合金中残留的未电解、未溶解的杂质。在阳极氧化膜的O1s图谱中,光电子的动能损失峰为536.9 eV,特征峰为530.3 eV,两者之差为氧化膜的光学禁带宽度Eg(6.6 eV),表明氧化膜具有较高的绝缘性。
氧化膜的体积电阻率如表1所示。从表1可以看出,随着电解时间增加,氧化膜逐渐变厚,内部的缺陷随之增加,体积电阻率逐渐降低。
图6(a)为电解不同时间后氧化膜的相对介电常数ε和介质损耗因数tanδ随频率的变化曲线。
图6(a)可以看出,在0.1~10 Hz范围内,氧化膜的ε迅速降低;在10~105 Hz范围内,ε平缓地降低;在105 Hz以上,ε再次降低。电解1.5、2.0、2.5 h后氧化膜的工频介电常数分别为9.83、7.45、8.98,均高于环氧树脂及其复合材料,说明氧化膜具有较高的极性。而氧化膜的tanδ随着频率的升高先降低后升高,工频tanδ分别为5.34%、1.55%、10.62%。3组数据中电解2 h后的氧化膜tanδ相对较低,但是由于氧化膜是非晶结构,离子电导损耗、松散结构引起的松弛损耗和孔隙中吸附的水引起的界面损耗使其tanδ仍然高于α-Al2O3等离子晶体。
图6(b)为电解2 h后氧化膜在25~150℃范围内的介电性能。从图6(b)可以看出,随着温度升高,氧化膜的ε几乎没有变化,而10~105Hz范围内的tanδ在升温后显著降低,这可能与氧化膜吸附的水分挥发有关。
采用式(1)所示双参数Weibull分布函数处理电解不同时间后氧化膜的电气强度,测试结果如图7表1所示。
F E = 1 - e x p - E β α
式(1)中:E为电场强度,单位为kV/mm;α为尺度参数,等于F(E)=0.632时对应的电气强度,反映了氧化膜的平均电气强度;β为形状参数,决定概率密度分布函数的形状。
图7表1可以看出,尺度参数α随着电解时间的延长逐渐下降,当电解时间为2.5 h时达到最小值38.84 kV/mm,这是因为氧化膜中缺陷随电解时间增多。
AE和AOE的粘接强度与失效模式如图8(a)所示。从图8(a)可以看出,AE的粘接剪切强度和粘接拉伸强度分别为6.76 MPa和6.89 MPa,AOE的粘接剪切强度为10.16~10.89 MPa,粘接拉伸强度为8.32~9.78 MPa,AOE的粘接剪切强度和粘接拉伸强度相比AE最高提升了61.1%和41.9%。由于铝的弹性模量和断裂强度高于环氧等聚合物,铝-环氧粘接试样的失效模式主要有3种:①当粘接力不足时,破坏发生在铝片和环氧之间的界面上,破坏模式为界面破坏;②当粘接力高而环氧内聚强度低时,破坏发生在环氧内部,两个铝片表面都有环氧,破坏面凹凸不平,破坏模式为内聚破坏;③一部分破坏发生在铝片和环氧的界面间,一部分破坏发生在环氧内部的情况为混合破坏。AE试样的破坏模式为界面破坏,一个铝片完全裸露而另一个铝片上几乎留有全部环氧;AOE的破坏模式为混合破坏,裂纹沿界面发展一段路径后贯穿了环氧树脂,断裂后两个铝片表面均粘附有环氧树脂且裸露出铝表面。
AE和AOE的冲击强度与弯曲强度如图8(b)所示。在冲击试验中,摆锤以垂直于界面的方向冲击在铝片上,铝片迅速变形,环氧在冲击力作用下无法随铝片一起变形而发生断裂,环氧和铝片之间出现界面剥离。三点弯曲试验具有相似现象。从图8(b)可以看出,AE的冲击强度和弯曲强度分别为66.21 kJ/m2和147.65 MPa,阳极氧化后AOE的冲击强度和弯曲强度最高提升至76.42 kJ/m2和180.50 MPa,AOE试样的冲击强度和弯曲强度均高于AE试样,说明在相同受力情况下,破坏AOE界面所需的能量和作用力更高。
