Article(id=1203281643072102998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719763200000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-01, revisedDate=1724169600000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814299600, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814299600, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814299600, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814299600, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=87, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281645974561433, articleId=1203281643072102998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance of phosphorus containing bio based flame retardant resin with vanillin as raw material, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To address the challenges of epoxy resins in electrical insulation and flame-retardant applications, a phosphorus-containing bio-based flame-retardant resin—bis(methacryloyloxy-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) phenyl phosphate (DGEBDB) was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and renewable vanillin, and cured materials were prepared through blending it (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) with bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA). Their flame retardancy, thermal properties, mechnical properties, and electrical properties were analyzed. The results show that when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is 75%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of epoxy bending system increases from 22.6% to 34.2%, and the flame retardant grade achieves V-0 in UL 94 tests. Cone calorimetry reveals that the DGEBDB can reduce the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR), showing excellent fire suppression. Electrical properties tests show that the electrical properties of the cured epoxy maintain good when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is as high as 75%, which ensures the reliability of DGEBDB in electrical application. Mechanical properties indicate that with the increase of DGEBDB content, the flexural strength and tensile strength increase, indicating an increase in structural integrity and load bearing capacity of the cured epoxy. Therefore, the addition of DGEBDB significantly enhances the flame retardantcy of composite, while maintaining the excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of epoxy resin, and when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is 25%, the overall performance is the best, which has a better prospect for practical applications.

, articleAbstract=

To address the challenges of epoxy resins in electrical insulation and flame-retardant applications, a phosphorus-containing bio-based flame-retardant resin—bis(methacryloyloxy-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) phenyl phosphate (DGEBDB) was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and renewable vanillin, and cured materials were prepared through blending it (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) with bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA). Their flame retardancy, thermal properties, mechnical properties, and electrical properties were analyzed. The results show that when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is 75%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of epoxy bending system increases from 22.6% to 34.2%, and the flame retardant grade achieves V-0 in UL 94 tests. Cone calorimetry reveals that the DGEBDB can reduce the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR), showing excellent fire suppression. Electrical properties tests show that the electrical properties of the cured epoxy maintain good when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is as high as 75%, which ensures the reliability of DGEBDB in electrical application. Mechanical properties indicate that with the increase of DGEBDB content, the flexural strength and tensile strength increase, indicating an increase in structural integrity and load bearing capacity of the cured epoxy. Therefore, the addition of DGEBDB significantly enhances the flame retardantcy of composite, while maintaining the excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of epoxy resin, and when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is 25%, the overall performance is the best, which has a better prospect for practical applications.

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针对当前环氧树脂在电气绝缘及阻燃领域应用中所面临的挑战,利用9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)和可再生资源香草醛,合成一种含磷的生物基阻燃树脂——双(甲基丙烯酸酯基-4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)磷酸二苯酯(DGEBDB),将DGEBDB(质量分数为0%、25%、50%、75%)与双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)共混制备固化材料,并对其阻燃性能、热性能、力学性能和电气性能等进行了分析研究。结果表明:当DGEBDB的质量分数为75%时,环氧共混体系的LOI由22.6%提升至34.2%,并在UL 94垂直燃烧实验中达到V-0的阻燃级别。锥形量热实验进一步表明,DGEBDB在高温环境下能有效降低热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放(THR),显示出卓越的防火特性。电气性能测试结果显示,即便在DGEBDB掺杂质量分数高达75%的情况下,环氧固化物的电性能依然保持优良,确保了DGEBDB在电气应用中的稳定可靠性。力学性能测试显示,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧固化物的弯曲强度和拉伸强度也相应提高,表明环氧固化物结构完整性和负载承受能力的提升。因此,DGEBDB的加入显著增强了复合材料阻燃性能,同时保持了环氧树脂较为优良的热性能、力学性能和电性能,当DGEBDB质量分数为25%时,各项性能综合表现最佳,具有较好的实际应用前景。

, articleAbstract=

针对当前环氧树脂在电气绝缘及阻燃领域应用中所面临的挑战,利用9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)和可再生资源香草醛,合成一种含磷的生物基阻燃树脂——双(甲基丙烯酸酯基-4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)磷酸二苯酯(DGEBDB),将DGEBDB(质量分数为0%、25%、50%、75%)与双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)共混制备固化材料,并对其阻燃性能、热性能、力学性能和电气性能等进行了分析研究。结果表明:当DGEBDB的质量分数为75%时,环氧共混体系的LOI由22.6%提升至34.2%,并在UL 94垂直燃烧实验中达到V-0的阻燃级别。锥形量热实验进一步表明,DGEBDB在高温环境下能有效降低热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放(THR),显示出卓越的防火特性。电气性能测试结果显示,即便在DGEBDB掺杂质量分数高达75%的情况下,环氧固化物的电性能依然保持优良,确保了DGEBDB在电气应用中的稳定可靠性。力学性能测试显示,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧固化物的弯曲强度和拉伸强度也相应提高,表明环氧固化物结构完整性和负载承受能力的提升。因此,DGEBDB的加入显著增强了复合材料阻燃性能,同时保持了环氧树脂较为优良的热性能、力学性能和电性能,当DGEBDB质量分数为25%时,各项性能综合表现最佳,具有较好的实际应用前景。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,研究方向为环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性研究等。
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张重远(1969-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,博士,主要研究方向为电力系统过电压与防护及电力系统电磁兼容;

白怡宁(2000-),女(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,研究方向为高压新型电工材料;

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张重远(1969-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,博士,主要研究方向为电力系统过电压与防护及电力系统电磁兼容;

