Article(id=1203281645475439246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724774400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-28, revisedDate=1727366400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814300172, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814300172, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814300172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814300172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=67, endPage=75, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281646045864608, articleId=1203281645475439246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Electrical-mechanical properties of epoxy resin modified with inorganic CaCO3 oligomer and organic siloxane, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In order to realize the synergistic enhancement of electrical-mechanical properties of epoxy resin for power electronics encapsulation, CaCO3 oligomer inorganic nanoparticle filler was prepared by solution method, epoxy resin was carried out organic matrix-inorganic filler modification together with organic silicone, and single inorganic modified, single organic modified, and organo-inorganic jointly modified epoxy resin composites were prepared. Taking the pure epoxy resin as a reference, the AC electric strength, DC volume conductivity, surface potential attenuation characteristics of the four epoxy resin composites were investigated, and the internal trap energy levels were calculated from them, while their bending strength and impact strength characteristics were also investigated. The results show that the electrical properties of single inorganic modified, single organic modified, and organic-inorganic co-modified epoxy resin composites are significantly improved, and their electric strength increases by 6.55%, 12.66% and 9.61%, respectively. Their DC volume resistivity is 5 times bigger than that of pure epoxy resin, the surface potential decay rate decreases, the trap density and trap energy increase, but the improvement of electrical properties by the organic-inorganic co-modification do not superimpose compared with single modification. The flexural and impact strengths of the modified epoxy resin composites significantly increase, with exponential growth compared to the pure epoxy resin. The research results provide a reference for the performance improvement of modified epoxy resin composites in the field of power electronics insulation and encapsulation.

, articleAbstract=

In order to realize the synergistic enhancement of electrical-mechanical properties of epoxy resin for power electronics encapsulation, CaCO3 oligomer inorganic nanoparticle filler was prepared by solution method, epoxy resin was carried out organic matrix-inorganic filler modification together with organic silicone, and single inorganic modified, single organic modified, and organo-inorganic jointly modified epoxy resin composites were prepared. Taking the pure epoxy resin as a reference, the AC electric strength, DC volume conductivity, surface potential attenuation characteristics of the four epoxy resin composites were investigated, and the internal trap energy levels were calculated from them, while their bending strength and impact strength characteristics were also investigated. The results show that the electrical properties of single inorganic modified, single organic modified, and organic-inorganic co-modified epoxy resin composites are significantly improved, and their electric strength increases by 6.55%, 12.66% and 9.61%, respectively. Their DC volume resistivity is 5 times bigger than that of pure epoxy resin, the surface potential decay rate decreases, the trap density and trap energy increase, but the improvement of electrical properties by the organic-inorganic co-modification do not superimpose compared with single modification. The flexural and impact strengths of the modified epoxy resin composites significantly increase, with exponential growth compared to the pure epoxy resin. The research results provide a reference for the performance improvement of modified epoxy resin composites in the field of power electronics insulation and encapsulation.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhuohan LI, Kai YIN, Potao SUN, Wenxia SIMA, Xiangrong CHEN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1203281653570446328, articleId=1203281645475439246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=CN, title=无机CaCO3寡聚体与有机硅氧烷改性环氧树脂电学-力学特性研究, columnId=1190369066813591720, journalTitle=绝缘材料, columnName=材料研究, runingTitle=null, highlight=

为实现电力电子封装用环氧树脂电学-力学性能的协同提升,本文采用溶液法制备了无机CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子填料,与有机硅氧烷共同对环氧树脂进行有机基体与无机填料改性,制备了单一无机改性、单一有机改性与有机-无机共同改性的3种环氧树脂复合材料。以纯环氧树脂为参照,电学性能方面分别研究了4种环氧树脂复合材料的交流电气强度、直流体积电导率、表面电位衰减特性,并由此计算材料内部陷阱能级;力学性能方面研究了4种环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度和冲击强度。结果表明:单一无机改性、单一有机改性与有机-无机共同改性的环氧树脂复合材料电学性能显著提升,其电气强度较纯环氧树脂分别提升了6.55%、12.66%和9.61%,直流体积电阻率为纯环氧树脂的5倍,表面电位衰减速率下降,陷阱密度增大,陷阱能级提升,然而有机-无机共同改性与单一改性相比,电学特性未有叠加提升;改性后环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度与冲击强度大幅提高,相比于纯环氧树脂有成倍增长。研究结果为改性环氧树脂复合材料在电力电子绝缘封装领域的性能提升提供了参考。

