Article(id=1203281644468810007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1731427200000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-13, revisedDate=1739721600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814299932, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814299932, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814299932, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814299932, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=51, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281644745634085, articleId=1203281644468810007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and performance study of flame-retardant and hydrophobic fluorinated polyimide porous composite films, columnId=1203281640207393262, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High Performance Polyimide Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=

With the development of economy and technology, the demand of safer and more stable packaging materials for electronic devices has increased. Traditional polyimide (PI) base materials are extensively used due to their excellent mechanical and heat-resistant properties. In this study, a novel fluorinated polyimide (FPI) porous composite film was developed by introducing fluorine groups and a porous structure into polyimide, along with adding the flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Experimental results demonstrate that under 80%RH of ambient humidity and 5% of DOPO mass fraction, the new FPI porous composite film exhibits uniform and regularly distributed pore size, excellent mechanical properties, and lower water absorption. The incorporation of flame retardant DOPO forms a protective phosphorus-containing layer on the film surface, which significantly improves the flame retardancy and hydrophobic properties of film. This research provides a new material with enhanced safety for the packaging of electronic devices, which is expected to play a crucial role in improving the stability and safety of electronic equipment.

, articleAbstract=

With the development of economy and technology, the demand of safer and more stable packaging materials for electronic devices has increased. Traditional polyimide (PI) base materials are extensively used due to their excellent mechanical and heat-resistant properties. In this study, a novel fluorinated polyimide (FPI) porous composite film was developed by introducing fluorine groups and a porous structure into polyimide, along with adding the flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Experimental results demonstrate that under 80%RH of ambient humidity and 5% of DOPO mass fraction, the new FPI porous composite film exhibits uniform and regularly distributed pore size, excellent mechanical properties, and lower water absorption. The incorporation of flame retardant DOPO forms a protective phosphorus-containing layer on the film surface, which significantly improves the flame retardancy and hydrophobic properties of film. This research provides a new material with enhanced safety for the packaging of electronic devices, which is expected to play a crucial role in improving the stability and safety of electronic equipment.

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随着经济和技术的发展,电子器件包装材料对安全性和稳定性的要求不断提高。传统的聚酰亚胺(PI)基材料由于其卓越的力学性能和耐热性能而被广泛应用。本研究通过在PI中引入含氟基团和多孔结构,并添加阻燃剂9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO),开发了一种新型的含氟聚酰亚胺(FPI)多孔复合薄膜。结果表明:在相对湿度为80%RH和DOPO质量分数为5%的条件下,新型FPI多孔复合薄膜展示出均匀且规则分布的孔径、优异的力学性能以及更低的吸水率。阻燃剂DOPO的加入在薄膜表面形成了含磷保护层,显著改善了薄膜的阻燃和疏水性能。这一研究为电子器件包装领域提供了一种具有更高安全性的新材料,有望在提高电子设备稳定性和安全性方面发挥重要作用。

, articleAbstract=

随着经济和技术的发展,电子器件包装材料对安全性和稳定性的要求不断提高。传统的聚酰亚胺(PI)基材料由于其卓越的力学性能和耐热性能而被广泛应用。本研究通过在PI中引入含氟基团和多孔结构,并添加阻燃剂9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO),开发了一种新型的含氟聚酰亚胺(FPI)多孔复合薄膜。结果表明:在相对湿度为80%RH和DOPO质量分数为5%的条件下,新型FPI多孔复合薄膜展示出均匀且规则分布的孔径、优异的力学性能以及更低的吸水率。阻燃剂DOPO的加入在薄膜表面形成了含磷保护层,显著改善了薄膜的阻燃和疏水性能。这一研究为电子器件包装领域提供了一种具有更高安全性的新材料,有望在提高电子设备稳定性和安全性方面发挥重要作用。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
姜大伟(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,主要从事功能高分子材料的分子设计与性能的研究。
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=kZknKOg1eKLemyUUKxwbUw==, magXml=wQQaqwMotO3pbvcKyrqiKQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=dimT3Gx7gjoOOJ1kIS8gGA==, pdfFileSize=19877360, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=RaNX93suuC4EjfLuksZZ6g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8sR3DKLPhVv7DsR2QyIV7A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王宏宇(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江宁安人,硕士生,主要从事空心玻璃微珠复合材料的研究;