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张重远(1969-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,博士,主要研究方向为电力系统过电压与防护及电力系统电磁兼容;

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白怡宁(2000-),女(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,研究方向为高压新型电工材料;

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白怡宁(2000-),女(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,研究方向为高压新型电工材料;

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articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Schematic diagram of the flame retardant mechanism of DGEBDB, figureFileSmall=raLBULoB4+KlkYfVhu0tDA==, figureFileBig=qAG5dzHJKshyoYXYLYB/EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362955887878456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=图10, caption=DGEBDB的阻燃机理示意图, figureFileSmall=raLBULoB4+KlkYfVhu0tDA==, figureFileBig=qAG5dzHJKshyoYXYLYB/EA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362955963375931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=SEM images of DGEBA and DGEBDB-0.50, figureFileSmall=BtwqtYSKC2NjGKo2IYcHvg==, figureFileBig=jbC1QHLs8qshXCGGg9GJzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362956068233535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=图11, caption=DGEBA和DGEBDB-0.50的SEM图

(a) DGEBA (b) DGEBDB-0.50

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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Tanδ of the cured epoxy resin, figureFileSmall=wdrb2VdipifcTDOBl+aloQ==, figureFileBig=A0nXSuAjt8xfuXhexUBvWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362956898705743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=图15, caption=环氧树脂固化物的tanδ, figureFileSmall=wdrb2VdipifcTDOBl+aloQ==, figureFileBig=A0nXSuAjt8xfuXhexUBvWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362956970008913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=TGA curves of the cured epoxy resin, figureFileSmall=mU3NrjGtxssohHX47mIckQ==, figureFileBig=QJqjDDfliQ7L1U9QZf+7Sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362957045506386, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=图16, caption=环氧树脂固化物的TGA曲线, 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language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Electrical properties of the cured epoxy resin, figureFileSmall=RLLSo4Etuw/P5uK71mNJDw==, figureFileBig=QyCoF4PwJWo3rMpHwM/3rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362957800481119, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=图20, caption=环氧树脂固化物的电气性能, figureFileSmall=RLLSo4Etuw/P5uK71mNJDw==, figureFileBig=QyCoF4PwJWo3rMpHwM/3rQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203362957896950113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Curing parameters of DGEBDB/MHHPA system at four heating rates, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
升温速率/(℃/min)To/℃Tp/℃Te/℃
098.7121.8140.2
5105.3128.4147.4
10115.8141.1162.9
15127.1150.2170.6
20129.0154.3177.4
), ArticleFig(id=1203362957972447587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种升温速率下DGEBDB/MHHPA体系的固化参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
升温速率/(℃/min)To/℃Tp/℃Te/℃
098.7121.8140.2
5105.3128.4147.4
10115.8141.1162.9
15127.1150.2170.6
20129.0154.3177.4
), ArticleFig(id=1203362958073110884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Vertical combustion and LOI test results of the cured epoxy resin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样LOI/%UL 94
(t1+t2)/s是否蔓延至夹具是否引燃棉垫燃烧等级
DGEBA22.6NRNR
DGEBDB-0.2527.328.3±2.8V-1
DGEBDB-0.5032.96.7±1.3V-0
DGEBDB-0.7534.24.1±1.1V-0
), ArticleFig(id=1203362959239127397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

环氧树脂固化物垂直燃烧和LOI测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样LOI/%UL 94
(t1+t2)/s是否蔓延至夹具是否引燃棉垫燃烧等级
DGEBA22.6NRNR
DGEBDB-0.2527.328.3±2.8V-1
DGEBDB-0.5032.96.7±1.3V-0
DGEBDB-0.7534.24.1±1.1V-0
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参量DGEBADGEBDB-0.25DGEBDB-0.50DGEBDB-0.75
av-ECH/(mJ/kg)30.1128.3127.1522.14
av-CO2P/(g/s)0.122 00.114 80.101 60.098 8
av-COP/(g/s)0.003 70.007 70.007 50.009 5
), ArticleFig(id=1203362959457231208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

锥形量热试验数据

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参量DGEBADGEBDB-0.25DGEBDB-0.50DGEBDB-0.75
av-ECH/(mJ/kg)30.1128.3127.1522.14
av-CO2P/(g/s)0.122 00.114 80.101 60.098 8
av-COP/(g/s)0.003 70.007 70.007 50.009 5
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试样E'(30℃)/MPave/(×103 mol/m3)Tg/℃
DGEBA2 1993.538157.79
DGEBDB-0.252 3622.071129.87
DGEBDB-0.502 4112.466134.49
DGEBDB-0.752 5432.977147.89
), ArticleFig(id=1203362959633391980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

环氧树脂固化物的储能模量、玻璃化转变温度和交联密度

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试样E'(30℃)/MPave/(×103 mol/m3)Tg/℃
DGEBA2 1993.538157.79
DGEBDB-0.252 3622.071129.87
DGEBDB-0.502 4112.466134.49
DGEBDB-0.752 5432.977147.89
), ArticleFig(id=1203362959687917934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281643072102998, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=TGA data of the cured epoxy resin, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样Td5%/℃Tmax/℃Rmax/℃R700/%
DGEBA378.83432.380.096 04.87
DGEBDB-0.25343.29411.760.017 38.26
DGEBDB-0.50334.15398.270.016 411.35
DGEBDB-0.75300.97395.490.016 715.12
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环氧树脂固化物的TGA数据