阳极氧化膜可显著提高铝和环氧之间的结合强度主要有两方面原因:①阳极氧化虽然在微米尺度上并未改善铝片表面粗糙度,但是在纳米尺度上具有多孔结构,大幅增加了接触面积,提高了胶粘剂的表面润湿性和吸附力[20],使胶粘剂更容易渗透到氧化层中,从而增强机械互锁;②氧化膜的极性键使其具有高表面活性,吸附性强,与环氧树脂的羟基、环氧基等极性基团亲和性好,有利于形成稳定的配位键[14]
AOE和AE的电气强度如图9(a)表2所示,可以看出,电解不同时间的AOE试样的电气强度均高于AE,说明阳极氧化膜可提高铝-环氧体系的电气强度。AOE的电气强度随着电解时间增加而略微提高,这与2.3节中氧化膜电气强度的变化规律相反,这是因为氧化膜的纳米微孔随电解时间延长而增大[18],环氧填充其中,降低了氧化膜表面的缺陷比例。
由于AOE试样中环氧的厚度远大于氧化膜的厚度,AOE试样的介电性能由环氧主导。AOE-2h和AE的介电谱如图9(b)所示,可以看出AOE-2h的ε和tanδ随频率变化的趋势与AE一致,但AOE-2h的ε和tanδ均略高于AE,推测是由于氧化膜和环氧之间有界面极化并积聚了空间电荷,产生了附加电容。
图10展示了在不同电场强度和温度下AOE-2h和AE的空间电荷分布云图。因为氧化膜的厚度远小于环氧厚度,难以分离出氧化膜和环氧界面上的电荷峰,所以阴极处的电荷密度为铝-氧化膜界面、氧化膜-环氧(A-E)界面以及氧化膜内部空间电荷峰的叠加,阴阳两极电荷峰间的距离为270 μm。从图10可以看出,在25、40、60℃条件下,极化过程中空间电荷主要为积聚在电极附近的同极性电荷,几乎没有迁移到环氧内部的空间电荷。随着电场强度的增大,电荷密度增加,表现为云图上的电荷峰随电场强度增加而加宽。去极化后,空间电荷主要滞留在两个电极附近,并随时间逐渐消散。值得注意的是,30 kV/mm极化阶段的场强更高、加压时间更长,仅在此阶段观测到试样内部有微量的残余电荷。在25、40、60℃条件下,AOE-2h和AE在极化1 h和去极化10 s时的空间电荷分布曲线如图11所示,去极化10 s时AOE试样在电极附近的电荷密度略高于AE。
根据Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars界面极化理论,氧化膜-环氧树脂界面上积聚的电荷密度K12计算公式如式(2)所示。
K 12 = ε 0 ε r 2 γ 1 - ε r 1 γ 2 d 1 γ 2 + d 2 γ 1 V
式(2)中:ε0为真空电容率;εr1εr2分别为环氧和氧化膜的相对介电常数;γ1γ2分别为环氧和氧化膜的电导率;d1d2分别为环氧和氧化膜的厚度。
由于γ2远高于γ1,氧化膜-环氧树脂界面上积聚的电荷极性与氧化膜的极性一致。界面极化增加了AOE-2h的介电常数,在环氧层内建立了更高的电场,因此AOE-2h在阴、阳极积聚的电荷密度均高于AE试样。
当温度升高到80℃时,空间电荷分布发生了显著变化。AOE-2h内部在厚度为180 μm附近出现正电荷,归因于更高的温度为载流子提供了额外的能量,使其跨越势垒从界面注入到介电材料中,并被环氧内部存在的陷阱捕获。同时,AOE-2h中的负电荷继续留在阴极附近,并未向介质内部注入。相比之下,向AE试样加载30 kV/mm的电场时,观察到负电荷从阴极迁移到样品内部,迁移深度随着极化时间延长而增加。AOE-2h和AE试样的阴极电荷行为差异表明,虽然阳极氧化膜增加了界面极化导致电荷积聚现象加强,但是其仍可以作为一层屏障阻止电子注入到环氧树脂中。