, articleAbstract=

为实现电力电子封装用环氧树脂电学-力学性能的协同提升,本文采用溶液法制备了无机CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子填料,与有机硅氧烷共同对环氧树脂进行有机基体与无机填料改性,制备了单一无机改性、单一有机改性与有机-无机共同改性的3种环氧树脂复合材料。以纯环氧树脂为参照,电学性能方面分别研究了4种环氧树脂复合材料的交流电气强度、直流体积电导率、表面电位衰减特性,并由此计算材料内部陷阱能级;力学性能方面研究了4种环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度和冲击强度。结果表明:单一无机改性、单一有机改性与有机-无机共同改性的环氧树脂复合材料电学性能显著提升,其电气强度较纯环氧树脂分别提升了6.55%、12.66%和9.61%,直流体积电阻率为纯环氧树脂的5倍,表面电位衰减速率下降,陷阱密度增大,陷阱能级提升,然而有机-无机共同改性与单一改性相比,电学特性未有叠加提升;改性后环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度与冲击强度大幅提高,相比于纯环氧树脂有成倍增长。研究结果为改性环氧树脂复合材料在电力电子绝缘封装领域的性能提升提供了参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈向荣(1982-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为先进电气材料与高压绝缘测试技术、先进电力装备与新型电缆系统、高电压新技术等。
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李卓函(2002-),男(汉族),辽宁海城人,硕士生,研究方向为电气绝缘材料与高压绝缘测试技术;

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李卓函(2002-),男(汉族),辽宁海城人,硕士生,研究方向为电气绝缘材料与高压绝缘测试技术;

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李卓函(2002-),男(汉族),辽宁海城人,硕士生,研究方向为电气绝缘材料与高压绝缘测试技术;

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试样尺度参数α形状参数β
Pure EP72.1041.98
Si/EP81.2320.07
CaCO3/EP76.8257.90
CaCO3-Si/EP79.0317.62
), ArticleFig(id=1203362951559360622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281645475439246, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

威布尔分布的形状参数与尺度参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样尺度参数α形状参数β
Pure EP72.1041.98
Si/EP81.2320.07
CaCO3/EP76.8257.90
CaCO3-Si/EP79.0317.62
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无机CaCO3寡聚体与有机硅氧烷改性环氧树脂电学-力学特性研究
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李卓函 1 , 阴凯 1 , 孙魄韬 2 , 司马文霞 2 , 陈向荣 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(6): 67-75
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(6): 67-75
无机CaCO3寡聚体与有机硅氧烷改性环氧树脂电学-力学特性研究
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李卓函1, 阴凯1, 孙魄韬2, 司马文霞2, 陈向荣1
作者信息
  • 1.浙江大学 电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
  • 2.重庆大学 输配电装备技术全国重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 李卓函(2002-),男(汉族),辽宁海城人,硕士生,研究方向为电气绝缘材料与高压绝缘测试技术;

通讯作者:

陈向荣(1982-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为先进电气材料与高压绝缘测试技术、先进电力装备与新型电缆系统、高电压新技术等。
Electrical-mechanical properties of epoxy resin modified with inorganic CaCO3 oligomer and organic siloxane
Zhuohan LI1, Kai YIN1, Potao SUN2, Wenxia SIMA2, Xiangrong CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Electrical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.009
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为实现电力电子封装用环氧树脂电学-力学性能的协同提升,本文采用溶液法制备了无机CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子填料,与有机硅氧烷共同对环氧树脂进行有机基体与无机填料改性,制备了单一无机改性、单一有机改性与有机-无机共同改性的3种环氧树脂复合材料。以纯环氧树脂为参照,电学性能方面分别研究了4种环氧树脂复合材料的交流电气强度、直流体积电导率、表面电位衰减特性,并由此计算材料内部陷阱能级;力学性能方面研究了4种环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度和冲击强度。结果表明:单一无机改性、单一有机改性与有机-无机共同改性的环氧树脂复合材料电学性能显著提升,其电气强度较纯环氧树脂分别提升了6.55%、12.66%和9.61%,直流体积电阻率为纯环氧树脂的5倍,表面电位衰减速率下降,陷阱密度增大,陷阱能级提升,然而有机-无机共同改性与单一改性相比,电学特性未有叠加提升;改性后环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度与冲击强度大幅提高,相比于纯环氧树脂有成倍增长。研究结果为改性环氧树脂复合材料在电力电子绝缘封装领域的性能提升提供了参考。

环氧树脂  /  填料改性  /  电学性能  /  力学性能

In order to realize the synergistic enhancement of electrical-mechanical properties of epoxy resin for power electronics encapsulation, CaCO3 oligomer inorganic nanoparticle filler was prepared by solution method, epoxy resin was carried out organic matrix-inorganic filler modification together with organic silicone, and single inorganic modified, single organic modified, and organo-inorganic jointly modified epoxy resin composites were prepared. Taking the pure epoxy resin as a reference, the AC electric strength, DC volume conductivity, surface potential attenuation characteristics of the four epoxy resin composites were investigated, and the internal trap energy levels were calculated from them, while their bending strength and impact strength characteristics were also investigated. The results show that the electrical properties of single inorganic modified, single organic modified, and organic-inorganic co-modified epoxy resin composites are significantly improved, and their electric strength increases by 6.55%, 12.66% and 9.61%, respectively. Their DC volume resistivity is 5 times bigger than that of pure epoxy resin, the surface potential decay rate decreases, the trap density and trap energy increase, but the improvement of electrical properties by the organic-inorganic co-modification do not superimpose compared with single modification. The flexural and impact strengths of the modified epoxy resin composites significantly increase, with exponential growth compared to the pure epoxy resin. The research results provide a reference for the performance improvement of modified epoxy resin composites in the field of power electronics insulation and encapsulation.