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试样Td5%/℃Tmax/℃Rmax/℃R700/%
DGEBA378.83432.380.096 04.87
DGEBDB-0.25343.29411.760.017 38.26
DGEBDB-0.50334.15398.270.016 411.35
DGEBDB-0.75300.97395.490.016 715.12
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以香草醛为原料的含磷生物基阻燃树脂的制备与性能研究
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张重远 1 , 白怡宁 1 , 刘贺晨 1, 2 , 刘畅 1 , 黎馨阳 1 , 江钰哲 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(6): 76-87
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(6): 76-87
以香草醛为原料的含磷生物基阻燃树脂的制备与性能研究
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张重远1, 白怡宁1, 刘贺晨1, 2, 刘畅1, 黎馨阳1, 江钰哲1
作者信息
  • 1.河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室(华北电力大学),河北 保定 071003
  • 2.新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206
  • 张重远(1969-),男(汉族),河北保定人,教授,博士,主要研究方向为电力系统过电压与防护及电力系统电磁兼容;

    白怡宁(2000-),女(汉族),河北邯郸人,硕士生,研究方向为高压新型电工材料;

通讯作者:

刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,研究方向为环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性研究等。
Preparation and performance of phosphorus containing bio based flame retardant resin with vanillin as raw material
Zhongyuan ZHANG1, Yining BAI1, Hechen LIU1, 2, Chang LIU1, Xinyang LI1, Yuzhe JIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment (North China Electric Power University), Baoding 071003, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources (North China Electric Power University), Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.010
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针对当前环氧树脂在电气绝缘及阻燃领域应用中所面临的挑战,利用9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)和可再生资源香草醛,合成一种含磷的生物基阻燃树脂——双(甲基丙烯酸酯基-4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)磷酸二苯酯(DGEBDB),将DGEBDB(质量分数为0%、25%、50%、75%)与双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)共混制备固化材料,并对其阻燃性能、热性能、力学性能和电气性能等进行了分析研究。结果表明:当DGEBDB的质量分数为75%时,环氧共混体系的LOI由22.6%提升至34.2%,并在UL 94垂直燃烧实验中达到V-0的阻燃级别。锥形量热实验进一步表明,DGEBDB在高温环境下能有效降低热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放(THR),显示出卓越的防火特性。电气性能测试结果显示,即便在DGEBDB掺杂质量分数高达75%的情况下,环氧固化物的电性能依然保持优良,确保了DGEBDB在电气应用中的稳定可靠性。力学性能测试显示,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧固化物的弯曲强度和拉伸强度也相应提高,表明环氧固化物结构完整性和负载承受能力的提升。因此,DGEBDB的加入显著增强了复合材料阻燃性能,同时保持了环氧树脂较为优良的热性能、力学性能和电性能,当DGEBDB质量分数为25%时,各项性能综合表现最佳,具有较好的实际应用前景。

香草醛  /  DOPO  /  双酚A环氧树脂  /  阻燃  /  电工设备

To address the challenges of epoxy resins in electrical insulation and flame-retardant applications, a phosphorus-containing bio-based flame-retardant resin—bis(methacryloyloxy-4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) phenyl phosphate (DGEBDB) was synthesized from 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and renewable vanillin, and cured materials were prepared through blending it (0%, 25%, 50%, and 75%) with bisphenol A epoxy resin (DGEBA). Their flame retardancy, thermal properties, mechnical properties, and electrical properties were analyzed. The results show that when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is 75%, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of epoxy bending system increases from 22.6% to 34.2%, and the flame retardant grade achieves V-0 in UL 94 tests. Cone calorimetry reveals that the DGEBDB can reduce the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR), showing excellent fire suppression. Electrical properties tests show that the electrical properties of the cured epoxy maintain good when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is as high as 75%, which ensures the reliability of DGEBDB in electrical application. Mechanical properties indicate that with the increase of DGEBDB content, the flexural strength and tensile strength increase, indicating an increase in structural integrity and load bearing capacity of the cured epoxy. Therefore, the addition of DGEBDB significantly enhances the flame retardantcy of composite, while maintaining the excellent thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of epoxy resin, and when the mass fraction of DGEBDB is 25%, the overall performance is the best, which has a better prospect for practical applications.

