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Article(id=1190365297476469082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728489600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-10, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761734802836, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761734802836, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761734802836, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761734802836, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190365079976640655, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761734750980, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761735924323, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190370001430348321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1190365079976640655, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190365297648435548, articleId=1190365297476469082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Surface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin during DC pre-flashover and its influence on flashover performance, columnId=1190365080723226768, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Electrical Equipment Interface Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Mastering the distribution pattern of surface charges during DC pre-flashover is essential for clarifying the intrinsic mechanism of charge-induced flashover. This paper investigated the surface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin at DC pre-flashover moment and their influences on flashover voltage magnitude based on a plate-type insulation structure. Under two testing conditions—with and without pre-deposited charges on specimen surfaces—the dynamic distribution of surface charges was captured during the process of applied voltage escalation leading to flashover. By introducing SiC-epoxy composite coatings to modify specimen surface states, the dominant charge accumulation patterns during flashover triggering and the charge accumulation modes preceding flashover occurrence were comparatively analyzed. The results show that homopolar charge accumulation predominates on specimen surfaces during voltage escalation toward flashover. The charge accumulation mode exhibites a transition phenomenon shifting from the micro-charge zone to the charge surge zone during flashover triggering. Immediately before flashover, homopolar charges nearly coveres the entire specimen surface, while the pre-deposited charges primarily influence the flashover voltage magnitude by altering the homopolar charge accumulation quantity at the pre-flashover moment.

, articleAbstract=

Mastering the distribution pattern of surface charges during DC pre-flashover is essential for clarifying the intrinsic mechanism of charge-induced flashover. This paper investigated the surface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin at DC pre-flashover moment and their influences on flashover voltage magnitude based on a plate-type insulation structure. Under two testing conditions—with and without pre-deposited charges on specimen surfaces—the dynamic distribution of surface charges was captured during the process of applied voltage escalation leading to flashover. By introducing SiC-epoxy composite coatings to modify specimen surface states, the dominant charge accumulation patterns during flashover triggering and the charge accumulation modes preceding flashover occurrence were comparatively analyzed. The results show that homopolar charge accumulation predominates on specimen surfaces during voltage escalation toward flashover. The charge accumulation mode exhibites a transition phenomenon shifting from the micro-charge zone to the charge surge zone during flashover triggering. Immediately before flashover, homopolar charges nearly coveres the entire specimen surface, while the pre-deposited charges primarily influence the flashover voltage magnitude by altering the homopolar charge accumulation quantity at the pre-flashover moment.

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掌握直流预闪络时刻表面电荷分布规律对理清电荷诱发闪络的内在机制至关重要。本文基于平板绝缘结构研究了环氧树脂直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷分布特性及其对闪络电压幅值的影响。分别在试样表面有无预置电荷两种测试条件下获取了外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中的表面电荷动态分布，并通过引入SiC环氧复合涂层来改变试样表面状态以对比分析闪络触发过程中的电荷主导积聚方式和临近闪络发生时的电荷积聚模式。结果表明：外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中试样表面以同极性电荷积聚为主，且电荷积聚模式在闪络触发过程中呈现从微电荷区向电荷激增区的过渡现象，临近闪络发生时同极性电荷几乎占据整个试样表面，而预置电荷则主要通过改变预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量来影响闪络电压幅值。

, articleAbstract=

掌握直流预闪络时刻表面电荷分布规律对理清电荷诱发闪络的内在机制至关重要。本文基于平板绝缘结构研究了环氧树脂直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷分布特性及其对闪络电压幅值的影响。分别在试样表面有无预置电荷两种测试条件下获取了外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中的表面电荷动态分布，并通过引入SiC环氧复合涂层来改变试样表面状态以对比分析闪络触发过程中的电荷主导积聚方式和临近闪络发生时的电荷积聚模式。结果表明：外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中试样表面以同极性电荷积聚为主，且电荷积聚模式在闪络触发过程中呈现从微电荷区向电荷激增区的过渡现象，临近闪络发生时同极性电荷几乎占据整个试样表面，而预置电荷则主要通过改变预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量来影响闪络电压幅值。

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占小猛（1984-），男（汉族），江西抚州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压电器产品的研发设计工作。

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占小猛（1984-），男（汉族），江西抚州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压电器产品的研发设计工作。

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占小猛（1984-），男（汉族），江西抚州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压电器产品的研发设计工作。