epoxy resin  /  filler modification  /  electrical properties  /  mechanical properties
李卓函, 阴凯, 孙魄韬, 司马文霞, 陈向荣. 无机CaCO3寡聚体与有机硅氧烷改性环氧树脂电学-力学特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 67 -75 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.009
Zhuohan LI, Kai YIN, Potao SUN, Wenxia SIMA, Xiangrong CHEN. Electrical-mechanical properties of epoxy resin modified with inorganic CaCO3 oligomer and organic siloxane[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 67 -75 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.009
随着新型电力系统建设的持续发展,近年来以新能源、新材料为支撑的电力电子技术发展迅速,在电力系统、国防军工、工业自动化等领域发挥着重要作用[1-2]。在此背景下,大功率电力电子器件在高温高压等多物理场作用下的运行可靠性尤其是电气绝缘性能面临着巨大挑战[3]。目前,传统的硅(Si)基器件因技术成熟且成本较低的特点而得到广泛应用,但其在电压、功率等方面的性能已接近理论极限,难以满足工程应用中电力系统对电力电子功率器件日益增长的需求[4]。近年来,碳化硅(SiC)器件作为一种宽禁带功率器件受到了研究人员的广泛关注与研究[5],然而,目前所使用的封装绝缘材料无法满足SiC功率器件对更高电压、更高温度的要求[6],因此亟需研发耐高温高压及具有优良力学性能的新型封装绝缘材料。
环氧树脂(EP)作为一种具有优良电气绝缘性能及力学性能的绝缘材料,在盆式绝缘子[7]、电缆终端绝缘套管[8]、复合横担[9]、电力电子器件绝缘封装[10]等领域取得了广泛应用,其作为功率器件绝缘封装的灌封材料长期承受电场以及机械应力的作用,产生的电气损伤与机械损伤可能导致封装绝缘提前失效[11]。因此,研发具有优异电气性能和力学性能的环氧树脂复合绝缘材料具有重要意义。
随着纳米技术的发展,研究人员通过在环氧树脂中引入纳米填料制备环氧树脂纳米复合材料实现性能的提升。杨国清等[12]采用CF4/N2等离子体协同偶联剂改性纳米SiO2为填料制备环氧复合材料,结果表明当SiO2填料质量分数为3%时,环氧复合材料的闪络电压和电气强度较纯环氧树脂分别提高了10.58%和11.6%。阴凯等[13]通过化学聚合法制备了聚苯乙烯纳米微球填料并填充环氧树脂制备了复合材料,发现复合材料表现出优异的电学特性,纳米微球的引入降低了复合材料的介质损耗,限制了空间电荷的注入,并加深了基体中的陷阱能级。WANG Y等[14]以碳化硅晶须(SiCws)为填料制备了具有形状记忆功能的环氧复合材料。当SiCws质量分数为12%时,环氧复合材料的抗弯强度和抗拉强度相比纯环氧树脂分别提高了64.1%和77.16%。单一的填料引入只能通过控制填充浓度来调整复合材料的性能,但无机填料在环氧基体中引起的团聚限制了复合材料性能的提升,采用有机聚合物对环氧树脂进行有机基体改性,复合材料的宏观特性以及填料分散性可实现一定程度的提升[15]。然而,目前采用有机基体-无机填料共同改性环氧树脂以实现环氧树脂复合材料电学性能和力学性能协同提升的研究较少,无机填料与有机基体的共同作用对环氧复合材料电学性能和力学性能的影响规律并不清晰,因此有必要开展有机基体-无机填料改性对电力电子绝缘封装用环氧树脂复合材料电学性能和力学性能影响的研究。
本文采用纳米CaCO3无机粒子以及有机硅氧烷分别对环氧树脂进行单一无机改性、单一有机改性以及有机基体-无机填料共同改性。有机硅氧烷(Siloxane)是指含有Si-O-Si键的有机化合物,本文选用的有机硅氧烷为环氧封端二苯基三硅氧烷,其化学结构式如图1所示。由于有机硅氧烷中Si-O键长较长,导致其黏度较低,室温下黏度为30~50 mPa·s,因此有机硅氧烷是环氧树脂常见的稀释改性剂。纳米CaCO3寡聚体填料因粒径小而具有较高的表面能,使得纳米CaCO3粒子间的相互作用力较大,因此在环氧树脂基体中的分散性较好,且不易发生团聚。以纯环氧树脂作为参考,对改性前后环氧复合材料的交流击穿特性、电导率、表面电位衰减特性、陷阱能级以及弯曲强度、冲击强度进行测试,并对填料改性影响环氧复合材料电学性能和力学性能的机理进行分析,研究结果可为电力电子绝缘封装用环氧树脂复合材料的电学性能和力学性能的提升提供参考。