vanillin  /  DOPO  /  bisphenol A epoxy resin  /  flame retardancy  /  electrical equipment
张重远, 白怡宁, 刘贺晨, 刘畅, 黎馨阳, 江钰哲. 以香草醛为原料的含磷生物基阻燃树脂的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 76 -87 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.010
Zhongyuan ZHANG, Yining BAI, Hechen LIU, Chang LIU, Xinyang LI, Yuzhe JIANG. Preparation and performance of phosphorus containing bio based flame retardant resin with vanillin as raw material[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 76 -87 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.010
环氧树脂因其出色的力学性能、独特的粘接性能和优良的电气绝缘性能,被广泛应用于电力电子器件封装、干式变压器、干式电抗器、互感器等电气设备绝缘领域[1-3]。然而,环氧树脂在高温下的易燃性使其在电气设备或电气绝缘等高风险领域应用受限,因此增强环氧树脂阻燃性能的研究成为当前的焦点。
针对环氧树脂的阻燃改性,目前主要有3种方法,分别为添加型阻燃剂改性、本征型阻燃剂改性和反应型阻燃剂改性[4]。采用添加型阻燃剂改性的方法操作简单,但可能会影响材料的力学性能和电气性能;反应型阻燃剂改性的方法能提供稳定的阻燃效果且对材料性能影响较小,但成本较高;而本征型阻燃剂是指材料自身就具备阻燃特性,而阻燃特性由材料的分子结构决定。本征型阻燃剂分子结构包含可以增强耐火性或抑制燃烧的元素,如磷、溴等。与添加型和反应型阻燃剂不同,本征型阻燃剂不需要在制造过程中额外添加其他化学物质,因此其阻燃性能最为环保和稳定。9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)是一种典型的本征型阻燃剂,其分子结构中独特的含磷结构使其不仅能提供稳定的阻燃效果,而且还能维持甚至提升材料的原始性能,特别是在电气绝缘性能和力学性能方面表现出色[5-6]
在可持续发展的背景下,引入生物基材料成为环氧树脂阻燃改性的一个新趋势[7-10]。在过去的几十年里,生物基环氧树脂领域的研究取得了长足进步,生物基环氧树脂可以从各种生物质原料制得,包括腰果酚[11]、衣康酸[12]、异山梨醇[13-14]、阿魏酸[15]、丁香酚[16-17]和香草醛[18-19]。特别是在生物基阻燃树脂的研究方面,这些生物基树脂不仅维持了传统环氧树脂的力学性能和化学稳定性,而且通过与阻燃元素的整合,显著提高了环氧树脂的阻燃性能。DAI J Y等[20]以大豆甙元为原料,与环氧氯丙烷通过一步法制备了高效阻燃环氧单体。XIE W Q等[21]以儿茶酚和4,4′-二氨基二苯醚为原料合成了含有席夫碱的本征阻燃环氧单体。香草醛作为一种广泛存在于自然界中的生物基化合物,因其独特的环保优势而引起了科研界的广泛关注。香草醛源自可再生资源,其在化学合成中的高效反应性和多样性使其成为理想的生物基环氧树脂固化剂和改性剂[22]。此外,香草醛具有的苯甲醛基团,使其在功能化过程中容易引入含磷或含硼的阻燃组分,从而可以通过香草醛将阻燃元素引入环氧树脂中,增强环氧树脂的防火特性,同时保持环氧树脂原有的优良物理和化学性质。
尽管国内外在此领域的研究已有一定程度的发展[23-24],然而在强调提高环氧树脂阻燃特性的同时,电性能、力学性能等其他性质的研究尚显不足,如何兼顾环氧树脂阻燃特性和整体材料性能仍是一个挑战。本研究通过结合香草醛和DOPO的独特优势,开发出一种新型的香草醛基阻燃环氧树脂(DGEBDB),并通过与电工绝缘用双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA)共混改性以调控共混材料的阻燃性能与服役性能。详细分析DGEBDB树脂结构对共混材料阻燃性能、热性能、电性能和力学性能的影响规律与机理,提出一种既能保证优异阻燃性,又具备优良服役性能的共混比例。研究结果可为环氧树脂的阻燃改性提供新的思路,同时也为生物基高性能复合材料的开发奠定理论基础和实验依据。
二氯甲烷(纯度为99.5%)、四丁基溴化铵(纯度为99.0%)、石油醚、对甲苯磺酸(纯度为99.0%),上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;香草醛(纯度为99.0%)、愈创木酚(纯度为98.0%)、DOPO(纯度为98.0%)、环氧氯丙烷(ECH,纯度为99.0%)、氯化钠(纯度为99.0%)、四丁基溴化铵(纯度为99.0%)、氢氧化钠(NaOH,纯度为96.0%)、2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30,纯度为98.0%),上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司;甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MHHPA,98.0%)、双酚A型环氧树脂(DGEBA,型号为E-51,平均环氧值为0.51),浙江省开化七一电力器材有限责任公司。
含磷香草醛基阻燃树脂采用两步法合成,合成路径如图1所示。第1步产物为6-(双(4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)甲基)二苯并[c,e]氧杂膦6-氧化物(BDB),第2步产物为含磷香草醛基阻燃环氧树脂,其名称为双(甲基丙烯酸酯基-4-羟基-3-甲氧基苯基)磷酸二苯酯(DGEBDB)。