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ArticleFig(id=1190960572574347892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365297476469082, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Surface conductivity of the testing samples, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样配方表面电导率/S
纯环氧树脂5.62×10-18
3%SiC涂层2.43×10-17
5%SiC涂层5.79×10-17
7%SiC涂层1.13×10-16
10%SiC涂层4.27×10-16
), ArticleFig(id=1190960572628873845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365297476469082, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

本文所用试样的表面电导率测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样配方表面电导率/S
纯环氧树脂5.62×10-18
3%SiC涂层2.43×10-17
5%SiC涂层5.79×10-17
7%SiC涂层1.13×10-16
10%SiC涂层4.27×10-16
), ArticleFig(id=1190960572691788406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365297476469082, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Flashover voltage characteristic values, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样配方无预置电荷有预置电荷
纯环氧树脂38.239.3
3%SiC涂层38.839.4
5%SiC涂层39.840.6
7%SiC涂层41.944.4
10%SiC涂层42.145.0
), ArticleFig(id=1190960572771480183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365297476469082, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

闪络电压特征值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样配方无预置电荷有预置电荷
纯环氧树脂38.239.3
3%SiC涂层38.839.4
5%SiC涂层39.840.6
7%SiC涂层41.944.4
10%SiC涂层42.145.0
), ArticleFig(id=1190960572851171960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365297476469082, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Flashover voltage characteristic values under different measuring conditions, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiC质量分数/%闪络电压特征值/kV
无预制电荷有预制电荷(+5 kV充电)无预制电荷(+5kV充电)
038.239.336.1
338.839.436.8
539.840.637.7
741.944.439.2
1042.145.040.1
), ArticleFig(id=1190960572918280825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1190365297476469082, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同测试条件下的闪络电压特征值变化

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
SiC质量分数/%闪络电压特征值/kV
无预制电荷有预制电荷(+5 kV充电)无预制电荷(+5kV充电)
038.239.336.1
338.839.436.8
539.840.637.7
741.944.439.2
1042.145.040.1
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环氧树脂直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷分布特性及其对闪络特性的影响
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占小猛 , 贺永明 , 魏建巍 , 李丽娜 , 王刚 , 何春天 , 金保生
绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025,58(7): 16-25
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绝缘材料 | 电气设备界面绝缘专题 2025, 58(7): 16-25
环氧树脂直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷分布特性及其对闪络特性的影响
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占小猛, 贺永明, 魏建巍, 李丽娜, 王刚, 何春天, 金保生
作者信息
  • 平高集团有限公司，河南 平顶山 467000

    • 占小猛（1984-），男（汉族），江西抚州人，高级工程师，主要从事高压电器产品的研发设计工作。

Surface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin during DC pre-flashover and its influence on flashover performance
Xiaomeng ZHAN, Yongming HE, Jianwei WEI, Lina LI, Gang WANG, Chuntian HE, Baosheng JIN
Affiliations
  • Pinggao Group Co., Ltd., Pingdingshan 467000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.002
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摘要
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掌握直流预闪络时刻表面电荷分布规律对理清电荷诱发闪络的内在机制至关重要。本文基于平板绝缘结构研究了环氧树脂直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷分布特性及其对闪络电压幅值的影响。分别在试样表面有无预置电荷两种测试条件下获取了外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中的表面电荷动态分布，并通过引入SiC环氧复合涂层来改变试样表面状态以对比分析闪络触发过程中的电荷主导积聚方式和临近闪络发生时的电荷积聚模式。结果表明：外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中试样表面以同极性电荷积聚为主，且电荷积聚模式在闪络触发过程中呈现从微电荷区向电荷激增区的过渡现象，临近闪络发生时同极性电荷几乎占据整个试样表面，而预置电荷则主要通过改变预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量来影响闪络电压幅值。