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王宏宇(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江宁安人,硕士生,主要从事空心玻璃微珠复合材料的研究;

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王宏宇(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江宁安人,硕士生,主要从事空心玻璃微珠复合材料的研究;

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Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization; b. 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Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization; b. 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Harbin: Harbin University of Science and Technology,2021., articleTitle=Preparation and properties of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane/polyimide porous composite films with low dieclectric constant, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203362960321257851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281644468810007, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=71, pageEnd=76, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=27, authorNames=张明艳, 高升, 吴子剑, journalName=航空材料学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张明艳,高升,吴子剑,等.亚胺化途径对含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜性能的影响[J].航空材料学报,2018,38(6):71-76., articleTitle=亚胺化途径对含氟聚酰亚胺薄膜性能的影响, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203362960409338237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281644468810007, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=71, pageEnd=76, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=28, authorNames=ZHANGMingyan, GAOSheng, WUZijian, journalName=Journal of Aeronautical Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANGMingyan, GAOSheng, WUZijian, et al. Influence of imidization method on properties of fluorinated polyimide films[J]. Journal of Aeronautical Materials,2018,38(6):71-76., articleTitle=Influence of imidization method on properties of fluorinated polyimide films, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1203362960480641407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281644468810007, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=976, pageEnd=987, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=29, authorNames=GUANTingting, WANGXiaohan, ZHAOXi, journalName=Chinese Chemical Society Publishing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GUANTingting, WANGXiaohan, ZHAOXi, et al. Reversibly cross-linking polyimide and cyclophosphazene toward closed-loop recyclable plastics with high mechanical strength, excellent flame retardancy, and chemical resistance[J]. 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(a) FPI 0% (b) FPI 1% (c) FPI 5% (d) FPI 10%

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样品Tg/℃Td5%/℃Td10%/℃
PI527.85555.84
FPI 0%347.5382.79483.49
FPI 5%326.5114.45232.19
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FPI多孔复合薄膜的热性能数据

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样品Tg/℃Td5%/℃Td10%/℃
PI527.85555.84
FPI 0%347.5382.79483.49
FPI 5%326.5114.45232.19
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阻燃、疏水含氟聚酰亚胺多孔复合薄膜的制备及其性能研究
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王宏宇 1a , 段浩东 1a , 刘颜德 1 , 姜大伟 1a , 韩宇航 1a , 吴子剑 2 , 张庆波 3
绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2025,58(6): 43-51
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绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2025, 58(6): 43-51
阻燃、疏水含氟聚酰亚胺多孔复合薄膜的制备及其性能研究
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王宏宇1a, 段浩东1a, 刘颜德1, 姜大伟1a, 韩宇航1a, 吴子剑2, 张庆波3
作者信息
  • 1.东北林业大学 a.化学化工与资源利用学院,黑龙江省阻燃材料分子设计与制备重点实验室;b.奥林学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
  • 2.哈尔滨理工大学 材料科学与化学工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150006
  • 3.郑州圣莱特空心微珠新材料有限公司,河南 郑州 450100
  • 王宏宇(2001-),女(汉族),黑龙江宁安人,硕士生,主要从事空心玻璃微珠复合材料的研究;

通讯作者:

姜大伟(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,主要从事功能高分子材料的分子设计与性能的研究。
Preparation and performance study of flame-retardant and hydrophobic fluorinated polyimide porous composite films
Hongyu WANG1a, Haodong DUAN1a, Yande LIU1, Dawei JIANG1a, Yuhang HAN1a, Zijian WU2, Qingbo ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1a. Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Molecular Design and Preparation of Flame Retarded Materials, College of Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization; b. College of Aulin, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
  • 2. College of Material Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150006, China
  • 3. Zhengzhou Hollowlite Materials Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450100, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.006
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随着经济和技术的发展,电子器件包装材料对安全性和稳定性的要求不断提高。传统的聚酰亚胺(PI)基材料由于其卓越的力学性能和耐热性能而被广泛应用。本研究通过在PI中引入含氟基团和多孔结构,并添加阻燃剂9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO),开发了一种新型的含氟聚酰亚胺(FPI)多孔复合薄膜。结果表明:在相对湿度为80%RH和DOPO质量分数为5%的条件下,新型FPI多孔复合薄膜展示出均匀且规则分布的孔径、优异的力学性能以及更低的吸水率。阻燃剂DOPO的加入在薄膜表面形成了含磷保护层,显著改善了薄膜的阻燃和疏水性能。这一研究为电子器件包装领域提供了一种具有更高安全性的新材料,有望在提高电子设备稳定性和安全性方面发挥重要作用。