环氧树脂:双酚A型环氧树脂E51,杭州市五会港胶粘剂有限公司;固化剂:甲基六氢苯酐(MHHPA),常州润祥化工有限公司;促进剂:2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30),常州润祥化工有限公司;有机硅氧烷:环氧封端二苯基三硅氧烷,浙江赢科新材料股份有限公司;脱模剂:型号为JD-909A,东莞市佳丹润滑油有限公司;二水合氯化钙粉末、乙醇,上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;三乙胺,上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司。
采用溶液法制备CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子[16],制备具体流程如图2所示,具体步骤如下:
(1)将1 g二水合氯化钙粉末(CaCl2·2H2O)加入200 mL无水乙醇中进行超声溶解,接着加入25 mL三乙胺(TEA),在50℃、800 r/min条件下磁力搅拌 2 min。
(2)使用二氧化碳钢瓶经洗气瓶以100 mL/min的速度通气,通气时间为10 min,磁力搅拌15 min,得到含有纳米CaCO3寡聚体的半透明溶液。
(3)为进一步浓缩CaCO3寡聚体,将上述含有纳米CaCO3寡聚体的半透明溶液取出,在离心机中以5 500 r/min转速高速离心5 min,离心后试管中上清液为三乙胺乙醇溶液,下层凝胶状固体即为CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子与少量乙醇。
选用有机硅氧烷对环氧基体进行有机基体改性,选用CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子对环氧基体进行无机填料改性,制备环氧树脂有机-无机复合材料,具体制备流程如下:
(1)在烧杯中加入适量固化剂,将CaCO3寡聚体凝胶加入固化剂中,超声分散30 s,直至凝胶完全分散溶解,之后在70℃下干燥24 h。
(2)在烧杯中加入环氧树脂和质量分数为2.5%的有机硅氧烷,在60℃下预热10 min后加入步骤(1)中得到的混合溶液,在40℃下机械搅拌5 min后加入促进剂,再机械搅拌5 min,接着在60℃下真空脱气30 min,制备过程使用的环氧树脂、固化剂与促进剂的质量比为100∶85∶1.2。
(3)将脱气后的混合溶液倒入预热并喷涂脱模剂的模具,在80℃预固化1 h,再在120℃固化4 h,冷却至室温脱模后得到环氧树脂复合材料。
本文选用的无机CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子和有机硅氧烷填料的填充量设计依据如下:填充高浓度CaCO3寡聚体会引入过量酒精且不能完全挥发,高浓度有机硅氧烷的添加会改变环氧树脂的固化特性,同时考虑到制备工艺的一致性,本文选用的 CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子填充质量分数为0.25%,硅氧烷填充质量分数为2.5%。
为了对环氧树脂进行无机改性、有机改性与有机-无机共同改性,本文以纯环氧树脂为对照,分别制备了纯环氧树脂试样,各自添加2.5%有机硅氧烷、0.25% CaCO3纳米粒子的环氧树脂复合材料试样,同时添加2.5%有机硅氧烷和0.25% CaCO3纳米粒子的环氧树脂复合材料试样。为便于表述,4种试样分别简称为Pure EP、Si/EP、CaCO3/EP、CaCO3-Si/EP。
理化性能表征:采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,型号为JSM-IT800,日本电子株式会社)对环氧树脂复合材料截面的微观状态进行观测;采用透射电子显微镜(TEM,型号为HT-700,日本日立公司)对 CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子在固化剂甲基六氢苯酐溶液中的分散形态进行观测;采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,型号为Nicolet IS50,美国Thermo Fisher公司)对环氧树脂复合材料进行红外光谱分析,测试波数为400~3 600 cm-1
电学性能测试:包括交流电气强度测试、直流电导率测试以及表面电位衰减特性测试。采用江苏盛华电气有限公司的100 kV交流耐压设备系统在25℃、标准大气压下对环氧树脂复合材料开展交流击穿试验,使用GB/T 1408.1—2016规定的球板电极,击穿试样厚度为190~220 μm,同种试样进行15次有效击穿,击穿数据采用双参数威布尔统计分布进行分析,双参数威布尔分布概率密度函数如式(1)所示。
F(x)=1-exp[-(xα)β]
