Article(id=1203281642619121909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724688000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-27, revisedDate=1729785600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814299491, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814299491, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814299491, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814299491, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281642904334588, articleId=1203281642619121909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Thermal conductive polyimide composite films filled by cubic boron nitride, columnId=1203281640207393262, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High Performance Polyimide Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Polyimide (PI) is a class of insulating materials with great potential in the field of high-voltage and high-power device encapsulation, which has excellent insulating properties. However, its intrinsic thermal conductivity is low, which is easy to cause localized overheating and damage to the device. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of polyimide materials was improved by doping with thermal conductive fillers. PI/c-BN and PI/h-BN composite films were prepared by in situ polymerization with cubic boron nitride (c-BN) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as filler, and the effects of different content of c-BN and h-BN on the thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composite films were investigated. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the composite films increases with the increase of BN content. The thermal conductivity of PI/c-BN composite films is higher than that of PI/h-BN composite films within the studied content, and the thermal conductivity of PI/40c-BN composite films increases by 1 068% compared to pure PI. The thermal conductivity of PI matrix is improved by c-BN at lower content, and the tensile strength of PI/c-BN composite films still reaches 40 MPa when the filler mass fraction is 30%. In addition, the thermal stability of the composite films is improved.

, articleAbstract=

Polyimide (PI) is a class of insulating materials with great potential in the field of high-voltage and high-power device encapsulation, which has excellent insulating properties. However, its intrinsic thermal conductivity is low, which is easy to cause localized overheating and damage to the device. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of polyimide materials was improved by doping with thermal conductive fillers. PI/c-BN and PI/h-BN composite films were prepared by in situ polymerization with cubic boron nitride (c-BN) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as filler, and the effects of different content of c-BN and h-BN on the thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composite films were investigated. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the composite films increases with the increase of BN content. The thermal conductivity of PI/c-BN composite films is higher than that of PI/h-BN composite films within the studied content, and the thermal conductivity of PI/40c-BN composite films increases by 1 068% compared to pure PI. The thermal conductivity of PI matrix is improved by c-BN at lower content, and the tensile strength of PI/c-BN composite films still reaches 40 MPa when the filler mass fraction is 30%. In addition, the thermal stability of the composite films is improved.

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聚酰亚胺(PI)是一类在高压大功率器件封装领域有着极大潜力的绝缘材料,其绝缘性能优异,然而其本征热导率低,易造成器件局部过热而损坏。本文通过掺杂导热填料的方法增加聚酰亚胺材料的导热性能,以立方氮化硼 (c-BN)、六方氮化硼(h-BN)为填料,通过原位聚合法制备了PI/c-BN及PI/h-BN复合薄膜,研究了不同含量的c-BN与h-BN对复合薄膜导热性能、热稳定性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着BN含量的增加,复合薄膜的热导率提高。在研究的含量内,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率均高于PI/h-BN复合薄膜,其中PI/40c-BN复合薄膜的热导率相较于纯PI提高了1 068%。在较低含量下c-BN对PI基体热导率的提升明显,当填料质量分数为30%时,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的拉伸强度仍能达到40 MPa。除此之外,复合薄膜的热稳定性能均有所改善。

, articleAbstract=

聚酰亚胺(PI)是一类在高压大功率器件封装领域有着极大潜力的绝缘材料,其绝缘性能优异,然而其本征热导率低,易造成器件局部过热而损坏。本文通过掺杂导热填料的方法增加聚酰亚胺材料的导热性能,以立方氮化硼 (c-BN)、六方氮化硼(h-BN)为填料,通过原位聚合法制备了PI/c-BN及PI/h-BN复合薄膜,研究了不同含量的c-BN与h-BN对复合薄膜导热性能、热稳定性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着BN含量的增加,复合薄膜的热导率提高。在研究的含量内,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率均高于PI/h-BN复合薄膜,其中PI/40c-BN复合薄膜的热导率相较于纯PI提高了1 068%。在较低含量下c-BN对PI基体热导率的提升明显,当填料质量分数为30%时,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的拉伸强度仍能达到40 MPa。除此之外,复合薄膜的热稳定性能均有所改善。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
夏鸿雁(1981-),女(汉族),陕西榆林人,副教授,主要从事电力电子器件封装用热管理材料的研究。
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韩莹(1999-),女(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合薄膜制备的研究;

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韩莹(1999-),女(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合薄膜制备的研究;

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韩莹(1999-),女(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合薄膜制备的研究;