含氟聚酰亚胺  /  呼吸图案法  /  多孔结构  /  阻燃性能  /  疏水性能

With the development of economy and technology, the demand of safer and more stable packaging materials for electronic devices has increased. Traditional polyimide (PI) base materials are extensively used due to their excellent mechanical and heat-resistant properties. In this study, a novel fluorinated polyimide (FPI) porous composite film was developed by introducing fluorine groups and a porous structure into polyimide, along with adding the flame retardant 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO). Experimental results demonstrate that under 80%RH of ambient humidity and 5% of DOPO mass fraction, the new FPI porous composite film exhibits uniform and regularly distributed pore size, excellent mechanical properties, and lower water absorption. The incorporation of flame retardant DOPO forms a protective phosphorus-containing layer on the film surface, which significantly improves the flame retardancy and hydrophobic properties of film. This research provides a new material with enhanced safety for the packaging of electronic devices, which is expected to play a crucial role in improving the stability and safety of electronic equipment.

fluorinated polyimide  /  breath figure method  /  porous structure  /  flame retardancy  /  hydrophobic properties
王宏宇, 段浩东, 刘颜德, 姜大伟, 韩宇航, 吴子剑, 张庆波. 阻燃、疏水含氟聚酰亚胺多孔复合薄膜的制备及其性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 43 -51 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.006
Hongyu WANG, Haodong DUAN, Yande LIU, Dawei JIANG, Yuhang HAN, Zijian WU, Qingbo ZHANG. Preparation and performance study of flame-retardant and hydrophobic fluorinated polyimide porous composite films[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 43 -51 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.006