BDB的制备过程:在氮气氛围中,将7.7 g(0.05 mol)香草醛、38 g(0.3 mol)愈创木酚、10.8 g(0.05 mol)DOPO及0.4 g(0.002 mol)对甲苯磺酸水合物一并加入至四口烧瓶中,升温至125℃,在此温度下搅拌4 h,反应完成后将混合溶液冷却至20℃静置 6 h,之后进行抽滤得到白色粉末(BDB),将白色粉末放进真空干燥箱干燥后备用。
DGEBDB的制备过程:在氮气氛围中,将47.3 g(0.1 mol)自制BDB和185 g(2 mol)环氧氯丙烷放入配备有冷凝管、磁力搅拌器和温度计的1 000 mL三口烧瓶中。加热烧瓶并开启搅拌,使BDB完全溶解于环氧氯丙烷中。随后向烧瓶中添加4.45 g(0.013 8 mol)的四丁基溴化铵,加热到85℃反应4 h。反应后将混合物冷却至5℃,并缓慢滴加24 g质量分数为30%的氢氧化钠溶液(0.2 mol的氢氧化钠),继续反应10 h。反应后将反应产物进行抽滤,以除去白色固体钠盐,向过滤后得到的液体产物中加入150 mL的二氯甲烷,随后用饱和食盐水进行水洗分液3次,用70℃的去离子水水洗3次得到有机相,加入二氯甲烷和石油醚,静置萃取,用滤纸过滤得到清澈滤液,最后利用旋转蒸发仪旋蒸出溶剂和剩余未反应的环氧氯丙烷,得到黄色黏稠液体,即为DGEBDB。
为制备DGEBDB和DGEBA的共混体系固化物,本文设定4种质量配比,将DGEBDB分别以0%、25%、50%、75%的质量分数与DGEBA进行混合。准确称取混合物,并添加混合物总质量80%的MHHPA作为固化剂,以及混合物总质量0.5%的DMP-30作为促进剂。将上述材料在60℃下恒温搅拌20 min,直至材料充分混合,紧接着将其置入60℃的真空干燥箱中进行脱泡处理。将混合液缓慢浇入到模具中进行固化,程序为100℃/2 h+120℃/2 h+140℃/3 h,之后自然冷却脱模,得到4种配比的香草醛基环氧树脂固化物,分别记为DGEBA、DGEBDB-0.25、DGEBDB-0.50、DGEBDB-0.75。
(1)傅里叶红外光谱分析(FTIR)
通过溴化钾压片法制备环氧树脂固化物试样,利用美国Perkin Elmer Frontier红外光谱仪进行分析,波数为4 000~400 cm-1
(2)有机元素分析(EA)
采用德国Elementar Unicube有机元素分析仪对环氧树脂固化物中的有机元素进行分析,模式设置为氧模式,每个试样均进行3次测试,结果取平均值。
(3)差示扫描量热分析(DSC)
按比例称取共20 mg的阻燃环氧树脂、固化剂和促进剂放入铝坩埚中,使用德国Netzsch DSC-3500差示扫描量热仪测量阻燃环氧树脂体系在5、10、15、20℃/min 4种升温速率下的放热量,设置保护气体为氮气,流速控制为20 mL/min,测试温度为40~250℃。
(4)极限氧指数测试
按照ASTM D 2863-10制备尺寸为130 mm×6.5 mm×3 mm的环氧树脂固化物试样,采用苏州阳屹沃尔奇检测技术有限公司5801A全自动氧指数仪测试试样的极限氧指数,每个试样均进行3次测试,结果取平均值。
(5)水平垂直燃烧实验
采用GB/T 2408—2008进行UL-94垂直燃烧测试,以评估环氧树脂固化物的燃烧等级。测试中,将试样垂直放置并两次用点火源各点燃10 s,然后移除点火源,记录试样从开始燃烧至自行熄灭所需的时间,分别记为t1t2,试样尺寸为130 mm×13 mm×3 mm。
(6)锥形量热仪测试
依照ISO 5660-1,采用锥形量热仪分析环氧树脂固化物的热释放速率(HRR)、总热释放(THR)、质量损失率(MLR)和烟雾产生等防火性能参数。实验在50 kW/m2的恒定热流条件下进行,试样尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×3 mm。为确保数据的准确性,每种试样均进行3次测试,结果取平均值。
(7)X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)
使用美国Thermo Fisher Scientific-ESCALAB 250Xi X射线光电子能谱仪对燃烧后的产物进行分析,试样尺寸为5 mm×5 mm×2 mm,每个试样均进行3次测试,结果取平均值。
(8)场发射扫描电镜分析(SEM)
对燃烧后试样表面进行喷金处理,采用韩国COXEM EM-30扫描电子显微镜进行观察,利用三英精密仪器有限公司nanoVoxel-3000高分辨率三维显微计算机断层扫描设备对试样进行逐层扫描。
(9)动态热机械分析(DMA)
使用美国TA-Q800动态热机械分析仪测试环氧树脂固化物的玻璃化转变温度,采用单悬臂模式,试样尺寸为35 mm×10 mm×1 mm,测试温度为30~200℃,升温速率为3℃/min。
(10)热重分析(TGA)
使用日本日立TG DTA7200热重分析仪测试环氧树脂固化物的热稳定性,采用氧化铝坩埚,试样尺寸为2 mm×2 mm×1 mm,测试温度为30~600℃,升温速率为10℃/min。
(11)吸水率
试验前将环氧树脂固化物试样放入50℃的烘箱干燥24 h,取出冷却至室温,利用天平称取干燥试样的质量。然后将干燥试样在去离子水中浸泡,每隔10 h后取出试样,擦干称量记录吸湿率。连续测量100 h,结果取平均值。
(12)力学性能测试
根据ISO 527-2-2012和ISO 178-2010,使用万能试验机测量环氧树脂固化物的拉伸性能和弯曲性能,每种试样测试5次以上,结果取平均值。
(13)电气性能测试
根据IEC 60243-1-2013,在硅油中采用球形电极对环氧树脂固化物进行工频击穿试验,试样尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×1 mm,采用1 kV/s的升压速率,确保试样的击穿点超过15个,并利用威布尔分布对实验数据进行分析。根据DL/T 1580—2016,将试样置于平板电极,施加12 kV电压进行泄漏电流测试,耐压时间为60 s。按照GB/T 1409—2006,使用上海杨高电气有限公司介质损耗测试仪在50 Hz频率下对试样的介质损耗因数进行测量。
通过红外光谱分析、有机元素分析对BDB和DGEBDB的合成是否成功进行验证。香草醛、DOPO、BDB和DGEBDB的红外光谱如图2所示。