直流GIS  /  沿面闪络  /  表面电荷动态分布  /  预闪络时刻  /  环氧树脂

Mastering the distribution pattern of surface charges during DC pre-flashover is essential for clarifying the intrinsic mechanism of charge-induced flashover. This paper investigated the surface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin at DC pre-flashover moment and their influences on flashover voltage magnitude based on a plate-type insulation structure. Under two testing conditions—with and without pre-deposited charges on specimen surfaces—the dynamic distribution of surface charges was captured during the process of applied voltage escalation leading to flashover. By introducing SiC-epoxy composite coatings to modify specimen surface states, the dominant charge accumulation patterns during flashover triggering and the charge accumulation modes preceding flashover occurrence were comparatively analyzed. The results show that homopolar charge accumulation predominates on specimen surfaces during voltage escalation toward flashover. The charge accumulation mode exhibites a transition phenomenon shifting from the micro-charge zone to the charge surge zone during flashover triggering. Immediately before flashover, homopolar charges nearly coveres the entire specimen surface, while the pre-deposited charges primarily influence the flashover voltage magnitude by altering the homopolar charge accumulation quantity at the pre-flashover moment.

DC GIS  /  surface flashover  /  dynamic distribution of surface charge  /  pre-flashover moment  /  epoxy resin
占小猛, 贺永明, 魏建巍, 李丽娜, 王刚, 何春天, 金保生. 环氧树脂直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷分布特性及其对闪络特性的影响. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (7) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.002
Xiaomeng ZHAN, Yongming HE, Jianwei WEI, Lina LI, Gang WANG, Chuntian HE, Baosheng JIN. Surface charge distribution characteristics of epoxy resin during DC pre-flashover and its influence on flashover performance[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (7) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.002
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0 引言
