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Article(id=1190367262021354116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734019200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-13, revisedDate=1737993600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761735271219, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761735271219, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761735271219, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735271219, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190367262247846534, articleId=1190367262021354116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Breakdown and failure characteristics of XLPE-SiR interface of cable accessories under moisture, columnId=1190365080723226768, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Electrical Equipment Interface Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The invasion of moisture at the insulation interface of cable accessories is the main cause of electrical breakdown and insulation failure. However, the effect mechanism of moisture on interface discharge and breakdown remained unclear. Therefore, this paper conducted experiments and simulations to analyze and study the causes of breakdown failure at the insulation interface of cable accessories under the influence of moisture. First, the discharge evolution characteristics during the breakdown process at dry and humid interfaces were described through experiments. Subsequently, by combining discharge products with electric field analysis, the effect mechanism of moisture on the breakdown development at the interface was explained. Finally, a field case was presented to confirm the validity of the proposed breakdown mechanism of the insulation interface under the influence of moisture. The results show that the discharge process during the interface breakdown of insulation interface develops in stages, accompanied by gas generation. The bubbles regions formed by the generated gases lead to severe electric field distortion, which reduces the electric strength of the interface. The dynamic motion of the bubbles also increases the randomness of interfacial discharge, causing the interfacial breakdown process to be accompanied by multiple discrete arc discharges along random path.

, articleAbstract=

The invasion of moisture at the insulation interface of cable accessories is the main cause of electrical breakdown and insulation failure. However, the effect mechanism of moisture on interface discharge and breakdown remained unclear. Therefore, this paper conducted experiments and simulations to analyze and study the causes of breakdown failure at the insulation interface of cable accessories under the influence of moisture. First, the discharge evolution characteristics during the breakdown process at dry and humid interfaces were described through experiments. Subsequently, by combining discharge products with electric field analysis, the effect mechanism of moisture on the breakdown development at the interface was explained. Finally, a field case was presented to confirm the validity of the proposed breakdown mechanism of the insulation interface under the influence of moisture. The results show that the discharge process during the interface breakdown of insulation interface develops in stages, accompanied by gas generation. The bubbles regions formed by the generated gases lead to severe electric field distortion, which reduces the electric strength of the interface. The dynamic motion of the bubbles also increases the randomness of interfacial discharge, causing the interfacial breakdown process to be accompanied by multiple discrete arc discharges along random path.

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电缆附件绝缘界面处的水分入侵是导致电缆附件电气击穿和绝缘失效的主要原因。然而，目前关于水分对界面放电及击穿的作用机制尚不清晰，为此本文通过实验与仿真对电缆附件绝缘界面在水分作用下的击穿失效原因进行分析与研究。首先，通过实验描述干燥界面和潮湿界面击穿过程中的放电演变特性。然后，结合放电产物和电场分析，解释了水分对界面击穿发展的作用机制。最后，通过一个现场案例证实了所提的绝缘界面在水分作用下击穿机制的合理性。结果表明：绝缘界面击穿过程中放电分阶段发展并会产生气体；气体所形成的气泡区域会发生严重的电场畸变，降低界面的电气强度；气泡的动态运动也增加了界面放电随机性，使得界面击穿过程伴随有多次随机路径的离散电弧放电。

, articleAbstract=

电缆附件绝缘界面处的水分入侵是导致电缆附件电气击穿和绝缘失效的主要原因。然而，目前关于水分对界面放电及击穿的作用机制尚不清晰，为此本文通过实验与仿真对电缆附件绝缘界面在水分作用下的击穿失效原因进行分析与研究。首先，通过实验描述干燥界面和潮湿界面击穿过程中的放电演变特性。然后，结合放电产物和电场分析，解释了水分对界面击穿发展的作用机制。最后，通过一个现场案例证实了所提的绝缘界面在水分作用下击穿机制的合理性。结果表明：绝缘界面击穿过程中放电分阶段发展并会产生气体；气体所形成的气泡区域会发生严重的电场畸变，降低界面的电气强度；气泡的动态运动也增加了界面放电随机性，使得界面击穿过程伴随有多次随机路径的离散电弧放电。