随着科技的快速发展,在微电子、能源存储与转换、环保等领域,对高性能多功能包装材料的需求急剧增加。聚酰亚胺(PI)复合薄膜因其优异的疏水性、热力学稳定性和力学性能而广受关注,并已成功应用于电子材料封装等多个领域[1]。然而,PI分子内部含有众多具有亲水性的亚胺键,使其具有较高的吸湿特性。在电子材料封装应用中,PI薄膜的高吸水率可能会导致内部电子元器件的短路,因此提升PI基材料的疏水性能尤为重要。此外,在极端条件下,传统PI材料的保护性能显得有限。在微电子器件封装、电子材料保护等高端应用领域,对材料的防火和消烟性能有着更为严苛的要求。因此,通过改性或添加助剂以提升PI的阻燃性能与疏水性能,已成为PI材料的研究热点。
为了降低PI的强吸水性,研究者们对PI进行了大量的改性工作[2],主要分为两个方面:一是改变PI的本体结构,例如引入氟原子来降低PI分子中偶极子的极化能力;二是在PI材料中引入多孔结构以形成孔隙,从而减少单位体积内极化分子的数目,以此来降低材料整体的吸水性能[3]。由于氟元素的外层电子离原子核很近,其电子极化度很低,在分子结构中引入含氟基团,如-CF3,能够增加分子间距,削弱分子间作用力,可以在不影响材料本身性能的情况下使材料具有低表面能,使得氟化后的材料拥有优良的表面性能。郭亚光等[4]采用聚合物表层分子结构改性技术对PI薄膜进行表面氟化处理,结果表明未氟化试样的吸水率大约是经60 min表面氟化处理试样的2倍。WU Tingting等[5]将4,4′-二氨基-2,2′-双三氟甲基联苯(TFMB)引入BPDA/ODA体系,开发了一种新型的氟化聚酰亚胺材料。在1 MHz频率下,材料的介电常数稳定在2.40~2.68,吸水率低于0.3%。此外,通过引入规则有序的多孔结构,可以提升PI疏水性。而微纳米尺度的高分子有序多孔膜是一种多孔结构排列规整的材料,其性能的提升关键在于制备出规则有序的多孔结构。目前常用的制备方法有光刻法[6]、软刻法[7]以及模板法[8]等。然而,这些方法成本高、过程复杂。相比之下,呼吸图案法具有环保、易操作且成本低廉等特点,成为制备多孔结构的首选[9]。呼吸图案法的原理是向置于高湿度环境下的聚合物溶液中加入易挥发的有机溶剂,随着溶剂的挥发,溶液的表面温度逐渐降低,导致水蒸气凝结成微小水滴,这些水滴在马兰戈尼效应的作用下,会自发地排列成有序的六边形阵列[10],当溶剂和水完全挥发后,便形成了独特的蜂窝状多孔结构。利用呼吸图案法在薄膜内部引入微纳米量级形状规则且分布均匀的孔洞,能够增大薄膜的比表面积和表面粗糙度,从而使材料的疏水性大幅提高。
为了进一步提升材料的阻燃防火性能,研究人员探索了在含氟聚酰亚胺(FPI)多孔复合材料中引入阻燃剂的方法[11]。含磷化合物9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-膦杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO)及其衍生物是一类在气相和凝聚相都适用的阻燃剂,它们在受热时能够在凝聚相中形成高价的磷氧化物或聚磷酸,促进聚合物基体脱水成炭[12]。同时在热降解过程中会释放难燃气体和磷氧自由基,在气相中起阻燃作用[13]。此外,DOPO结构中的P-H键可以与-OH、-NH2、双键等基团发生反应转化成DOPO衍生物,这一特性使得DOPO成为合成众多高性能阻燃剂的优选原料[14]。ZHANG Yang等[15]通过Atherton-Todd反应将DOPO与季戊四醇磷酸酯(PEPA)结合,生成了新型阻燃物质DOPO-PEPA,使环氧树脂(EP)的极限氧指数(LOI)提升至35%。SHI Yongqian等[1]将DOPO接枝到聚乙烯亚胺功能化的还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)上,用于阻燃EP,当DOPO质量分数为3%时,EP的总热释放降低了34.3%。JIAO Delai等[16]用DOPO多巴胺衍生物阻燃EP,当DOPO质量分数为5%时,EP阻燃级别达到UL 94 V-0级,热释放速率峰值降低了26.1%。