式(1)中:F(x)为击穿概率;x为电气强度;α为尺度参数,是击穿概率为63.2%时的电气强度;β为形状参数,描述电气强度的分散程度。
采用三电极法对环氧树脂复合材料进行直流电导率测试,在25℃、标准大气压下,对厚度为200 μm的试样外加40 kV/mm强电场,分别进行900 s的极化与600 s的去极化过程并记录电导电流值,提取极化过程最后10个点的电流数据进行平均值计算,以此作为试样的电导电流实际值,最终根据公式(2)计算试样的直流体积电阻率。
ρ=1γ=EJ=SUId
式(2)中:ρ为体积电阻率,Ω·m;γ为体积电导率, S/m;E为电场强度,kV/mm;J为电流密度,A/m2S为电极面积,m2U为施加电压,V;I为电导电流,A;d为试样厚度,m。
采用自研表面电位衰减系统对环氧树脂复合材料的表面电位衰减特性进行测试,试验温度为25℃,气压为标准大气压,电晕充电时间为2 min,电晕充电结束后电位采集时间为40 min。
力学性能测试:包括弯曲强度测试和冲击强度测试。采用德国Zwick公司的万能试验机(型号为Zwick/Roell Z020)对环氧树脂复合材料进行三点弯曲测试,得到弯曲应力-应变曲线,进而得到弯曲强度、弹性模量等,弯曲试样尺寸为100 mm×15 mm×4 mm;采用环球(香港)科技有限公司的摆锤冲击仪(型号为CE&Lambda)对环氧树脂复合材料进行冲击强度测试,冲击试样尺寸为100 mm×10 mm×4 mm,5个试样为1组,对测试结果进行算术平均作为最终测试结果。
Pure EP、CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料的断面SEM图如图3所示。从图3可以看出,复合材料断面为网状结构,表明有机硅氧烷与环氧树脂实现均匀复合,在高放大倍数下未发现CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子的分布。分析认为CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子与固化剂甲基六氢苯酐发生化学反应,生成了有机-无机杂化分子[17],该分子与环氧树脂发生交联反应,粒径很小的CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子可以在分子尺度上很好地与固化剂及环氧树脂交联结合,微观表现为无法看到CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子在固化剂-环氧树脂基体中的颗粒分散,不存在传统复合材料无序纳米粒子大量光的散射,因此复合材料透明度很高,如图4所示。
图5为CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子在甲基六氢苯酐溶液中的TEM图。由图5可知,CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子粒径很小,约为5 nm,且在甲基六氢苯酐溶液中分散性较好,进一步验证了SEM图的分析结果。
为了验证有机硅氧烷对环氧树脂基体实现有机改性,对4种复合材料试样进行了FTIR测试,结果如图6所示。由图6可知,Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料试样在波数为1 103 cm-1处的吸收峰峰值较Pure EP试样有所上升,此处对应硅氧烷中Si-O-Si键的反对称伸缩振动,说明环氧树脂基体成功实现有机硅氧烷改性。
Pure EP、CaCO3/EP、Si/EP以及CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料试样的交流电气强度双参数威布尔分布统计结果如图7所示,威布尔分布的尺度参数α和形状参数β表2所示。由图7可知,在交流电场作用下,Si/EP、CaCO3/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP 3种复合材料试样的电气强度均实现提升,在击穿概率为63.2%下,CaCO3/EP试样的电气强度较Pure EP试样的电气强度提升了6.55%,Si/EP试样的电气强度为81.23 kV/mm,较Pure EP试样提升了12.66%。然而,CaCO3-Si/EP试样的电气强度相比Si/EP试样有所下降,相比Pure EP试样提升了9.61%。上述结果表明,对环氧树脂基体进行单一无机填料改性和单一有机基体改性均可以实现复合材料电气强度的提升,然而对环氧树脂基体同时进行无机填料-有机基体改性并不能实现复合材料电气强度提升效果的叠加,甚至出现了有机基体-无机填料改性效果较单一有机基体改性效果有所减弱的现象。
使用三电极法测得4种复合材料试样在40 kV/mm电场下的直流体积电阻率如图8所示。