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ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces,2017,9(35):30035-30045., articleTitle=Achieving a collapsible, strong, and highly thermally conductive film based on oriented functionalized boron nitride nanosheets and cellulose nanofiber, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203362950775021716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281642619121909, awardId=U23B20138, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20138), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203362942545797972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281642619121909, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203362942554186581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281642619121909, companyId=1203362942545797972, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=a. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials; b. 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立方氮化硼填充聚酰亚胺制备导热复合薄膜
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韩莹 a , 袁天舒 b , 张宇轩 a , 王来利 b , 夏鸿雁 a
绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2025,58(6): 25-34
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绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2025, 58(6): 25-34
立方氮化硼填充聚酰亚胺制备导热复合薄膜
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韩莹a, 袁天舒b, 张宇轩a, 王来利b, 夏鸿雁a
作者信息
  • 西安交通大学 a.金属材料强度国家重点实验室;b.电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 韩莹(1999-),女(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,硕士生,主要从事高导热聚合物基绝缘复合薄膜制备的研究;

通讯作者:

夏鸿雁(1981-),女(汉族),陕西榆林人,副教授,主要从事电力电子器件封装用热管理材料的研究。
Thermal conductive polyimide composite films filled by cubic boron nitride
Ying HANa, Tianshu YUANb, Yuxuan ZHANGa, Laili WANGb, Hongyan XIAa
Affiliations
  • a. State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials; b. State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.004
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聚酰亚胺(PI)是一类在高压大功率器件封装领域有着极大潜力的绝缘材料,其绝缘性能优异,然而其本征热导率低,易造成器件局部过热而损坏。本文通过掺杂导热填料的方法增加聚酰亚胺材料的导热性能,以立方氮化硼 (c-BN)、六方氮化硼(h-BN)为填料,通过原位聚合法制备了PI/c-BN及PI/h-BN复合薄膜,研究了不同含量的c-BN与h-BN对复合薄膜导热性能、热稳定性能及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着BN含量的增加,复合薄膜的热导率提高。在研究的含量内,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率均高于PI/h-BN复合薄膜,其中PI/40c-BN复合薄膜的热导率相较于纯PI提高了1 068%。在较低含量下c-BN对PI基体热导率的提升明显,当填料质量分数为30%时,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的拉伸强度仍能达到40 MPa。除此之外,复合薄膜的热稳定性能均有所改善。

聚酰亚胺  /  立方氮化硼  /  导热性能  /  热稳定性能  /  力学性能

Polyimide (PI) is a class of insulating materials with great potential in the field of high-voltage and high-power device encapsulation, which has excellent insulating properties. However, its intrinsic thermal conductivity is low, which is easy to cause localized overheating and damage to the device. In this paper, the thermal conductivity of polyimide materials was improved by doping with thermal conductive fillers. PI/c-BN and PI/h-BN composite films were prepared by in situ polymerization with cubic boron nitride (c-BN) and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as filler, and the effects of different content of c-BN and h-BN on the thermal conductivity, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the composite films were investigated. The results show that the thermal conductivity of the composite films increases with the increase of BN content. The thermal conductivity of PI/c-BN composite films is higher than that of PI/h-BN composite films within the studied content, and the thermal conductivity of PI/40c-BN composite films increases by 1 068% compared to pure PI. The thermal conductivity of PI matrix is improved by c-BN at lower content, and the tensile strength of PI/c-BN composite films still reaches 40 MPa when the filler mass fraction is 30%. In addition, the thermal stability of the composite films is improved.