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宋鹏先（1986-），男（汉族），辽宁大连人，高级工程师，主要从事电力电缆运行状态检测技术、老化状态评估等技术的研究。

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宋鹏先（1986-），男（汉族），辽宁大连人，高级工程师，主要从事电力电缆运行状态检测技术、老化状态评估等技术的研究。

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宋鹏先（1986-），男（汉族），辽宁大连人，高级工程师，主要从事电力电缆运行状态检测技术、老化状态评估等技术的研究。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367262021354116, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Weibull distribution parameters of interface breakdown voltage, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
界面状态α/kVβ
干燥5.8622.31
潮湿3.4611.98
), ArticleFig(id=1190960878251028661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190367262021354116, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

界面击穿电压Weibull分布参数

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界面状态α/kVβ
干燥5.8622.31
潮湿3.4611.98
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界面状态放电总能量/J放电次数/次
干燥279.221 937
潮湿171.252 752
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不同界面的放电参数

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界面状态放电总能量/J放电次数/次
干燥279.221 937
潮湿171.252 752
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区域材料电导率/(S/m)相对介电常数
固体绝缘XLPE2×10-152.5
受潮区域水5.0×10-180
针、板电极铜6.0×1071 000
气隙空腔空气3.2×10-131
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受潮XLPE-SiR界面静电场仿真参数设置

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区域材料电导率/(S/m)相对介电常数
固体绝缘XLPE2×10-152.5
受潮区域水5.0×10-180
针、板电极铜6.0×1071 000
气隙空腔空气3.2×10-131
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受潮条件下电缆附件XLPE-SiR界面击穿及失效特性
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宋鹏先 1 , 朱明正 1 , 唐庆华 1 , 林国洲 2 , 胡泉伟 2 , 安家慧 2
绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025,58(7): 34-43
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绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025, 58(7): 34-43
受潮条件下电缆附件XLPE-SiR界面击穿及失效特性
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宋鹏先1, 朱明正1, 唐庆华1, 林国洲2, 胡泉伟2, 安家慧2
作者信息
  • 1.国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院，天津 300384
  • 2.国网天津市电力公司，天津 300010

    • 宋鹏先（1986-），男（汉族），辽宁大连人，高级工程师，主要从事电力电缆运行状态检测技术、老化状态评估等技术的研究。

Breakdown and failure characteristics of XLPE-SiR interface of cable accessories under moisture
Pengxian SONG1, Mingzheng ZHU1, Qinghua TANG1, Guozhou LIN2, Quanwei HU2, Jiahui AN2
Affiliations
  • 1. Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2. State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300010, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.004
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摘要
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电缆附件绝缘界面处的水分入侵是导致电缆附件电气击穿和绝缘失效的主要原因。然而，目前关于水分对界面放电及击穿的作用机制尚不清晰，为此本文通过实验与仿真对电缆附件绝缘界面在水分作用下的击穿失效原因进行分析与研究。首先，通过实验描述干燥界面和潮湿界面击穿过程中的放电演变特性。然后，结合放电产物和电场分析，解释了水分对界面击穿发展的作用机制。最后，通过一个现场案例证实了所提的绝缘界面在水分作用下击穿机制的合理性。结果表明：绝缘界面击穿过程中放电分阶段发展并会产生气体；气体所形成的气泡区域会发生严重的电场畸变，降低界面的电气强度；气泡的动态运动也增加了界面放电随机性，使得界面击穿过程伴随有多次随机路径的离散电弧放电。

电力电缆  /  电缆附件  /  失效机理  /  界面击穿  /  放电

The invasion of moisture at the insulation interface of cable accessories is the main cause of electrical breakdown and insulation failure. However, the effect mechanism of moisture on interface discharge and breakdown remained unclear. Therefore, this paper conducted experiments and simulations to analyze and study the causes of breakdown failure at the insulation interface of cable accessories under the influence of moisture. First, the discharge evolution characteristics during the breakdown process at dry and humid interfaces were described through experiments. Subsequently, by combining discharge products with electric field analysis, the effect mechanism of moisture on the breakdown development at the interface was explained. Finally, a field case was presented to confirm the validity of the proposed breakdown mechanism of the insulation interface under the influence of moisture. The results show that the discharge process during the interface breakdown of insulation interface develops in stages, accompanied by gas generation. The bubbles regions formed by the generated gases lead to severe electric field distortion, which reduces the electric strength of the interface. The dynamic motion of the bubbles also increases the randomness of interfacial discharge, causing the interfacial breakdown process to be accompanied by multiple discrete arc discharges along random path.