图2中间产物BDB的红外光谱可知,醛基在1 667 cm-1处的吸收峰消失,同时P-H键在2 436 cm-1处的吸收峰消失,而其余基团的吸收峰保持不变。有机元素分析测试结果:BDB的分子式为C27 H23O6P,其有机元素分析计算值为:碳:66.67;氢:5.11;氧:21.34;实测值为:碳:66.92;氢:5.04;氧:21.55。结合红外光谱分析、有机元素分析测试表明BDB被成功合成。
图2最终产物DGEBDB的红外光谱可知,1 240 cm-1处的吸收峰为环氧基C-O-C的对称伸缩振动,910 cm-1处的吸收峰为环氧基C-O-C的不对称伸缩振动,841 cm-1处的吸收峰为环氧基的环振动,表明出现了环氧基团。有机元素分析测试结果为:DGEBDB的分子式为C33H33O8P,其有机元素计算值为:碳:69.61;氢:6.01;氧:19.08;实测值为:碳:68.11;氢:5.89;氧:19.13。结合红外光谱分析、有机元素分析表明DGEBDB被成功合成。
采用非等温差示扫描量热分析(DSC),详细探讨阻燃环氧树脂DGEBDB在不同升温速率下的固化特性,从而确定最优固化条件。图3为DGEBDB/MHHPA体系的非等温DSC曲线。由图3可知,以MHHPA作为固化剂,DMP-30作为催化剂,在5、10、15、20℃/min的升温速率下,温度与热流之间的关系曲线均显示出一个明确的放热峰,说明固化反应顺利进行并最终完成。此外,随着加热速率的升高,放热峰出现的温度亦随之上升。
为精确获得固化反应的各关键温度点,将不同加热速率下固化反应的起始固化温度(To)、峰值固化温度(Tp)、终止固化温度(Te)汇总在表1中。从表1可以看出,随着升温速率的升高,这些关键温度点展现出显著的变化。通过对各个升温速率下的ToTpTe进行线性拟合,推导出0℃/min下对应的温度,进而推导出理论上的固化温度:To为98.7℃,Tp为121.8℃,Te为140.2℃。根据上述DSC分析结果和制备过程中的条件因素,确定DGEBDB/MHHPA体系固化工艺为100℃/2 h+120℃/2 h+140℃/3 h。
环氧树脂的阻燃性能通常通过极限氧指数(LOI)、UL-94垂直燃烧测试和锥形量热仪测试来评估,实验结果如表2所示。由表2可知,环氧树脂固化物的LOI值随着DGEBDB含量的增加而逐步提高,从DGEBA的22.6%上升至DGEBDB-0.75的34.2%。LOI值的提高表明环氧树脂固化物阻燃性能的增强,其原理在于DOPO基团在热降解过程中形成磷酸及其衍生物,它们在环氧树脂表面形成保护层,有效阻止了氧气和热量的进一步渗透,进而提高了环氧树脂的炭化率以及阻燃性能[8]。从表2t1+t2数据(即材料在点火后燃烧的持续时间和在两次点火之间的自熄时间之和)可以看出,DGEBDB-0.25、DGEBDB-0.50和DGEBDB-0.75的t1+t2时间显著减少,其中DGEBDB-0.75的t1+t2时间减少尤为显著,其时间减少至(4.1±1.1)s。表明随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的自熄能力得到显著提升。此外,UL-94阻燃等级从DGEBA的NR未分级提高到DGEBDB-0.75的V-0等级,且均未发生蔓延或滴落现象,进一步验证了环氧树脂固化物阻燃性能的增强。因此,可以推断出DGEBDB的独特磷杂菲结构赋予了其显著的阻燃性能[6]
热释放速率(HRR)是衡量材料燃烧强度的重要参数,最大热释放速率(PHRR)代表材料在燃烧过程中达到的最高散热速率,反映了材料燃烧时所能达到的最大热量释放速度。4种环氧树脂固化物的热释放速率曲线和总热释放率(THR)曲线分别如图4图5所示。由图45可知,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,HRR曲线从最初的单一峰逐渐转变成双峰形态,与文献[25]中阻燃环氧树脂的研究结果一致。随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的PHRR值逐渐下降,表明DGEBDB的添加能有效减缓热分解过程中的热释放速率。同样地,对应的THR值也随DGEBDB含量的增加而下降,显示出整体热释放量的减少。这些变化的原因是DGEBDB分子中的DOPO基团为磷酸酯结构,该结构的存在改变了环氧树脂的热降解路径。在加热过程中,不稳定的O=P-O键容易断裂,导致体系早期分解,同时在热降解过程中,磷酸酯结构产生焦磷酸和偏磷酸等物质[26]。这些产物在高温下能够促进炭层的形成,其表面的磷酸盐层可以在热解时能阻挡氧气和热量传递[27],实现凝聚相阻燃效应,从而减缓HRR。同时,这些磷酸盐在燃烧过程中表现出较强的热稳定性,能有效保持炭层结构完整,进而降低THR。
烟雾及其携带的有毒气体会对人体和环境构成更严重的威胁。图6图7分别为4种环氧树脂固化物的烟气释放速率(SPR)和总烟气释放量(TSR)变化曲线,借助SPR和TSR的数据分析,可以有效预测环氧树脂固化物在燃烧过程中的烟雾产生状况。在SPR曲线中,每个试样的峰值代表了该体系在热解过程中单位时间内释放烟气的最大速率。从图6可以看出,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的SPR峰值逐渐降低,并且峰值出现时间也有所推迟,表明燃烧产生烟气的速率减慢。其中DGEBDB-0.75显示出最低的SPR峰值,表明其在所有测试体系中烟气释放速率最慢。从图7可以看出,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的TSP逐渐下降。这些变化的原因为磷酸盐层可以作为碳层的结构支撑,增加材料在燃烧过程中的结构完整性[28]。磷酸盐层的形成,限制了易燃物质的气化,从而减缓了烟气的产生速率。此外,磷酸盐层阻止氧气进入材料内部,有助于减少在燃烧过程中释放的总烟气量。