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柔性直流输电技术具有输送距离远、运行可靠性高的优势，在离岸200 km以上的深远海上风电系统建设中极具潜力[1-3]。相比以空气为绝缘介质的敞开式开关装备，直流气体绝缘开关设备（GIS）具有体积小的优点，可有效降低海上换流站的占地面积和运维成本[4-7]。但直流GIS内以盆式绝缘子为主的支撑绝缘件表面电荷积聚问题严重限制了其运行可靠性，主要原因在于长期电荷积聚会使绝缘子因沿面电场畸变而发生闪络故障[8-12]。因此，研究并提出耐直流沿面闪络的气固绝缘设计方法是保障直流GIS长期运行可靠性的必要环节，而掌握表面电荷对沿面闪络的诱发机制将为直流气固绝缘设计方法的提出奠定理论基础[13-15]。
鉴于此，诸多研究团队均开展了表面电荷积聚对绝缘子直流沿面闪络特性的影响研究。LI C等[16]利用电晕放电的方式给柱状绝缘子表面预置了一定量的电荷，并研究了预置电荷极性对闪络电压幅值的影响。结果表明，与外施电压极性相同的预置电荷几乎不会影响闪络电压的测量值，而与外施电压极性相反的预置电荷则会降低闪络电压。文献[17-18]则认为，预置与外施电压极性相同的电荷会提升绝缘子的沿面闪络电压。但上述研究均只讨论了预置电荷量或电荷极性对闪络电压幅值的影响，并未将电荷积聚至诱发闪络过程中的电荷分布动态变化过程考虑在内[19]。然而，文献[20]研究表明，外施电压的上升会使表面电荷的积聚形态与初始预置电荷有较大差异。LIANG H等[21]研究也表明，外施电压的升高会导致表面电荷的主导积聚方式发生转变，进一步影响绝缘子表面电荷的积聚模式。XUE J Y等[22]研究发现，通过改变材料表面的电导特性可以将本身随机分布的表面电荷斑转变为与高压电极极性相同的环状电荷并均化材料表面的电场分布，达到提升沿面闪络电压的目的。可见，电荷分布的动态变化除了会改变其本身的积聚形态外还会直接影响绝缘子的沿面闪络特性。因此，研究表面电荷对绝缘子沿面闪络特性的影响必须将升压至闪络发生过程中的电荷动态变化过程考虑在内。PAN Z等[23]考虑了电荷积聚至闪络发生的动态过程，发现直流预闪络时刻的电荷积聚极性与外施电压极性基本保持一致，但其研究只针对初始净电荷为零的绝缘子开展。而实际GIS绝缘子表面在长期服役过程中往往会积聚大量残余电荷，只通过初始净电荷为零的实验条件难以准确判断直流预闪络时刻的电荷分布特性。
鉴于此，为了准确掌握绝缘子在直流预闪络时刻的电荷分布规律，并在此基础上分析电荷积聚对闪络的诱发效应，本文在绝缘子表面是否存在预置电荷的条件下开展直流预闪络时刻的电荷分布特性研究，通过测量外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中的电荷动态分布过程，掌握预置电荷存在与否对直流预闪络时刻电荷分布规律的影响。预闪络时刻的电荷分布特性将区别于现有研究中的初始预置电荷特性，更加有助于掌握电荷积聚诱发闪络的内在机理，希望所得结果能为直流气固绝缘设计方法提供参考。
1 实验
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1.1 直流预闪络时刻的表面电荷测量方法
沿面闪络的发生是一个速度极快的过程，暂无相关标准给出闪络发生前一刻的特征指标参量，现有设备难以直接捕获预闪络时刻的瞬间。另外，绝缘子表面电荷定量测试方法一般采用静电探头扫描法，而扫描过程也无法瞬间完成。因此，本文采用以下步骤来近似判断预闪络发生时刻，并测量表面电荷分布特性，如图1所示：①测量绝缘试样的沿面闪络电压幅值；②绘制闪络特性的Weibull分布曲线，得出闪络概率为63.2%时的闪络电压特征值；③取没有闪络历史的新试样，加压至闪络电压特征值，并稳压5 s；④打开高压电源，测量绝缘子表面电荷分布，即为预闪络时刻的电荷分布。
需要指出的是，第①步中沿面闪络特性的测试每次均取无加压历史的新试样，每个新试样最多重复测试3次，随后更换相同配方的新试样进行测试。每种配方的试样重复测试15次，以保证闪络电压结果的可靠性。第③步中稳压时间内若发生闪络，则更换新试样，重复稳压过程直至稳压时间结束也无闪络发生，则可进入第④步的电荷测量过程。
1.2 试样-电极排布方式及表面电荷测试系统
为简化电荷输运过程，本文采用的绝缘试样形状为平板圆形薄片，其直径为90 mm，厚度为3 mm，材质为纯环氧树脂。另外，为了分析绝缘材料表面状态变化时的电荷分布特征，本文还通过在试样表面引入SiC/环氧复合涂层设置了对照实验组。通过改变涂层中SiC的质量分数来控制试样表面电导率这一影响电荷输运的关键电气参数，以对比分析预闪络时刻的电荷分布规律，含涂层试样的SiC质量分数分别为3%、5%、7%、10%。本文依照GB/T 31838.2—2019，利用三电极法对纯环氧及含SiC环氧涂层试样的表面电导率进行测试，测试电压为 1 kV，测试结果如表1所示。