power cable  /  cable accessory  /  failure mechanism  /  interfacial breakdown  /  discharge
宋鹏先, 朱明正, 唐庆华, 林国洲, 胡泉伟, 安家慧. 受潮条件下电缆附件XLPE-SiR界面击穿及失效特性. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 34 -43 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.004
Pengxian SONG, Mingzheng ZHU, Qinghua TANG, Guozhou LIN, Quanwei HU, Jiahui AN. Breakdown and failure characteristics of XLPE-SiR interface of cable accessories under moisture[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 34 -43 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.004
正文
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0 引言
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电缆附件作为电缆连接设备，广泛应用于地下输电和配电网络中[1-3]。然而，由于其复杂的绝缘结构、不良的安装及工作环境，电缆附件成为地下电缆系统中的薄弱环节[4-6]。根据所连接设备的不同，电缆附件可分为电缆终端头和电缆中间接头，其中电缆接头大多敷设于电缆沟的潮湿环境中，在电、热及机械应力的综合作用下，由水分侵入绝缘界面导致的接头故障频繁发生，对电缆的安全运行构成巨大威胁，引起了相关研究人员和电力公司对电缆附件界面击穿特性的广泛关注[7-8]。
学者普遍认为，绝缘界面是决定电缆附件绝缘状况的关键[9]，而接触压力、表面粗糙度和绝缘材料的力学性能以及界面填充介质是影响固-固复合界面切向电气强度的主要因素[10-12]。目前，相关研究人员已经探讨了包括接触压力、表面粗糙度、温度和弹性模量等因素对界面击穿路径和电气强度的影响[13-16]。研究表明，这些因素通过改变绝缘界面的接触状态来影响界面电气强度。较高的接触压力、较低的表面粗糙度以及较软的附件材料（低弹性模量）有利于改善界面的接触状态，增加界面的实际接触面积，减少界面空洞的数量和体积，从而提高界面电气强度[17-18]。
除了上述影响界面接触形态的因素外，界面填充介质，尤其是水分，在界面击穿过程中也起着重要作用。以往的研究和现场经验表明，尽管电缆接头采用了防水密封设计，在长期运行过程中由于介电泳和温度循环的共同作用，水分也不可避免地会进入绝缘界面[19]。文献[20]比较了干燥界面和潮湿界面的击穿电压，发现界面完全湿润后，击穿电压降幅可达60%。还有研究通过有限元模拟分析了电缆附件界面的电场分布，发现水分进入绝缘界面后会引起电场畸变[21]。文献[22-23]对界面击穿过程中的局部放电特征进行了比较和分析，发现与干燥界面相比，潮湿界面击穿过程中的局部放电呈现出更明显的阶段性发展特征。这些研究都证明了水分是电缆附件界面击穿和绝缘强度降低的主要原因。
然而，目前的研究仍不清楚在电缆附件的绝缘界面击穿过程中放电如何发展，以及水分的存在如何影响放电的发展过程。这些作用与影响正是含水电缆附件绝缘性能降低及界面击穿的关键。此外，了解界面击穿过程中的放电发展特征，也可为电缆附件受潮缺陷的诊断提供新的理论依据。