本文以N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc)为溶剂,利用TFMB与4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA)和均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA)进行缩聚反应得到FPI。采用呼吸图案法,在不同相对湿度下将含有阻燃剂DOPO和FPI的二氯甲烷溶液浇筑在玻璃片上,制备出一系列不同DOPO含量的蜂窝状有序多孔FPI薄膜,探讨相对湿度和阻燃剂DOPO添加量对FPI多孔复合薄膜成孔状态、阻燃性能、热稳定性、力学性能以及疏水性能的影响。
Axio Scope A1型偏光显微镜(POM),德国ZEISS公司;EM-30plus型扫描电子显微镜(SEM),韩国COXEM公司;Spectrum 400型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR),美国PerkinElmer公司;DSA-100S型接触角测定仪(DSA),德国KRUSS公司;STA-800型同步热分析仪(TG),美国PerkinElmer公司;DSC 214 Polyma型差示扫描量热仪(DSC),德国NETZSCH公司;RGT-20A型微机控制电子万能试验机,深圳市瑞格尔仪器有限公司。
4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA)、4,4′-(六氟异丙烯)二酞酸酐(6FDA,纯度为99%)、2,2′-双(三氟甲基)二氨基联苯(TFMB,纯度为98%),上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司;N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc,纯度为99%)、二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2,纯度为99%)、9,10-二氢-9-氧杂-10-磷杂菲-10-氧化物(DOPO,纯度为97%)、均苯四甲酸酐(PMDA,纯度为99%),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司。
FPI多孔复合薄膜制备示意图如图1所示。
(1)FPAA中间体制备
在150 mL干燥三口瓶中加入1.6 g(0.005 mol)TFMB和15 mL DMAc,将混合溶液油浴加热到65℃,机械搅拌,加入1.3 g(0.003 mol)6FDA,继续搅拌4 h,再加入0.4 g(0.002 mol)PMDA,继续搅拌反应2 h。当溶液黏度上升,表明反应基本完成。停止搅拌,得到液体FPAA中间产物,反应方程式如图2所示。将液体FPAA静置过夜消泡,备用。
(2)FPI薄膜制备
将FPAA胶液涂在玻璃板上,放入如图3所示梯度升温程序的烘箱中固化[17-18],生成FPI薄膜,反应方程式如图2所示。
(3)多孔阻燃FPI薄膜制备
刮取固化后的FPI薄膜碎片溶解在二氯甲烷中,配制成浓度为6 mg/mL的均匀溶液,分别加入质量分数为0%、1%、5%和10%的DOPO,超声分散均匀。采用呼吸图案法,在室温(25℃)下,设定环境相对湿度分别为70%RH、80%RH、90%RH,将所得溶液均匀地涂布在玻璃片上。待有机溶剂和水分完全挥发后,得到FPI多孔复合薄膜,分别记为FPI 0%、FPI 1%、FPI 5%、FPI 10%。
(1)PAA中间体制备
在150 mL干燥三口瓶中加入4 g ODA和50 mL DMAc,机械搅拌,待ODA完全溶解后加入4.365 g PMDA,继续搅拌反应1 h。当溶液黏度上升,表明反应基本完成。停止搅拌,得到液体PAA中间产物,反应方程式如图4所示。
(2)PI薄膜制备
将PAA胶液均匀涂在玻璃板上,放入如图3所示梯度升温程序的烘箱中固化,生成PI薄膜,反应方程式如图4所示。
采用TH4-200型偏光显微镜对多孔结构进行观测,对FPI多孔复合薄膜进行形貌和结构的对比与分析,放大倍率为40~600,照明方式选用落射式照明。
采用扫描电子显微镜对多孔薄膜进行观测,对FPI多孔复合薄膜进行形貌和结构的对比分析,放大倍率为16 000~20 000。
采用傅里叶红外光谱仪表征FPI薄膜及多孔复合薄膜的特征峰。将待测样品与溴化钾混合并研磨,采用压片法进行处理,波数为500~4 000 cm-1
将FPI多孔复合薄膜裁剪成7 cm×7 cm的大小,周围用锡纸包裹,分别用打火机、酒精灯、喷枪进行灼烧,时间为10 s,观察薄膜表面的碳化程度。