所采用的加压电极结构为放置在平板试样上方两侧的类指型电极，电极-试样布置方案及测试系统构成如图2所示。试样左侧电极连接高压电源，右侧电极接地，且考虑到电极与试样之间的接触存在缝隙，本文在二者接触面上涂抹导电膏来保障其紧密接触程度，尽可能避免加压过程中电极-试样接触界面上的气隙放电对电荷测量结果的影响。
本文采用的表面电荷测试系统由静电电位计（Trek 341B型）、高压直流电源（大连泰思曼科技公司，输出电压为±100 kV）、有源静电探头（Trek 3450型）、探头运动控制机构组成。每次加压完毕后，撤去高压电源，并将左右两侧电极接地，随后启动探头运动控制机构，探头在控制机构的牵引下对绝缘试样表面几何中央30 mm×30 mm的正方形区域进行覆盖式扫描，整个扫描过程中探头距离试样表面的垂直高度为3 mm，表面电荷测量系统的空间分辨率为1 mm×1 mm，测量过程每个电位测量点的间距为1 mm，测量过程持续时间为60 s。测量完成后将静电电位计记录的电位分布数据输入表面电荷反演程序，获取电荷密度分布图谱[24-25]。此外，表面电荷和闪络测试均在室内空气中进行，所有测试保持室内温度为20～25℃，相对湿度为25%～30%。
1.3 实验条件
本文基于上述测试平台及方法开展两种条件下的实验研究：
（1）试样表面无预置电荷：对初始净电荷为零的试样，以1 kV/s的速率升压，在升压的不同阶段测量表面电荷分布。具体地：当外施电压升至U1后直接关闭高压电源测量电荷分布，随后从U1开始继续升压至U2，并再次以相同的方式断开电源测量电荷分布，如此循环操作至闪络发生。
（2）试样表面有预置电荷：先利用试验电极结构在+5 kV直流电压下给试样充电1 h，待试样表面积聚一定初始电荷后，再按照条件（1）的方式测量升压过程不同阶段的表面电荷分布特性直至闪络发生。
通过对比以上两种测试条件下的电荷动态分布规律，分析初始预置电荷对升压至闪络发生过程的影响，明确直流预闪络时刻电荷的分布规律。
2 实验结果与分析
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2.1 沿面闪络电压测试结果
图3为有无预置电荷条件下直流闪络电压测试结果的Weibull分布曲线。闪络电压特征值如表2所示。
从图3可以看出，拟合曲线随SiC含量的增加呈现出向右迁移的趋势，这意味着绝缘子沿面闪络电压随着SiC涂层的引入逐渐升高，其中SiC质量分数为3%～7%的试样闪络电压值提升幅度最为显著。从表2可以看出，无预置电荷条件下，当涂层中SiC质量分数从0至10%时，试样闪络电压特征值从38.2 kV上升至42.1 kV；而有预置电荷条件下的闪络电压特征值则从39.3 kV上升至45.0 kV。相较而言，有预置电荷条件下的闪络电压测量结果均比无预置电荷条件下的测量结果稍大。
2.2 升压至闪络发生过程中的电荷分布特性
为进一步分析闪络电压变化的原因，本文对试样在升压至闪络发生过程中的表面电荷动态分布过程进行了测量，结果如图4～5所示。
从图4可以看出，在无预置电荷的条件下，纯环氧树脂试样以正电荷积聚为主，电荷的积聚量与分布面积随外施电压的升高而逐步上升，至闪络发生后试样表面仍残留有大量正极性电荷。随着涂层的引入，在SiC质量分数为3%～5%时，电荷积聚极性与分布模式与纯环氧树脂相同，呈现出从高压极开始向地电极一侧的发散状电荷分布特征，电荷积聚量与分布面积也随外施电压的升高而逐渐变大。另外，SiC质量分数为5%的试样在电压升至20 kV时已出现显著的正电荷积聚，而纯环氧树脂与SiC质量分数为3%的试样需在电压升至30 kV后才出现显著的正电荷积聚。可见，高SiC含量试样表面正电荷的积聚量与积聚速度大于环氧基材与低SiC含量试样。当SiC质量分数为7%～10%时，外施电压在10～20 kV区间内仍然以正荷积聚为主，当外施电压升至30 kV后，试样表面出现双极性电荷积聚。而发生闪络后的残余电荷分布轮廓较为随机，含7%SiC的试样表面仍然以同极性电荷为主，含10%SiC的试样表面则保持双极性电荷积聚。
从图5可以看出，在绝缘子表面经历预充电的作用后，所有试样表面均以同极性电荷积聚为主，即与外施电压极性相同的正电荷大量积聚在试样表面。随着涂层的引入及SiC质量分数的增加，试样表面的电荷积聚量与分布面积呈上升趋势。随着外施电压的上升，所有试样表面同极性电荷量也逐渐上升直至闪络发生。其中SiC质量分数为7%与10%的试样在升压后期出现正、负电荷共存的双极性电荷积聚现象。具体而言，当外施正极性高压时，含7%SiC的试样在30 kV下开始出现双极性电荷积聚，而含10%SiC的试样在预充电后就已出现了显著的双极性电荷积聚；随着外施电压上升，负电荷积聚量在0～20 kV升压范围内波动，当外施电压进一步升高至30 kV后，正电荷积聚量和分布面积呈明显的增大现象，视觉上表现为正电荷向地电极方向扩散。