针对上述在水分作用下电缆附件绝缘性能及界面击穿特性研究的不足，本文分析受潮条件下电缆附件绝缘界面的击穿特性，并阐述在受潮作用下电缆附件绝缘界面击穿失效的原因。首先，通过实验描述界面击穿过程中放电的演变特征。然后，结合放电产物和电场的分析，解释水分对界面击穿发展的影响机制。最后通过一个现场案例证实分析结果的合理性。
1 在受潮条件下XLPE-SiR绝缘界面的击穿特征
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本节从实验的角度分析水分对XLPE-SiR绝缘界面击穿特性的影响。构建一个界面击穿实验平台，从电气强度、放电信号和放电发展图像的特征对干燥和潮湿XLPE-SiR界面的击穿特性进行对比分析。
1.1 界面击穿实验设置
为了观察界面击穿的发展过程，构建了一个界面击穿实验平台，如图1所示。该平台由高压电路、机械压力装置、图像采集系统和电信号采集系统组成。工频高压电路由调压电源、试验变压器和串联的水电阻组成。压力装置使用一对透明玻璃板通过螺柱和配重对界面样本施加机械压力。图像采集系统包括一台高速相机（Revealer-x190型）和图像采集软件，可以实现高速实时图像采集，帧率为100万帧/秒。电信号采集系统包括一个响应比为2 000 mV/mA的空芯电流互感器、一个比例为1 000∶1的高压分压器和一个配备高速采集单元（U8976型）的录波仪（HIOKIMR6000型），可以实现电压和电流信号的实时同步采集，采样频率为200 MS/s。
采用XLPE-SiR界面试样进行界面击穿实验和观察。界面试样的俯视投影图如图1右上角区域所示，该样本由一对厚度为0.4 mm、放置间距为5 mm的针-板电极组成，电极夹在XLPE片和SiR片的中心区域，其中SiR片的材质较软，在压力的作用下SiR片会与电极和XLPE片完全贴合。XLPE试样由混有过氧化物交联剂的电力电缆绝缘XLPE粒料经真空压模加工而成，加工条件如下：先在120℃、 5 MPa压力下真空预热处理10 min，而后在170℃、15 MPa压力下真空交联处理5 min，自然冷却后得到XLPE样片，最后在真空干燥箱中60℃脱气处理24 h。SiR试样选取双组份液体硅橡胶经混合后真空高温硫化加工而成，具体过程为：将硅生胶A液和B液按10∶1的体积比充分混合均匀后，放入真空干燥箱内在25℃下静置30 min进行排气，然后升温至80℃硫化处理2 h，自然冷却后得到SiR样片，最后在真空干燥箱中60℃脱气处理24 h。两种样片均裁切成尺寸为20 mm×20 mm×1 mm的薄片，并且采用360目的砂纸打磨XLPE样本的表面，以模拟实际电缆附件制作过程中的界面状态。
对于潮湿界面样本，首先将针-板电极固定在XLPE板上，用移液管在电极中心滴入10 μL的地下水模拟液（加入氯化钠和氯化氢调节溶液的电导率和pH值，使其符合实际电缆接头服役环境的地下水电导率与pH值），以形成连接两个电极的湿润区域；然后将SiR板放置在针-板电极上，并将界面样本放置在两块透明亚克力板之间；最后通过砝码向位于上方的亚克力板施加向下的压力，使得界面压力控制在0.1 MPa。在施加压力后，部分液体会被挤出界面，两电极间不再由水分直接连接，界面内的液体分布情况由界面的接触形貌决定。为了使界面内的液体分布达到稳态，每个样本在施加完压力后静置10 min再进行实验。
实验时，将制备好的界面样本连接到高压电路，并配置图像采集系统和电信号采集系统，然后以0.25 kV/s的速度连续升高测试电压，同时通过图像采集系统和电信号采集系统进行图像和放电信号的共同采集，直到界面样本最终击穿。
1.2 界面样本的故障特征
分别制备干燥界面样本和潮湿界面样本各16份并进行界面击穿实验，记录包括击穿电压、放电信号和放电发展图像在内的放电击穿特性。根据式（1）对干燥界面样本和潮湿界面样本的击穿电压进行Weibull分布统计。
F(Ub, α, β)=1-e-(Ub/α)β