采用静态接触角测量仪测定PI薄膜以及FPI多孔复合薄膜的静态接触角。在测量前,样品需放入80℃的鼓风干燥箱中烘干,以去除残留的有机溶剂和水分。测量时,水滴体积设定为3 μL,并采用量角法作为测量方法。每组样品重复测量5次,取平均值作为结果。
将PI薄膜和FPI多孔复合薄膜裁剪成3 cm×4 cm大小,将样品放入80℃鼓风干燥箱中烘干,以去除残留的有机溶剂和水分。将烘干后的待测样品放入分析天平中称重,然后将样品浸入去离子水中,每隔一段时间称重,根据式(1)计算PI薄膜和FPI多孔复合薄膜在不同浸泡时间下的吸水率,每组样品重复测量5次,取平均值作为结果。
W=Mn-M0/M0×100%
式(1)中:W为吸水率;M0Mn分别为浸泡前后待测样品的质量。
采用万能试验机评估PI薄膜以及FPI多孔复合薄膜的力学性能。将所有待测样品裁剪成12 cm× 1 cm大小,随后将样品放置在试验机的夹具中,设定拉伸速率为50 mm/min。每组样品重复测量5次,取平均值作为结果。
采用热重分析仪测试PI薄膜以及FPI多孔复合薄膜的热分解温度。样品质量3~8 mg,升温速率为20℃/min,测试温度为40~800℃,测试环境为氮气氛围,气体流量为50 mL/min。
采用差示扫描量热仪测试PI薄膜以及FPI多孔复合薄膜的玻璃化转变温度。样品质量为3~8 mg,升温速率为10℃/min,测试温度为40~400℃,测试环境为氮气氛围,气体流量为50 mL/min。
图5是通过POM观察到的不同DOPO添加量及不同相对湿度下的FPI多孔复合薄膜图像。
图5可以看出,随着环境湿度的增加、DOPO添加量的增大,DOPO聚集现象越来越明显,在相对湿度为90%RH下,添加10%质量分数DOPO的FPI多孔复合薄膜出现了明显的颗粒聚集。因此DOPO添加量不宜过多,质量分数在5%以下为宜。
图6为FPI多孔复合薄膜在不同湿度下的SEM图像。从图6可以看出,FPI多孔复合薄膜表面呈现出有序的多孔结构,这些孔洞以六方堆积的方式排列,孔径大小均匀规整。随着相对湿度的增加,孔洞直径逐渐增大,孔径均匀度以及排列规整度都有所降低。
本实验利用呼吸图案法制备FPI多孔结构的过程中,相对湿度的变化对于孔洞的形成有很大影响。通过控制相对湿度,可以有效地调节水滴的尺寸和分布。为了寻找最佳成孔条件,设置相对湿度分别为70%RH、80%RH、90%RH。如图6所示,在不同相对湿度下可以观察到孔洞结构之间存在差异。在不同相对湿度下形成的FPI多孔复合薄膜电镜图像中,对单位面积里的孔洞进行孔径测量,并基于这些数据拟合出高斯分布曲线,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,相对湿度为70%RH时,复合薄膜中的孔径为1.65 μm左右,孔径呈正态高斯分布,这与图6中看到的孔径均匀规整相一致。随着相对湿度增大至80%RH,孔径分布范围变大,呈现右偏高斯分布,平均孔径变大。进一步增大相对湿度至90%RH,FPI多孔复合薄膜的孔径分布范围进一步增大,高斯分布也出现右偏,平均孔径进一步变大。这一现象可以归因于有机溶剂挥发过程中聚合物表面温度降低,在相对湿度较低的情况下,水滴凝结覆盖在聚合物溶液表面的数量较少,在表面张力作用下,马兰戈尼效应使水滴有充足的空间分布均匀、规整。随着相对湿度增大,有更多水蒸气在聚合物溶液表面凝结,马兰戈尼效应使凝结的水成为水滴,但是由于表面空间有限,水滴无法均匀分布,有些会聚集成较大水滴。所以水滴形成的状态,决定了FPI多孔复合薄膜的成孔状态。此外,即便添加不同含量的阻燃剂DOPO后,FPI多孔复合薄膜的形态特征仍呈现相同的趋势,DOPO的添加并未对多孔结构表面造成破坏。当相对湿度超过80%RH,尽管多孔结构的均匀性和有序性受到了一定的影响,但仍然能够成功制备出呈蜂窝状排列的多孔结构。因此通过调整相对湿度,可以实现对多孔结构孔径大小、均匀性和有序性的调控。基于上述综合分析,确定80%RH为理想的成孔相对湿度,并据此作为后续实验制备与分析的基准条件。
图8为纯FPI、DOPO以及FPI/DOPO多孔复合薄膜的FT-IR光谱图。从图8可以看出,纯FPI薄膜在2 965、1 735、1 508、1 370、1 138 cm-1处分别为苯环上C-H键的伸缩振动吸收峰(由于强吸电子基团-CF₃的存在,该吸收峰发生了红移)、酰亚胺I带中C=O键的伸缩振动吸收峰、苯环C=C键的振动吸收峰、酰亚胺II带中C-N键的伸缩振动吸收峰、-CF₃中C-F键的特征吸收峰。这些特征峰的存在证实了FPI的分子结构。此外,在3 300~3 500 cm-1处并未发现明显的C-H伸缩振动峰,进一步表明亚胺化程度较高,且绝大部分聚酰胺酸已成功环化。