polyimide  /  cubic boron nitride  /  thermal conductivity  /  thermal stability  /  mechanical properties
韩莹, 袁天舒, 张宇轩, 王来利, 夏鸿雁. 立方氮化硼填充聚酰亚胺制备导热复合薄膜. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.004
Ying HAN, Tianshu YUAN, Yuxuan ZHANG, Laili WANG, Hongyan XIA. Thermal conductive polyimide composite films filled by cubic boron nitride[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 25 -34 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.004
电力电子变换器在航空航天、能源工业、汽车和国防等高端领域的应用需求发展迅猛,开发新型高压大功率半导体器件成为大势所趋。然而,传统封装材料已经无法满足新型高压大功率半导体器件对其耐高温、散热的需求[1-6]。聚酰亚胺(PI)具有良好的耐高温、化学稳定性、力学性能、电气性能和较低的热膨胀系数,是一种良好的绝缘材料[7-10]
然而,PI与许多聚合物材料一样,具有本征热导率低的缺点,应用于芯片时易导致表面热量无法及时散出,而器件失效的很大原因是由于绝缘材料热击穿引起的[11]。相较于制备工艺复杂、反应过程无法控制的本征型导热聚合物,将导热填料掺杂进聚合物基体形成填充型导热聚合物材料是提高聚合物基体热导率的有效方法[12-13]
六方氮化硼(h-BN)由于其较高的热导率、较低的热膨胀系数和优异的绝缘性能,常被用作导热填料对聚合物基体进行复合改性。在报道的文献中[15-18],多数需要较高的掺杂含量(质量分数大于30%)才能使得聚合物基体的热导率有较明显的提升,但掺杂含量过高会牺牲聚合物基体材料的加工特性和电学性能。立方氮化硼(c-BN)是BN晶体另一种热力学稳定的结构,为闪锌矿结构,其热导率仅次于金刚石,约为1 300 W/(m·K)。除此之外, c-BN热稳定性和化学稳定性优良,在高温下具有很强的抗氧化能力。因其具有超高硬度,目前的研究多将c-BN用于切削工具[19-21],将c-BN作为导热填料用于聚合物基复合材料还鲜有报道。本研究选用c-BN作为导热填料,PI作为聚合物基体,研究c-BN对PI复合薄膜导热性能及传热机理的影响,同时研究c-BN对PI复合薄膜热稳定性能及力学性能的影响。
4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(ODA),上海麦克林生化科技股份有限公司;3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(B-PDA),赞城(天津)科技有限公司;BN粉末,纳米级,上海超威纳米科技有限公司;N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAc),上海吉至生化科技有限公司。
首先,取不同质量分数(10%、20%、30%、40%)的BN(h-BN或c-BN)加入DMAc中,超声分散1 h。然后,在氮气条件下加入ODA搅拌均匀后,分3次加入BPDA,在密闭及冰水浴条件下搅拌6 h,经过脱泡处理后得到聚酰胺酸前驱体(PAA)溶液。最后,将PAA溶液旋涂成膜,移入80℃的马弗炉中,随后梯度升温,升温程序为100℃/1 h+200℃/1 h+300℃/1 h,得到PI/BN复合薄膜,其平均厚度为0.030 mm,不同BN质量分数的PI/BN复合薄膜分别记为PI/10BN、PI/20BN、PI/30BN、PI/40BN。PI/BN复合薄膜制备示意图如图1所示。
采用红外光谱分析仪(赛默飞Nicolet iN10-iZ10)测试复合薄膜的傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR);采用场发射扫描电子显微镜(捷克MAIA 3 LMH)测试复合薄膜的横截面图像;采用动态粒径分布仪(马尔文Nano-ZS90)测试BN粉末的粒径;采用X射线衍射仪(PNAlytical X'pert Highscore)表征BN及复合薄膜的结构信息;采用激光闪烁导热仪(耐驰LFA 467)测试复合薄膜的热扩散系数和热导率;采用热重分析仪(沃特斯Q600)测试复合薄膜的热稳定性能;采用电子万能试验机(三思纵横 UTM6103)按照ASTM D-882测试复合薄膜的拉伸强度。