式（1）中：F(Ub, α, β)为界面击穿的Weibull累积密度；Ub为界面击穿电压，单位为kV；α为Weibull分布的尺度参数，表示击穿概率为63.2%时的击穿电压，并用该值作为当前实验条件下的界面击穿电压；β为形状参数，表示击穿电压的分散程度，β值越大，击穿电压的分散性越小。
Weibull分布统计结果和相关数据分别如图2和表1所示。从图2和表1可以看出，当界面存在水分时，由于水的相对介电常数远高于XLPE和SiR，界面处的电场畸变增强，击穿电压显著降低，潮湿界面样本的击穿电压比干燥界面样本下降了41.0%。此外，潮湿界面样本的击穿电压离散度显著高于干燥界面样本。
部分界面样本击穿后的表面击穿路径如图3所示。从图3可以看出，界面击穿后，XLPE表面留下了黑色的烧蚀通道，而SiR表面则出现了白色的烧蚀通道。如图3(a)所示，对于干燥击穿的界面试样，击穿样本表面只出现了一条从针电极尖端连接到板电极中心的垂直烧蚀通道，对各样本中烧蚀通道的尺寸进行统计，宽度约为1 mm。如图3(b)所示，对于潮湿的界面试样，在针电极尖端区域的材料表面出现了分叉和弯曲的枝状烧蚀痕迹，分支宽度仅为几十到几百微米。
1.3 界面击穿期间的放电发展
根据放电影像和电压电流波形特征，界面击穿过程可以分为4个阶段：局放阶段、间歇性燃弧阶段、持续电弧阶段和熄弧阶段。在局放阶段，仅产生微安级别的电流脉冲信号，但未观察到电压波形畸变或放电影像；在间歇性电弧阶段，可以观察到明显的放电影像，并且在放电时刻，收集到离散的毫安级别脉冲电流信号，并出现微弱的电压降；在持续电弧阶段，出现连续的电流脉冲与电压畸变，并观察到连续放电影像；在熄弧阶段，电流脉冲、电压畸变和放电影像逐渐减弱并消失。值得注意的是，上述4个阶段存在于所有界面样本的击穿发展过程中。尽管每个界面样本在每个阶段的开始时间、持续时间、燃弧次数和放电强度各不相同，但所有界面样本在每个阶段的总体特征是一致的。
干燥界面击穿过程中的放电信号和放电路径演变分别如图4和图5所示，图5中每张图像下方的时间对应于图4中的横坐标时间尺度。
干燥界面击穿过程中每个阶段的放电特征如下：
（1）在局放阶段，当电压上升到约为5 kV时由于电场畸变产生了放电。这些放电仅发生在每个电极周围的绝缘区域，在界面处没有出现连接针-板电极的可见放电通道。在每次放电过程中，仅检测到几十毫安的脉冲电流。
（2）在间歇燃弧阶段，随着外加电压的进一步升高，在界面处间歇性地出现连接针-板电极的放电。在这个阶段，放电总数较少，在单个工频周期内仅发生几次放电。图5(a)显示在20.60 s左右产生的一次间歇放电，放电通道狭窄，放电仅持续几十微秒。放电结束后，绝缘界面上没有明显的放电灼伤痕迹。间歇放电发生时，脉冲电流幅值不超过 1 mA，在电压波形上只产生一个微弱的电压降。
（3）在持续燃弧阶段，外施电压幅值与间歇燃弧阶段的外施电压幅值接近，但界面处出现了不间断的持续放电。在此阶段，放电总数激增，每个正弦周期内发生数十次放电。在前一次放电完全熄灭之前，下一次放电已经发生，导致界面处出现持续放电，整个过程持续超过100 ms。此阶段发生的几次放电如图5(b)所示，可以看出放电路径的宽度显著增加，且所有放电都发生在同一通道内。随着放电次数的增加，界面处逐渐出现明显的烧蚀通道和黑色烧蚀颗粒。在随后的放电过程中，烧蚀通道的宽度进一步增加，烧蚀通道周围的黑色烧蚀颗粒向界面外扩散。在这个阶段，放电脉冲电流幅度显著增大，最高脉冲电流出现在第一个工频周期中，幅值近10 mA。随着放电持续时间的增加，脉冲电流幅值逐渐减小，但脉冲数量显著增加，导致每个周期中的电流均方根值增加。由于在这个阶段放电仍在继续，并且在每次放电期间都出现了明显的电压下降，电压波形严重畸变，无法看出正弦电压波形。
（4）在熄弧阶段，由于放电产生的炭化通道，针-板电极发生短路。放电熄灭过程如图5(c)所示，放电通道被分为多个不连续的“放电团”，“放电团”的面积逐渐减小直至完全熄灭，整个过程持续了几毫秒。在此阶段，仅检测到几十个放电电流脉冲，脉冲幅值小于1 mA。由于电极短路，电压幅度显著降低，波形畸变成近似方波。