进一步提取两种测试条件下升压过程中的表面电荷密度最大值，如图6所示。从图6可以看出，无预置电荷条件下，升压至正闪络发生过程中，SiC质量分数为3%～7%的试样与环氧基材表面最大电荷密度在10 kV时大小相近，而SiC质量分数为10%的试样表面电荷密度显著提升，且所有试样在升压过程中的最大电荷密度的极性均为正极性。随着外施电压上升，表面电荷积聚量也逐渐变大，在20～30 kV区间内可观察到电荷密度的显著上升现象。预充电后再升压至闪络发生的加压方式将使试样表面在整个加压过程中都以同极性电荷积聚为主，随外施电压的升高，同极性电荷积聚量在升压前期的上升幅度较小，至升压后期出现激增。在0～20 kV的正极性电压下，电荷密度与预充电完成后初始电荷密度差异较小，而在电压升至30 kV时，电荷积聚量出现激增，导致临近闪络发生时的正电荷积聚量远大于升压前期。
2.3 加压至预闪络时刻的表面电荷积聚机理
根据表面电荷测试结果，将加压至闪络发生过程中的表面电荷动态分布过程绘制于图7。由于无预置电荷的试验条件中整个加压过程中都主要以正电荷积聚为主，且正电荷密度的最大值多出现在距离左侧高压极更近的位置。对于图2所示的类指形电极结构而言，整个试样表面以切向电场分量为主，仅在靠近电极附近有一定的法向电场分量[8]。因此，当以气体侧传导为主要电荷积聚途径时，正极性外施电压下电极附近将积聚负电荷[19]，这与本文所观察到的现象不符。而当以电极注入为主要电荷积聚途径时，与电极极性相同的电荷将被沉积到试样表面。以外施正电压为例，高压电极附近将逐渐积聚正电荷。结合上述分析，本文实验中观测到的电荷主要来自于电极注入[2]。但由于升压前期的电压幅值较小，电极注入效应偏弱，此时同极性电荷积聚量也较少，电荷分布处于微电荷区域。随着外施电压的上升，电极注入效应增强，同极性电荷量将在超过一定电压等级后迅速变大，加压过程进入同极性电荷激增区。随着试样中SiC含量的不断增大，电荷注入过程被进一步加强，导致此时高压极与地电极附近均有大量电荷被注入试样表面，且由于高SiC含量试样的注入效应被极大促进，致使升压后期观察到两侧电极附近的双极性电荷积聚现象。
对于预置电荷的试验条件，由于初始积聚电荷的存在，升压过程中微电荷区范围较小，但升压过程仍由电极注入效应主导。随着外施电压上升，同极性电荷积聚量不断上升。另外，现有研究表明，SiC含量的增大会在增强注入效应的同时提升电荷的沿面输运速度[8]，这主要归因于材料电导率的提升。因为电荷的跨界面输运受到两种介质交界面处的界面势垒影响，较低的陷阱能级和相对占优的浅陷阱密度将有助于电荷的跨界面输运过程，而从宏观电学性能上看，高电导率的绝缘介质更有助于电荷的跨界面输运行为[11]。因此，相同电压等级下同极性电荷的积聚量与分布面积随SiC质量分数的增大而上升。与无预置电荷的试样类似，高SiC含量的试样在升压后期同样在两侧电极附近出现双极性电荷积聚现象。但由于预充电后的试样表面在升压初期已有一定量的同极性电荷积聚，同一配方试样在升压至相同电压等级后同极性电荷积聚量更大。
综合上述结果可知，在升压前期，由于外施电压幅值不大且升压过程速度较快，无预置电荷的试样的表面电荷分布处于微电荷区，只有当外施电压升高至临近闪络发生时，才出现同极性电荷的激增现象，前序电荷对后续电荷的影响主要体现在电荷分布面积的增大与电荷积聚量的升高上。而对于有预置电荷的试样，预置电荷的叠加作用将减小实验过程中的微电荷区占比，使试样能在相对较低电压等级下进入电荷激增区。而前序电荷对后续电荷的影响仍然体现在电荷分布面积的增大与电荷积聚量的升高上。
2.4 电荷积聚特征对沿面闪络的影响分析
现有研究表明，与外施电压极性相同的电荷能有效削弱其与高压电极之间的电场，从而抑制高压极附近的起始放电电压，最终使闪络电压测量值提升；而与外施电压极性相反的电荷则会增大其与高压极之间的电场，并导致闪络电压降低[23]。由于闪络电压的大小与预闪络时刻的电荷积聚特性密切相关，而根据前文结果可知，预闪络时刻的电荷积聚特性又会受预置电荷特征的影响。因此，为了深入分析电荷积聚特征对沿面闪络特性的影响，本文添加了对照组实验：相比图5所示充电条件，对照组将充电电压改为-5 kV，给试样表面预置与闪络电压极性相反的电荷。随后以相同的升压条件测量闪络触发前的表面电荷动态分布，并记录各试样的同极性电荷密度最大值与闪络电压值，结果如图8～9及表3所示。
从图8～9及表3可以看出，在-5 kV直流电压的作用下，绝缘试样表面主要积聚负电荷，尤其是纯环氧树脂试样在预充电完成后整个表面都被负电荷占据。而随着引入涂层中SiC质量分数的增大，地电极一侧在预充电完成后所积聚的正电荷量逐渐增长，含7%SiC的试样在充电完成后就已呈现出显著的双极性电荷积聚现象。而随着外施电压的上升，所有试样表面都出现了电荷积聚极性反转的现象。以纯环氧树脂为例，当外施电压升至30 kV后，试样表面几乎观察不到负电荷积聚，正电荷占据整个试样表面；随着涂层的引入，外施电压升至30 kV后，试样的正电荷积聚量也呈现出增长趋势。而对于SiC质量分数较高（7%）的试样而言，30 kV下仍然呈现出显著的双极性电荷积聚现象。但正、负电荷的积聚位置发生了交换，说明从预充电完成后的负电荷转变为正电荷积聚在高压极附近。