首先对BN粉末进行结构表征,结果如图2所示。使用标准PDF卡片进行对比分析,h-BN主要有4个衍射峰,分别位于26.7°、41.6°、54.9°、76.1°,分别对应于h-BN的(002)、(100)、(004)、(110)晶面。c-BN主要有4个衍射峰,分别位于43.3°、50.4°、74.1°、90.0°,分别对应于c-BN的(111)、(200)、(220)、(311)晶面。以上证实掺入的BN分别为六方结构和立方结构。
图3为BN的扫描电镜图及粒径分布规律。从图3可以看到,h-BN呈现片层状结构,具有较大的长径比;c-BN为四面体和假八面体的结合,表面棱角分明。采用动态粒径分布仪对h-BN和c-BN尺寸进行测量,得到h-BN平均尺寸约为270 nm,c-BN平均尺寸约为260 nm。
图4为PI/BN复合薄膜的红外光谱。从图4可以看出,PI/h-BN和PI/c-BN复合薄膜的红外光谱均在1 770、1 726、728 cm-1处出现特征峰,分别对应聚酰亚胺中的C=O不对称伸缩振动、C=O对称伸缩振动、C=O弯曲振动。聚酰胺酸中的-COOH特征峰对应于1 650 cm-1处,但在光谱中并未出现,说明聚酰胺酸前驱体完成亚胺化,成功转化为聚酰亚胺。同时,PI/BN复合薄膜的红外光谱同纯PI相一致,说明聚酰亚胺的结构并没有因BN粒子的引入而发生变化。
采用XRD进一步分析了PI/BN复合薄膜的结晶稳定性和导热粒子取向,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,PI薄膜在10°~27°处的宽衍射峰是由薄膜中刚性的聚酰亚胺分子链间的有序排列产生的。当加入h-BN后,PI/h-BN复合薄膜在26.8°处出现了1个尖锐的衍射峰,与h-BN的(002)晶面相对应。加入c-BN后,PI/c-BN复合薄膜在43.3°处出现了1个尖锐的衍射峰,与c-BN的(111)晶面相对应。同时复合薄膜的XRD图与纯PI的相似,说明BN的加入对PI薄膜的结晶程度无明显影响,未对复合薄膜的有序排列造成破坏,且BN成功复合到PI基体中。
BN粉末在自然状态下随机分布,h-BN的(002)与(100)晶面衍射峰强度的比值(I002/I100)为4。当h-BN质量分数为40%时,PI/40h-BN复合薄膜的I002/I100比值为18,说明h-BN纳米片在PI薄膜里具有高度面内取向,有利于面内导热通道的构建。由于c-BN为多面体形貌的组合,(111)晶面和(200)晶面在不同形貌中对应不同晶面,虽然(111)与(200)晶面衍射峰强度的比值(I111/I200)有所提高,但c-BN在复合薄膜内没有固定取向。
图6为纯PI和PI/BN复合薄膜横截面的SEM图。由图6可以看出,纯PI薄膜横截面呈现致密且光滑的断裂表面,掺杂BN后,PI/BN复合薄膜的横截面变得粗糙。通过原位聚合法,在合成聚酰胺酸时加入填料,可以实现填料的均匀分散,且没有出现明显团聚。由于h-BN具有大的长径比,PI/h-BN复合薄膜表现出2D取向结构,这有助于在薄膜内部构成连续的导热通路。而c-BN没有特定取向,这与XRD结果一致。PI/BN复合薄膜中均有一部分空隙,这些空隙一部分来源于BN加入基体中产生的界面,另一部分则是在聚酰胺酸热亚胺化过程中的缩合反应和水分子的去除过程中形成的。
影响填充型导热高分子材料热导率的因素主要有导热填料性质、导热填料分布和界面热阻等。填料性质包括填料尺寸、形状、本征热导率等。导热填料引入到聚合物基体中会产生界面,声子传递到此界面会发生散射,因而出现界面热阻。
图7为PI/BN复合薄膜的热扩散系数、热导率和热导提升效率测试结果。从图7可以看出,纯PI的热扩散系数为0.396 mm2/s,与商用的Upilex-R薄膜热扩散系数(0.347~0.557 mm2/s)相符[22],但纯PI热导率相对较低,为0.626 W/(m·K)。
无论是PI/h-BN复合薄膜,还是PI/c-BN复合薄膜,它们的热导率都随着填料质量分数的增大而增大。热导率的增大分为两个阶段:①当填料含量较少时,复合薄膜的热导率提升速率较为缓慢。这是由于填料之间孤立分散在聚酰亚胺基体中,无法构成导热通路,此时热导率主要依赖于聚合物基体。而聚酰亚胺的本征热导率很低,因此复合薄膜的热导率提升速率较为缓慢。②当填料含量增大时(质量分数为20%~30%),复合薄膜的热导率提升明显,且c-BN较h-BN提升效果更为显著。当填料的质量分数增大到40%时,PI/h-BN复合薄膜的热导率为5.922 W/(m·K),相较于纯PI提升了846%,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率为7.315 W/(m·K),相较于纯PI提升了1 068%。