潮湿界面样本击穿过程中的放电信号和放电路径演变分别如图6和图7所示，图7中每幅图像下方的时间分别对应图6中的横坐标时间尺度。
潮湿界面击穿过程中每个阶段的放电特征如下：
（1）在产气阶段，当外加电压升高到约1 kV时，气泡开始在针电极的尖端区域产生。随着电压进一步升高，气体生成速率加快，导致气泡的数量和面积显著增加，如图7(a)所示。气泡面积随正弦电压周期性增加，在气体生成过程中，气泡不断向对侧迁移，导致电极中心的水分逐渐扩散到整个界面区域。在这个阶段，界面没有可见的放电，只捕获到数百微安的局部放电脉冲。
（2）在间歇燃弧阶段，针-板电极之间的放电开始出现在界面上。该阶段发生的一些间歇放电如图7(b)所示。放电首先出现在针电极周围的气泡区域，随着电压的进一步增加，放电通道逐渐开始连接针-板电极。与干燥界面上的间歇燃弧放电相比，这些放电通道狭窄且不规则弯曲，宽度约为100 μm。每次放电持续数十微秒，放电路径上的水分被蒸发形成干燥区域。每次放电后，水在界面机械压力的作用下迅速回填干燥区域通道。在上述过程中，界面中水分和气泡区域的分布迅速变化，导致每次放电的路径不同，放电后界面没有明显的烧蚀痕迹。在水分的作用下，潮湿界面的间歇燃弧阶段持续时间大幅延长，达到1～2 s，放电路径具有高度的随机性。在这个阶段，每个周期内的放电脉冲数量仍然较少，每个周期内只产生少数放电。然而，由于持续时间延长，捕获电流脉冲的总数显著增加。随着外加电压持续时间和幅值的增加，放电电流脉冲的幅值也逐渐增大，从1 mA增加到近10 mA。
（3）在持续燃弧阶段，放电过程如图7(c)所示，可以看出，持续燃弧阶段放电通道的宽度显著增加，放电路径逐渐固定：初始放电主要发生在针电极尖端沿两条路径进行；然后，针电极的放电固定在一条路径上，而板电极附近的放电路径仍然不同；最后，所有放电都固定在针-板电极的同一通道中。由于该阶段放电次数众多，放电能量高，界面上逐渐出现明显的烧蚀通道和黑色烧蚀颗粒，但水分的存在限制了烧蚀颗粒在界面上的运动。整个阶段持续约100 ms，其特征包括放电次数、电压和电流信号波形的变化，与干燥界面大致相似。但由于击穿电压较低，电流脉冲幅值略低于干燥界面。
（4）在熄弧阶段，电弧熄灭过程的特性与干燥界面的类似。主要的放电通道与中间部分分离，分裂成多个不相连的“放电团”，“放电团”的面积逐渐减小直至完全熄灭，整个过程持续了几毫秒。
根据图4和图6所示的电压和电流特性，计算了干燥界面和潮湿界面在击穿过程中的放电次数和总放电能量，结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出，尽管潮湿界面在击穿过程中的放电次数远高于干燥界面，但由于干燥界面的击穿电压较高，其总放电能量仍然远高于潮湿界面。
2 受潮条件下电缆附件XLPE-SiR界面的失效机制
收起
上一节的实验结果表明，在放电发展和击穿过程中，界面中的水分蒸发产生气体，气体的产生和分布对界面放电的发展过程有显著影响。因此本节重点分析界面击穿过程中产生气体的特征以及水分作用下击穿电压降低的原因。
2.1 产气特性
为了采集到界面样本实验时产生的气体组分，在界面样本制作好后，用绝缘胶带对界面样本上、下两块透明亚克力板的间隙进行缠绕密封，使样本内部形成一个相对密闭的腔体；在击穿或放电实验结束后，采用针头直径为0.7 mm的注射器从外侧垂直扎破绝缘胶带抽取内部的气体产物（抽气时可明显感觉到抽拉注射器的阻力，说明样本密封较好）；抽取完成后对注射器进行密封，减少气体自由扩散带来的气体流失；最后，将收集到的气体送入气相色谱仪中进行分析。对于潮湿界面样本，在对界面施加2 kV电压1 min后，收集并分析产生的气体产物，同时设置两个未击穿样本作为对照组。