质量损失率(MLR)常用于描述材料在受热或燃烧过程中单位时间内质量的损失速度,图8为环氧树脂固化物的MLR曲线。由图8可知,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的MLR峰值明显降低,且峰值出现时间也有所推迟。表观燃烧热(ARHE)是指单位面积的材料在燃烧过程中释放的热量,环氧树脂固化物的ARHE曲线如图9所示。由图9可知,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的ARHE峰值远低于DGEBA的峰值。以上结果证明,DGEBDB环氧树脂固化物展现出优异的防火安全性能和较低的火灾蔓延速度。
为深入探讨气相阻燃机制,需关注燃烧过程中的3个关键指标:平均有效热生成潜热(av-ECH)、平均二氧化碳产量(av-CO2P)以及平均一氧化碳产量(av-COP),结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的 av-ECH逐步降低,表明每单位质量的材料在燃烧过程中释放的有效热量减少,有利于延缓火势蔓延。此外,由于DOPO热解产生的PO∙、PO2∙和自由基的猝熄作用,导致燃烧不充分,最终使av-CO2P下降,av-COP增加[29]
基于上述的阻燃机理分析,DGEBDB可能的阻燃机理见图10。在凝聚相中,高温条件下DOPO基团的热解促使磷酸及其衍生物的形成,这些化合物在材料表面生成保护性的炭化层或磷酸盐层,有效隔离热量和氧气,提升材料的炭化率,并阻止火焰进一步对材料的侵蚀。此外,炭化层或磷酸盐层还增强了材料的结构完整性,从而大幅提高其阻燃性能。在气相中,DOPO的分解同样释放出PO∙和PO2∙等含磷自由基,这些自由基在火焰区能够有效中和燃烧所需的活性自由基,如OH∙和H∙,中断火焰的化学反应链,从而减缓火势的扩展和热量的释放。这种综合阻燃效应不仅显著提升了环氧树脂的阻燃性能,降低了火灾风险,还优化了材料的应用安全性,使其在需要严格阻燃标准的多种应用场合中展现出优异的阻燃性能。
为了验证DGEBDB可能的阻燃机理,对燃烧后的产物进行表面XPS分析和SEM分析。图11为DGEBA和DGEBDB-0.50燃烧后表层SEM图,图12为DGEBDB-0.50燃烧后表层XPS全谱,图13为C1s信号的分峰拟合图。
图11可以看出,DGEBA燃烧后的表面疏松且有很多裂纹。而DGEBDB-0.50燃后的表面上形成更致密和更平坦的保护层。通过X射线光电子能谱技术对样品表面元素含量进行了分析,纯DGEBA的氧含量为11.35%,DGEBDB-0.50的氧含量为18.21%,其原因为表面残余物中的磷元素以焦磷酸盐或多磷酸盐的形式保留了更多的氧原子,图12中位于133.6 eV处的P2p信号和位于191.2 eV处的P2s信号可以验证。从图13可以看出,C1s峰在谱图中分裂为4个典型的结合能峰,分别位于284.8、286.2、288.5、290.6 eV。在这4个峰中,位于284.8 eV的结合能峰最为显著,它主要对应于脂肪族或芳香族化合物中的C-H、C-C和C=C键,表明试样中富含这些稳定的C-C和C-H键,这些键在提高材料的热稳定性方面起到了关键作用。位于286.2 eV的结合能峰则表明试样中存在C-N、C-OH、C-O-C和C-O-P等官能团,这些官能团有助于提高材料的阻燃性能。而位于288.5 eV处的结合能峰则对应于C=O键,表明试样中存在一定量的羰基,这些羰基在热分解过程中发挥重要作用。最后,位于290.6 eV的结合能峰对应于C-P键,表明试样中磷元素与碳元素形成了稳定的化学键,生成了磷酸盐。这种C-P键的存在有助于材料在燃烧过程中形成稳定的保护层,从而阻隔氧气和热量,进一步提高防火安全性。
通过动态力学分析评估环氧树脂固化物的储能模量(E')和介质损耗因数(tanδ),之后计算得到共混树脂体系的交联密度(ve),结果如图1415表4所示。
表4可知,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的交联密度逐渐增加,但整体仍低于纯DGEBA试样的交联密度。相应地,共混体系的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)均低于纯DGEBA,但随着DGEBDB含量的增加,Tg也随之上升。储能模量(E')随着DGEBDB含量的增加而增大,从DGEBA的2 199 MPa增加到DGEBDB-0.75的2 543 MPa,表明DGEBDB中的苯环和磷杂菲结构有助于增强环氧树脂固化物的刚性[30]。出现这些现象的原因可以解释为初步将DGEBDB引入DGEBA体系时,可能因为两种树脂间的相容性不佳或者是DGEBDB中的含磷结构所占空间较大,导致所形成的交联网络相对较松散,从而降低了共混体系的交联密度和Tg。随着DGEBDB含量的增加,DOPO的磷含量增多,为聚合物增加了更多交联点,从而推动了更高效的交联反应,促使交联结构变得更为致密,进而提高了共混体系的交联密度和Tg[6]
图16为环氧树脂固化物的TGA曲线,图17为环氧树脂固化物的DTG曲线,表5总结了环氧树脂固化物5%失重温度(Td5%)、最大失重温度(Tmax)、最大失重率(Rmax)和在700℃时的残留率(R700)。
图16表5可以看出,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的Td5%呈现显著的下降趋势,DGEBDB-0.25、DGEBDB-0.50和DGEBDB-0.75的Td5%分别为343.29、334.15、300.97℃,表明由于香草醛基官能团的引入,共混体系的热稳定性相较于纯DGEBA体系有所下降。原因可能有两个:其一可能是杂质的影响,在提纯DGEBDB的阶段可能引入了较多的杂质,导致其热稳定性下降;其二可能是DGEBDB官能团的热解温度较低,O=P-O键不如C-C键稳定,导致DGEBDB在较早阶段开始分解。在700℃时,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的R700也随之提高,其中DGEBDB-0.75的R700高达15.12%,显著超过了纯DGEBA的R700(4.87%),表明DGEBDB-0.75具有较高的碳层形成能力。