图8可以看出,Pure EP、CaCO3/EP、Si/EP、CaCO3-Si/EP试样的直流体积电阻率分别为3.54×1014、1.79×1015、1.87×1015、1.89×1015 Ω·m,其中CaCO3/EP、Si/EP以及CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料试样的直流体积电阻率差别不大,约为Pure EP试样的5倍。说明无机填料改性和有机基体改性均可实现复合材料直流体积电阻率的大幅提高,然而无机填料-有机基体双重改性对复合材料直流体积电阻率的提高效果与单一改性效果持平,不能实现无机改性和有机改性效果的叠加。
图9为Pure EP、CaCO3/EP 、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料试样的表面电位衰减曲线,为方便相互比较,将4种试样的表面电位进行归一化处理。
图9可知,Pure EP试样的表面电位衰减速度最快,在0~600 s内快速下降,1 000 s后电位衰减速度逐渐趋于稳定,稳态电位为初始电位的41%。 CaCO3/EP试样的表面电位初始衰减速率较快,在300 s后电位衰减逐渐趋于稳定,稳定的归一化电位为0.71。相比之下,Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP试样的表面电位随时间变化衰减缓慢,2 400 s后的归一化电位分别为0.73和0.82。
由以上结果可知,与Pure EP试样相比,无机填料改性和有机基体改性均可以减慢复合材料试样的表面电位衰减过程,且有机基体-无机填料共同改性的CaCO3-Si/EP试样表面电位衰减速率最慢。根据以上结果分析认为,有机基体-无机填料改性引入的有机硅氧烷链段以及CaCO3纳米粒子在环氧树脂基体内部引入了深陷阱,其能够捕获复合材料内部的载流子,限制载流子的迁移,被捕获的载流子在深陷阱中不易逃逸,导致环氧树脂复合材料试样的表面电位衰减速率降低。
复合材料试样内部电荷的衰减和输运特性与试样中的陷阱捕获与释放过程紧密相关,因此有必要探究4种环氧复合材料的陷阱能级特性。根据简化等温松弛电流(isothermal relaxation current,IRC)理论,陷阱能级(Etrap)与陷阱密度(N(Etrap))分别由式(2)式(3)计算。
Etrap=kBTln(vt)
N(Etrap)=ε0εrkBTf0(Et)δqdtdVdt
式(2)~(3)中:εrkBq分别表示相对介电常数、玻尔兹曼常数和电荷量;δ为注入载流子厚度;T为绝对温度;v为电子振动频率;d为试样厚度;f0(Et)为初始电荷占有率。
图10为Pure EP、CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料试样的陷阱能级分布。
图10可知,常温下Pure EP、CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP试样内部均存在深陷阱,深陷阱能级分别为1.048、1.029、1.102、1.039 eV,其中Si/EP试样的陷阱能级最深。此外,CaCO3-Si/EP试样内部不存在浅陷阱,其他3种试样的浅陷阱能级分别为0.918、0.897、0.896 eV。在陷阱密度方面,CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP试样的深陷阱密度均大于Pure EP试样,分别为Pure EP试样的3.48倍、4.07倍和4.71倍;CaCO3/EP和Si/EP试样的浅陷阱密度均低于Pure EP试样,而浅陷阱能级略高于Pure EP试样。由以上结果推断,无机纳米填料和有机硅氧烷中引入的硅氧烷链段以及其他官能团(如苯基)增加了环氧基质中的缺陷数量,导致深陷阱密度及能级的增加,使陷阱捕获电荷的能力增强,载流子迁移率下降。这也进一步解释了与Pure EP试样相比,复合材料的电导率以及表面电位衰减速率有一定程度降低的原因。
4种复合材料试样的弯曲应力-应变曲线如图 11所示。由图11可知,Pure EP、Si/EP、CaCO3/EP以及CaCO3-Si/EP试样的弯曲强度分别为30.21、42.40、75.13、97.98 MPa,其中CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP试样的弯曲强度分别为Pure EP试样的1.40倍、2.49倍和3.24倍。由此可知,无机填料改性和有机基体改性可以不同程度地提高环氧复合材料的弯曲强度,实现复合材料的增韧,且有机-无机共同改性作用下复合材料的弯曲强度得到大幅提高。
4种复合材料试样的冲击强度测试结果如图12所示。由图12可知,Pure EP、CaCO3/EP、Si/EP、以及CaCO3-Si/EP试样的冲击强度分别为2.45、5.07、8.61、10.04 kJ/m2,其中Si/EP、CaCO3/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP试样的冲击强度分别是Pure EP试样的2.07倍、3.51倍和4.10倍。此外,4种试样的冲击强度测试数据的标准差分别为0.08、2.79、3.11和2.76,数据标准差较小,说明测试结果较为准确。