对于干燥状态和潮湿状态的界面样本，在界面击穿过程中会产生各种气体，图8列出了一些典型的高浓度气体生成物进行比较。这些气体生成的主要途径有两种：一种是水的交流电解，发生在潮湿界面电压的初始提升阶段，主要产生氢气；另一种是放电引起的聚合物绝缘材料的降解反应，主要产生氢气、碳氧化物和烃类气体。
在绝缘界面工频击穿过程中，绝缘界面内部发生多次放电，放电过程中产生的高能电子轰击固体绝缘材料分子链以及放电产生的瞬时热效应将引发XLPE和SiR的裂解，产生自由基，并引发固体绝缘材料的自由基链式裂解反应。根据XLPE和SiR的分子链结构，其可能发生的裂解产气自由基反应路径如图9所示。从图9可以看出，固体绝缘材料裂解产生气体的自由基反应主要引发自两种化学键的断裂，分别为C-C键和C-H键的断裂。在XLPE-SiR绝缘界面放电击穿产生的所有特征气体中，CO和CO2两种气体仅涉及C-C键的断裂，H2仅涉及C-H键的断裂，而烃类气体均涉及C-C键和C-H键两种化学键的断裂，其中乙烷、乙烯和乙炔的产生均源自XLPE端链的断裂。
从图8可以看出，在界面击穿前（如图7(a)所示）潮湿界面主要产生H2、CO、CO2和少量的烃类气体。C-C键裂解所需能量远低于C-H断裂所需能量，CO和CO2的产生仅涉及C-C键断裂，在其自由基反应路径中需要跨越的能垒远低于其他种类气体，因此绝缘界面在低场强下会生成大量CO和CO2，此时的放电主要表现为低能量的电离放电[24]。H2的大量产生可以归因于水分桥接两侧针-板电极后水的交流电解反应。而界面击穿后，生成的烃类气体浓度和比例增加。这是由于在击穿过程中发生了大量高能电弧放电，而双碳烃类气体分子的自由基链式反应起始于XLPE分子链饱和端基-CH2-CH3的均裂反应，相较于具有高化学活性的亚甲基，其结构更稳定，因此在具有高能量的电弧放电作用下会生成双碳烃类气体分子。此外，由于干燥界面的击穿电压较高，击穿过程中产生的电弧放电能量高于潮湿界面，导致氢气和烃类气体的浓度更高。
上述分析表明，在电场和水分的作用下，气体会在界面处产生。特别是对于潮湿的界面，在界面电场达到击穿场强之前（例如电缆附件界面的正常运行电场），在水分电解和局部放电的作用下，气体会在界面内部产生，导致潮湿的XLPE-SiR界面固-液接触区域内出现新的气相区域。这个气相区域的产生会导致界面电场分布发生变化，从而影响界面放电过程。
2.2 电场分布特征
进一步分析水分和产生的气体对界面电场分布的影响，建立了界面电场仿真模型，如图10所示，相关仿真参数见表3。将针电极的电压设定为3 kV（根据实验结果交流电压的均方根值），板电极接地。分别研究了干燥界面、含有水分桥接区域的界面、含有气泡的界面以及带有炭化痕迹的界面下的电场分布。
上述4种情况的电场分布如图11所示，进一步计算了沿针-板电极中心连接线的电场强度，如图12所示。
从图11(a)可以看出，在干燥界面下，电场仅在针电极的尖端区域发生畸变，最大值约为2.54 kV/mm。
当水分进入界面时，在固-固绝缘界面内部引入了液-固、气-固界面，导致电压分布发生变化，从而使电场发生畸变，但电场畸变因子较小。从图11(b)可以看出，在界面中的潮湿区域形成桥接电极后，只有针电极尖端的电场增强，电场幅值略微增加到3.11 kV/mm，而板电极区域的电场则减小，在这种情况下，界面整体仍然保持着较高的绝缘水平。
当潮湿界面产生气体并在湿润区域形成气泡时，在尖端附近的气泡区域会发生严重的电场畸变，最大电场强度达到10.20 kV/mm，分别是干燥界面和湿润桥接界面电场强度的4.02倍和3.28倍。在这种情况下严重增强的电场远高于空气的电气强度，会在气泡区域引发强烈的放电，并对固体绝缘材料造成损坏，在多次放电的累积损伤作用下，材料表面会发生烧蚀和炭化，导致尖端区域出现黑色痕迹，如图3所示。