图17表5可以看出,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的Tmax随之下降。其中DGEBDB-0.75的Tmax为395.49℃,较纯DGEBA降低了36.89℃。这一结果表明,在含DGEBDB的体系中,最大质量损失速率出现在较低温度,可以印证共混体系在热分解早期阶段的活性较高。其原因除去杂质的影响外,还可能的原因为含磷基团的降解产生磷酸、多磷酸,而生成的酸加速了环氧树脂的分解[31],从而导致Tmax降低。
通过化学结构的深入分析,发现DOPO的加入调整了固化体系的热解过程。DOPO结构在高温下能够促进稳定的磷酸盐屏障形成,有助于炭层的生成,并因此提高材料的阻燃性能。但是,生成的磷酸盐可能在温度较低时就发生分解行为,导致材料热稳定性下降。
吸水率为环氧树脂在实际服役中重要的性能,图18为环氧树脂固化物的吸水率曲线。由图18可知,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的吸水率逐步升高,且高于纯DGEBA体系,可能的原因为DGEBDB引入了较大的磷酸基团,增加了材料的空间位阻,大基团会阻碍分子间的紧密堆积,使分子间的空隙增大,使水分子更容易入侵到材料内部,导致吸水率上升。
图19为环氧树脂固化物的力学性能。从图19可以看出,纯DGEBA的弯曲强度较低(122.7 MPa),当加入质量分数为25%的DGEBDB时,共混体系的弯曲强度提升至128.0 MPa。当DGEBDB质量分数增至50%时,共混体系的弯曲强度下降至117.3 MPa,而DGEBDB质量分数增至75%时,共混体系的弯曲强度进一步下降至101.33 MPa。这一现象表明,尽管DGEBDB中的苯环可能在初始时能增加材料的局部刚性,但DOPO大的空间位阻会导致整体网络结构的疏松和分子间相互作用力的减弱,进而降低了材料抵抗外力弯曲的能力[8]。随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的拉伸强度随之增加,表明DGEBDB在提高材料抗拉性能方面起到了积极的作用,非极性磷酸酯链段和多环芳香基团的加入增加了分子间的物理缠结,增强了材料在受到拉伸力时的整体力学性能。
这种对弯曲强度和拉伸强度不同的影响归因于DGEBDB在微观结构层面上对分子网络的影响。在弯曲性能中,过量的DGEBDB降低了材料的整体网络密度和刚性,而在拉伸条件下,DGEBDB促进了更好的链段移动性和分子间缠结,提供了更高的延展性和强度。因此,DGEBDB的确切含量对于获得理想的力学性能至关重要,需要根据特定应用的需求来精准调控。
在环氧树脂基复合材料的性能评估中,电气性能的测量是至关重要的。图20为环氧树脂固化物的电气性能。
图20可知,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,共混体系的泄漏电流虽呈现出先下降后略微上升的趋势,但整体的波动性极小,表明引入DGEBDB对试样泄漏电流的影响相对微弱。介质损耗因数反映了材料在交变电场中能量的损耗水平。随着DGEBDB含量的增加,介质损耗因数同样也表现出先下降后略微上升的变化趋势,其中纯DGEBA展现出较高的介质损耗因数,DGEBDB-0.25具有最低的介质损耗因数。介质损耗因数先下降的原因可能是DGEBDB引入较大的磷酸基团,增大了材料的空间位阻[6],大基团会阻碍分子间的紧密堆积,使分子间的空隙增大。这些空隙本质上增加了材料中的自由体积,从而降低了因偶极子重排而产生的摩擦损耗,使介质损耗因数下降[32-33]。然而,随着DGEBDB含量的增加,材料中可能引入了更多的杂质,如环氧氯丙烷和部分盐类残留物,这些杂质造成极化损耗增加,最终使介质损耗因数上升。而极化损耗增加,会造成发热增大,更容易发生热击穿,从而导致环氧树脂固化物的电气强度下降。
本文成功制备了含磷的香草醛基阻燃剂DGEBDB,通过详细探究其对环氧树脂阻燃性能、热性能、电气性能及力学性能的具体影响,得出以下结论:
(1)随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的限氧指数(LOI)和阻燃等级显著提升,同时热释放速率(HRR)和总热释放(THR)大幅下降,表明了DGEBDB在提高材料阻燃性能方面的有效性。
(2)随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂固化物的玻璃化转变温度、热稳定性提升,通过TGA和DTG可知,DGEBDB可以优化环氧树脂在高温条件下的炭层生成能力,从而有效增强了其阻燃性能。
(3)DGEBDB的加入降低了环氧树脂固化物的介质损耗因数,表明其在电气绝缘材料领域具有应用潜力。随着DGEBDB含量的增加,环氧树脂的力学性能先增大后减小,说明合适的DGEBDB含量能够通过增加材料的刚性和交联密度来提高机械强度。
(4)通过调节含磷生物基阻燃剂DGEBDB与环氧树脂的配比,可以实现材料阻燃性能的显著提升。当DGEBDB的质量分数为25%时,共混体系的阻燃性能、电气性能和力学性能均相对优良。
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.010
  • 接收时间:2024-07-01
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-01
  • 修回日期:2024-08-21
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    1.河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室(华北电力大学),河北 保定 071003
    2.新能源电力系统国家重点实验室(华北电力大学),北京 102206

通讯作者:

刘贺晨(1989-),男(汉族),河北保定人,副教授,博士,研究方向为环保型环氧树脂及其复合材料研制、电气设备绝缘状态评估及聚合物电树枝特性研究等。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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