接下来通过能带理论[21]解释铝-氧化膜-环氧界面空间电荷形成的机理。环氧的禁带宽度通过量子化学计算得到:首先建立环氧树脂的结构模型,利用B3LYP优化结构后,计算得到环氧树脂的LUMO和HOMO能级分别为-5.63 eV和-0.05 eV,即环氧的禁带宽度Eg1为5.58 eV,低于氧化膜的禁带宽度Eg2(6.6 eV)。AE和AOE的能带倾斜如图12所示,当环氧、氧化膜与电极连接形成体系时,电子在不同能带结构的材料之间迁移,以实现整个体系的电荷平衡,形成统一的费米能级。铝电极接负极,银电极接正级,EC1EC2分别是环氧和氧化膜的导带,EV1EV2分别是环氧和氧化膜的价带,EF1EF2分别是环氧和氧化膜的费米能级。一方面,在60℃以下时,电荷注入到环氧或者氧化膜的势垒高,电荷积聚在电极和介质的界面处。温度升高后,载流子能量增加,有概率跨越势垒注入到环氧中。另一方面,阳极氧化膜先在铝基体表面形成纳米厚度的致密层,这层膜势垒高,可阻碍电荷注入。而阳极氧化膜随后生成的多孔结构含有大量微孔缺陷,可作为浅陷阱捕获通过纳米隧穿氧化膜的载流子,这部分载流子在氧化膜中迁移,直至被阻挡在氧化膜-环氧界面处,最终形成了氧化膜“助积聚、抑注入”的效果。
(1)本文制备了成分为非晶Al2O3·3H2O的阳极氧化膜,其表面具有纳米级多孔结构,随着电解时间增加,氧化膜的厚度和内部缺陷随之增加,导致体积电阻率和电气强度下降,氧化膜的工频介电常数为7.45~9.83,在25~150℃下保持稳定,介质损耗因数高于1.55%,升温后显著下降。
(2)经阳极氧化后铝-环氧体系的粘接剪切强度从6.76 MPa提升至10.89 MPa,粘接拉伸强度从6.89 MPa提升至9.78 MPa,失效模式由纯界面破坏转变为混合破坏。AOE的冲击强度和弯曲强度均优于AE,界面抗剥离能力更强,这归因于阳极氧化膜增强了机械互锁与化学键合作用。
(3)阳极氧化膜将铝-环氧体系的电气强度从24.47 kV/mm提高至26.82 kV/mm,这是由于环氧分子填充氧化膜微孔可减少界面缺陷。AOE的介电常数和介质损耗略高于AE,源于氧化膜-环氧界面的极化及空间电荷积聚。
(4)在高压直流电场下,温度低于60℃时空间电荷主要积聚在电极附近,未向环氧内部迁移;80℃时,AE试样出现电荷注入迁移,而AOE试样因氧化膜势垒阻挡,电荷仍限制在界面区域。能带理论表明,氧化膜通过致密层阻挡电子注入,多孔层陷阱捕获载流子,形成“助积聚、抑注入”效应。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20132)
  • 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室自主研究课题(EIPE23130)
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.006
  • 接收时间:2024-12-27
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-27
  • 修回日期:2025-02-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20132)
电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室自主研究课题(EIPE23130)
作者信息
    西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

刘鹏(1979-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,教授,主要从事电力设备电气绝缘的研究工作。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.006
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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