从图11(d)可以看出，导电炭化通道内部的电场畸变受到屏蔽，电场畸变最高点转移到炭化通道尖端。导电通道前方的气泡中电场强度增加到7.42 kV/mm，导致整体电场畸变向前移动。在电场畸变向前移动的作用下，后续放电将在炭化通道尖端附近的气泡区域发生，导致炭化通道进一步向前发展。然而，由于气泡同时受到机械压力和放电的影响，它们会在界面内部移动，并在界面中随机动态分布，发生放电的区域也相应地改变。在多次放电的累积损伤作用下，最终在固体绝缘表面留下了不规则的枝状炭化痕迹，如图3(b)所示。
综上所述，气体产物对XLPE-SiR绝缘界面击穿特性的影响主要表现为气体产物对电场的影响。在气泡产生时刻，电极周围的气泡会引发严重的电场畸变，导致气泡内部发生放电；多次放电的累积会导致绝缘材料表面出现炭化通道；导电炭化通道形成后，电场畸变前移至炭化通道尖端处，产气与放电的区域也随之前移；炭化区域不断向另一侧电极延伸，最终导致界面击穿。
3 在运电缆接头故障的情况
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结合现场捕获到的信号对本文的实验现象进行验证，发现在电缆接头故障前，在43 s内多次发生间歇性单相接地电弧。图13显示了由接头故障引起的10 kV电缆线中典型单相接地故障的电压和电流波形，为了更好地展示局部波形特征，图13只显示了故障波形在一段时间内的波形。从图13可以看出，在电缆接头发生故障前故障相电缆中间歇性电弧的电压和电流波形特征与1.3节记录的潮湿界面试样故障过程中的间歇性电弧阶段相似。它们都表现为电压波形畸变和单个周期内的几个电流脉冲。
对故障相接头和非故障相接头进行解剖以进一步分析，如图14所示。在解剖过程中，发现接头严重进水，在非故障相接头中绝缘界面发现了大量的水和树枝状灼伤痕迹。分析结果表明，故障电缆接头的电压和电流波形以及材料损伤特征与受潮界面样本相似，表明进水是间歇性电弧放电、材料表面树枝状炭化痕迹以及电缆接头绝缘强度降低的主要原因。通过监测电缆的间歇性电弧放电现象和产气特征，有望实现对运行电缆线路中进水及早期接头故障的检测。
4 结论
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（1）在绝缘界面击穿之前存在多次电弧放电。这些放电首先产生离散的间歇性电弧放电，然后发展为穿透界面的持续电弧放电，最后导致绝缘击穿。
（2）水分的存在会导致间歇性电弧放电的次数和间歇放电阶段的持续时间增加。界面水分还会提高放电路径的随机性，导致材料表面在击穿后出现分叉的烧蚀痕迹。
（3）潮湿的界面会产生气体并形成气泡区域，导致界面电场畸变和绝缘强度降低。放电和接触压力驱动的气泡运动是放电路径高度随机性的主要原因。
基金
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  • 国网天津市电力公司科技项目(电科-研发2024-04)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.004
  • 接收时间：2024-12-13
  • 首发时间：2025-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-13
  • 修回日期：2025-01-28
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国网天津市电力公司科技项目(电科-研发2024-04)
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    1.国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院，天津 300384
    2.国网天津市电力公司，天津 300010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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