以上结果表明,无机填料改性和有机基体改性均可以使复合材料的冲击强度提高,且有机-无机共同改性作用下复合材料的冲击强度提升效果较单一改性更好。
电学性能方面,有机基体改性引入的小分子硅氧烷链段使得环氧树脂形成更为致密的交联结构,减少了环氧基体的固有缺陷及电击穿弱点。无机填料改性引入的纳米CaCO3粒子具有很大的比表面积和良好的界面,当其均匀分散在环氧树脂基体中时,环氧基体和CaCO3纳米粒子之间会形成厚度为几纳米的界面,称为介电双层,该概念由日本学者T TANAKA在2005年首次提出[18]。界面区域存在的缺陷使得自由电子的平均自由程缩短,导致自由电子难以在电场中获得击穿所需的能量,从而实现了复合材料电气强度的提高。此外,硅氧烷链段以及纳米粒子界面在环氧基体内部引入了深陷阱,其对载流子的捕获作用限制了载流子的迁移,导致复合材料电导率的下降以及表面电位衰减速率的降低。一般来说,聚合物电介质材料电学性能的提升是改性填料与环氧树脂费米能级的差异造成的,然而在有机-无机填料作用下,填料与环氧树脂费米能级的差异是一定的,因此有机-无机共同改性对环氧树脂电学性能的改善效果有限,这也解释了本文中CaCO3纳米粒子与有机硅树脂共同改性并不能使环氧复合材料电学性能提升效果叠加的原因。
力学性能方面,对环氧树脂进行有机基体改性引入了硅氧烷链段,使环氧树脂复合材料具有较高的韧性,能够吸收和分散外力,从而减少复合材料内部的应力集中,提高了复合材料的抗冲击性和断裂韧性。当环氧基体承受持续外力或能量冲击的影响时,CaCO3纳米粒子引入的介电双层可以吸收冲击能量,从而实现抑制机械损伤的发展,使复合材料增韧。同时纳米粒子在环氧基体中可起到“锚定”作用,当因外部应力产生的机械损伤延伸至CaCO3纳米粒子处时,其能够有效地阻止损伤的进一步延伸扩展,从而实现复合材料力学性能的增强。在有机-无机改性共同作用下,硅氧烷链段可以改善环氧树脂与CaCO3纳米粒子填料之间的界面相容性,良好的界面相容性有助于更有效地传递应力,从而提高了复合材料的力学性能。
本文采用无机CaCO3寡聚体纳米粒子与有机硅氧烷分别进行单一无机改性、单一有机改性和有机-无机共同改性制备了环氧树脂复合材料,采用纯环氧树脂作为对照,对理化性能、电学性能及力学性能进行测试与分析,得到以下结论:
(1)CaCO3纳米粒子无机改性与有机硅氧烷有机改性均使复合材料的电气强度提高,相比纯环氧树脂分别提高了6.55%和12.66%,有机基体-无机填料共同改性作用下复合材料的电气强度提升效果相比于有机基体改性有所减弱,相比纯环氧树脂提升了9.61%。
(2)CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料的直流体积电阻率相近,相比纯环氧树脂显著提高,为纯环氧树脂的5倍。无机填料改性和有机基体改性使得环氧树脂复合材料内部引入了深陷阱,陷阱密度与能级相比纯环氧树脂均有提升,CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP复合材料的陷阱密度分别为纯环氧树脂的3.48倍、4.07倍和4.71倍。
(4)无机填料改性和有机基体改性均提高了环氧树脂复合材料的弯曲强度和冲击强度,CaCO3/EP、Si/EP和CaCO3-Si/EP试样的弯曲强度分别为纯环氧树脂试样的1.40倍、2.49倍和3.24倍,冲击强度分别为纯环氧树脂试样的2.07倍、3.51倍和4.10倍。
谨以此文祝贺浙江大学电气工程学院高电压实验室创建70周年!
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.009
  • 接收时间:2024-08-28
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-28
  • 修回日期:2024-09-27
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    1.浙江大学 电气工程学院,浙江 杭州 310027
    2.重庆大学 输配电装备技术全国重点实验室,重庆 400044

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陈向荣(1982-),男(汉族),湖南邵阳人,教授,博士生导师,研究方向为先进电气材料与高压绝缘测试技术、先进电力装备与新型电缆系统、高电压新技术等。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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