在FPI/DOPO多孔复合薄膜的FT-IR光谱中,以上FPI的特征吸收峰依然存在,表明阻燃剂DOPO的加入并未改变FPI的化学结构。同时,FPI/DOPO多孔在复合薄膜的谱图中还出现了1 225 cm-1处P=O键的伸缩振动吸收峰和886 cm-1处P-O键的伸缩振动吸收峰,表明DOPO已成功掺入FPI体系中。
图9为在相对湿度为80%RH下制得的不同DOPO添加量的FPI多孔复合薄膜,分别利用打火机、酒精灯、喷枪3种不同温度的工具进行灼烧10 s的图片。从图9可以看出,无论火源灼烧温度如何,FPI多孔复合薄膜只有轻微炭化并不会燃烧,且炭化程度随着DOPO含量增加而减弱,说明加入阻燃剂DOPO后,FPI多孔复合薄膜具有很好的阻燃性能。这主要归因于以下两方面:首先,含氟聚酰亚胺本身具备优良的耐高温特性[19]。当引入DOPO后,其阻燃性能与含氟聚酰亚胺的本征特性相互作用,产生协同效应,从而进一步增强了复合薄膜的阻燃性能。其次,阻燃剂能迅速发挥阻燃作用,显著提高复合薄膜的阻燃能力。随着火焰温度由打火机到酒精灯再到丁烷喷枪逐渐升高,无论是否添加阻燃剂,FPI薄膜的炭化程度都逐渐增大。丁烷喷枪的火焰温度能达到1 300 ℃以上,所制备的FPI多孔复合薄膜能经受住如此高温烧灼而不燃烧,说明它能够满足大多数电子器件封装材料的需要。
图10为不同DOPO阻燃剂添加量的FPI多孔复合薄膜通过酒精灯燃烧情况。从图10中可以看出,没有加入DOPO的FPI多孔薄膜(FPI 0%)遇明火后会持续发生燃烧,而加入DOPO后,FPI多孔复合薄膜没有出现燃烧现象,表现出良好的阻燃性能。这可能是由于DOPO阻燃剂受热分解吸热,在薄膜表面形成了含磷保护层覆盖在材料表面,起到了阻燃作用。
在微电子领域,封装材料的吸水率是评估其性能的关键指标,对材料的耐用性和可靠性影响很大。本研究的FPI是在PI结构中引入憎水基团-CF3,以提高FPI薄膜的疏水性,进而提高相应电子器件的使用寿命和稳定性。图11给出了PI薄膜、不同DOPO添加量的FPI多孔复合薄膜接触角的变化以及吸水率随时间的变化曲线。从图11(a)可以看出,PI薄膜的接触角小于90°,表明PI薄膜具有一定的亲水性。而FPI多孔薄膜的接触角为116.3°,疏水性较PI薄膜明显提升。添加1%质量分数DOPO的FPI多孔复合薄膜接触角进一步增大到126.5°,疏水性较FPI多孔薄膜进一步提升。添加5%质量分数DOPO的FPI多孔复合薄膜接触角稍有下降(120.9°),但仍高于FPI多孔薄膜(FPI 0%)。当添加10%质量分数DOPO时,FPI多孔复合薄膜的接触角继续下降到113.6°,低于FPI多孔薄膜(FPI 0%)。其原因可能和DOPO聚集有关,由图5的POM图可知,DOPO质量分数为1%时,DOPO与FPI基体相容性好,FPI多孔复合薄膜结构均匀,因此表现出更好的疏水性。当DOPO质量分数达到10%时,DOPO出现团聚现象,FPI多孔复合薄膜均匀度变差,疏水性相应降低。尽管如此,FPI多孔复合薄膜的接触角均能保持在100°以上,高于PI薄膜,证明多孔结构的引入提高了FPI薄膜的疏水性。
图11(b)可以看出,薄膜在水中浸泡后,吸水率逐渐上升,浸泡12 h之后吸水率达到平衡。PI薄膜的最大吸水率为2.6%。而引入多孔结构后,FPI多孔薄膜(FPI 0%)的吸水率显著降低,最大吸水率降低到1.25%。添加DOPO之后,由于DOPO含有亲水的P=O键,使得FPI多孔复合薄膜的吸水率有所上升,而且DOPO的添加量越大,FPI多孔复合薄膜的吸水率越高,添加10%质量分数DOPO的FPI多孔复合薄膜最大吸水率为1.5%,仍远低于PI薄膜。
图12给出了FPI多孔薄膜(FPI 0%)在不同相对湿度下(70%RH、80%RH、90%RH)的应力-应变关系曲线,图13为80%RH下不同DOPO添加量FPI多孔复合薄膜的应力-应变曲线以及拉伸强度。