对于同一配方的试样而言，当预置电荷的极性与诱发闪络的外施电压极性相反时，在外施电压上升过程中由高压电极注入的同极性电荷需要先中和一部分与之极性相反的电荷，之后再呈现以同极性电荷积聚为主的电荷分布模式。对比图5的电荷测量结果可知，无论给试样预置何种极性的电荷，在外施电压升高至闪络发生前积聚的表面电荷都是同极性，且同极性电荷密度大小与被测试样闪络电压测试结果的变化趋势保持一致。可见高电压等级下的电荷注入效应对电荷积聚带来的影响要远大于低电压等级下的充电过程。前期在试样表面沉积的电荷主要对预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量产生影响。具体而言，前期预置的同极性电荷将在外施电压上升过程中与高压极注入的同极性电荷叠加，而引入SiC环氧复合涂层等表面电导率较高的材料将在增大初始预置电荷量的同时促进升压过程中的同极性电荷注入，最终导致预闪络时刻的同极性电荷量进一步提高。与之相反，若前期预置与外施电压极性相反的电荷，那么这部分异极性电荷在升压至闪络发生过程中会中和一部分由电极注入的电荷，最终使得预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量相比无预置电荷时更小。然而，由于SiC含量较高的涂层其本身较高的电导率更有助于电荷的注入过程，因此，高SiC含量的涂层试样即使前期预置了比纯环氧树脂更多的异极性电荷，其升压至预闪络时刻后也会比纯环氧树脂积聚更多的同极性电荷。
3 结论
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本文以平板绝缘试样为基础，在有无预置电荷两种实验条件下测量了绝缘材料从外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中的表面电荷动态分布特性，提出了一种直流预闪络时刻的判断方法，并通过在材料表面引入SiC环氧复合涂层对比分析了不同预置电荷积聚特征对预闪络时刻电荷分布特性的影响，主要结论如下：
（1）在外施电压升高至闪络发生过程中，环氧材料表面的电荷积聚会随电压等级升高经历从微电荷区向电荷激增区的过渡现象，电极注入效应主导电荷积聚过程。直至接近预闪络时刻，整个环氧树脂表面主要以同极性电荷积聚为主。
（2）预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量与闪络电压测量值的变化趋势基本呈正相关，而前序电荷对后续电荷的影响主要体现在电荷分布面积的增大与电荷积聚量的升高上。SiC环氧复合涂层的引入会增大沿面闪络电压的测试结果，这主要归因于涂层更有利于电荷的注入过程，致使涂层试样预闪络时刻相比纯环氧树脂积聚更多的同极性电荷量。
（3）试样表面预置的初始电荷主要通过改变预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量来影响闪络电压幅值。与外施电压极性相同的预置电荷会在升压过程中与电极注入的电荷叠加，增大预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量，这有助于削弱高压极附近的电场大小，从而提升闪络电压；与外施电压极性相反的预置电荷则会在升压过程中与电极的注入电荷中和，减小预闪络时刻的同极性电荷积聚量，最终导致闪络电压降低。
基金
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  • 中国电气装备集团有限公司资助项目(CEE-2023-B-01-01-005-PG)
文献
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2025年第58卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.07.002
  • 接收时间：2024-10-10
  • 首发时间：2025-10-29
  • 出版时间：2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-10-10
  • 修回日期：2024-11-25
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中国电气装备集团有限公司资助项目(CEE-2023-B-01-01-005-PG)
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    平高集团有限公司，河南 平顶山 467000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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