图12可以看出,PI薄膜的拉伸强度为14.9 MPa、最大拉伸应变为18%,而FPI多孔薄膜(FPI 0%)的拉伸强度略有下降,在相对湿度为70%RH、80%RH和90%RH下的拉伸强度分别为13.0、14.5、12.7 MPa,但是在相对湿度为80%RH下的最大拉伸应变提高到24%。说明呼吸图案法在制备FPI多孔复合薄膜过程中保护了基底材料的完整性,因此对力学性能的影响较小。其次,多孔结构的有序蜂窝状排列有效地分散了施加在薄膜表面的应力,维持了其力学性能。
图13可以看出,DOPO的引入使FPI多孔复合薄膜的力学性能得到提升。在不同DOPO添加量下,FPI多孔复合薄膜的拉伸强度分别达到12.6、13.5、14.9、15.7 MPa。这种增强效果主要归因于DOPO分子中P-O键与FPI分子链间的相互作用增强了分子链间的联接力,从而提高了多孔复合薄膜的机械强度。
PI薄膜与不同DOPO添加量的FPI多孔复合薄膜的TGA和DSC曲线如图14所示,具体热性能数据见表1。由图14(a)可知,FPI 0%、FPI 5%的5%热分解温度(Td5%)、10%热分解温度(Td10%)低于PI薄膜,而FPI 5%的Td5%Td10%低于FPI 0%,说明DOPO的引入会降低FPI多孔复合薄膜的热稳定性。其原因是DOPO热稳定性较差,且含有活泼的P-H,不稳定的P-H易发生断裂形成自由基,从而使阻燃剂发生降解,降低了FPI多孔复合薄膜的热稳定性。从图14(b)可以看出,FPI 5%的玻璃化转变温度(Tg=326.5℃)低于FPI 0%的Tg(347.5),这与DOPO相对较差的耐热性有关。但从气相角度来看,由于DOPO阻燃剂分解过程释放含P化合物、磷氧自由基等,会产生不完全燃烧产物CO,中止链式反应,具有很好的气相阻燃作用。
本研究通过引入多孔结构和阻燃剂DOPO到含氟聚酰亚胺(FPI)中,开发了一种新型的FPI多孔复合薄膜。FT-IR测试表明成功合成了FPI,并通过呼吸图案法制备出FPI多孔复合薄膜。添加不同含量的DOPO后,通过POM和SEM表征,发现在相对湿度为80%RH条件下添加5%质量分数DOPO的FPI多孔复合薄膜显示出优异的均匀性与规整的孔径。接触角和吸水率测试表明,多孔结构显著增强了复合薄膜的疏水性,接触角由84.3°提高至126.5°,吸水率则从2.6%减少至1.25%。高温烧蚀测试中,即使在1 300℃的火焰作用下,多孔复合薄膜表面只表现出轻微的皱褶和炭化现象,且阻燃剂DOPO含量越高,这些症状越轻微。力学性能测试结果显示,尽管多孔结构导致FPI薄膜的拉伸强度略有下降,从14.9 MPa减小到14.5 MPa,但10%质量分数DOPO的加入可显著提升复合薄膜的力学性能,拉伸强度可达到15.7 MPa。TGA和DSC测试结果表明,阻燃剂DOPO的加入会降低复合薄膜的热性能。整体而言,FPI多孔复合薄膜的优异疏水性、阻燃性能和改善的力学性能使其在电子器件封装领域展现出巨大的应用潜力,能有效降低元件短路和火灾蔓延的风险,在提高电子设备安全稳定性方面起到重要作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52273066)
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.006
  • 接收时间:2024-11-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-13
  • 修回日期:2025-02-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52273066)
作者信息
    1.东北林业大学 a.化学化工与资源利用学院,黑龙江省阻燃材料分子设计与制备重点实验室;b.奥林学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150040
    2.哈尔滨理工大学 材料科学与化学工程学院,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150006
    3.郑州圣莱特空心微珠新材料有限公司,河南 郑州 450100

通讯作者:

姜大伟(1982-),男(汉族),黑龙江哈尔滨人,副教授,主要从事功能高分子材料的分子设计与性能的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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