复合薄膜热导率的提升是多重因素共同作用的结果。PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率整体优于PI/h-BN复合薄膜,这是由导热填料的本征热导率高低决定的,c-BN本征热导率高达1 300 W/(m·K),而h-BN本征热导率仅为300 W/(m·K)。同时,填料含量较高时,BN粒子之间互相接触,可以容易地形成用于声子传输的连续导热通路,如图8所示。但PI/h-BN复合薄膜和PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率并未相差很多,可能是由于h-BN片层状结构更有利于粒子之间互相搭接和面内导热通路的构成,而且具有较低的摩擦系数,使得h-BN能够更好地与聚酰亚胺基体接触,从而获得含有更少空隙的复合薄膜。过高的填充量(质量分数≥40%)会导致复合薄膜界面缺陷数量大幅增加,致使热导率提升速率和加工性能下降。
将PI/40h-BN和PI/40c-BN复合膜热导率值与其他报道的聚合物基复合薄膜热导率进行比较,如图9所示[23-28]
图9可以看出,相比其他复合薄膜,PI/40h-BN和PI/40c-BN复合膜能够在较低的填料含量下获得相对较高的热导率,同时每单位掺量的热导率提升率也大于大部分聚合物基复合薄膜。
为了进一步验证本项目复合薄膜具有优异的散热性能及在电子封装领域的潜在应用,将制备得到的复合薄膜与发光二极管(LED)组装。测试时通电点亮LED芯片,使用红外热摄像机记录LED热源的温度变化,结果如图10所示。
图10可以看出,随着时间的增加,LED表面芯片温度持续上升。加热50 s时,粘结有纯PI的LED芯片表面中心温度为172℃。随着填料含量的增加,粘结有复合薄膜的LED芯片表面中心温度更低。其中粘结有PI/40h-BN的LED芯片表面中心温度为131℃,相较于粘结纯PI时降低了41℃。粘结有PI/40c-BN的LED芯片表面中心温度为115℃,相较于粘结纯PI时降低了57℃。结合热导率测试结果,说明BN粒子在内部形成了有效导热通路,可以很好地将热量传递出去,降低芯片表面温度,且PI/c-BN相较于PI/h-BN具有更好的散热性能。
界面热阻是限制导热材料热导率提升的关键因素。在制备的PI/BN复合薄膜中,界面热阻主要存在于PI和BN之间以及BN填料之间。为了了解PI/BN复合薄膜中组分间的界面亲和力对热导率的影响,采用有效介质理论模型(EMT)计算了界面热阻,该模型适用于填料体积分数低于40%的情况,计算公式如式(1)~(3)所示。图11为采用EMT模型的拟合结果。
K=Km3+Vf[β+β]3-Vfβ
β=2dKf-Km-2Rc1KfKmdKf+Km+2Rc1KfKm
β=LKf-Km-2Rc1KfKmLKm+2Rc1KfKm
式(1)~(3)中:K为复合材料的热导率,W/(m·K);Km为纯PI基体的热导率,W/(m·K);Vf为导热填料的体积分数,%;Kf为导热填料的热导率,W/(m·K);Rc1为界面热阻,(m2·K)/W;L为导热填料直径,μm;d为导热填料厚度,μm;ββ为无量纲常数。
图11可以看出,EMT模型更适用于填料含量较低的体系,因为填料孤立分散在聚合物基体中,它们之间的接触较少。此时,基体与填料之间的界面热阻在总热阻中占比较大。计算得到PI/h-BN复合薄膜的界面热阻为4.5×10-9 (m2·K)/W,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的界面热阻为2×10-9 (m2·K)/W,与其他复合薄膜界面热阻值比较,本项目制备的复合薄膜具有较低的界面热阻。界面热阻与填料的晶体结构及比表面积有关,c-BN高度对称的晶体结构可能更有利于减少界面处的声子散射,降低界面热阻。除此之外,c-BN比表面积小于h-BN,这也导致PI/c-BN复合薄膜的界面热阻较低。
优异的热稳定性是电子封装材料长期稳定工作的前提,图12为纯PI和PI/BN复合薄膜的热稳定性测试结果。
图12可以看出,纯PI本身具有较高的热稳定性,其起始热分解温度(T10)和最大热分解温度(Tmax)分别为572.3℃和600℃,这是由于聚酰亚胺分子中苯环和亚胺环的存在,使其分子结构稳定,遇热很难被分解。
PI/BN复合薄膜中添加的BN粒子改善了PI的热稳定性。当测试温度从50℃升至800℃的过程中,无论加入h-BN还是c-BN,复合薄膜都显示出和纯PI相似的热分解曲线,说明BN的加入没有改变聚酰亚胺原有的热分解机制。无论是PI/h-BN还是PI/c-BN复合薄膜,随着填料含量的增加,复合薄膜在800℃下的残留率均增大。
出现上述结果的原因在于:①相比于PI,BN粒子拥有较高的热容量和热传导性,BN纳米片可以形成较厚的耐热层,作为热量转移屏障,防止热量在内部聚集,从而延缓材料的热降解进程;②良好分散的BN在PI基体中形成网络结构,相当于增加了基体中连接点的数目,在一定程度上限制了PI分子链的热振动,这也有利于提高复合薄膜的热稳定性;③BN可耐受高达2 000℃以上的高温,其在800℃内不能被热分解,完全分解的是PI基体。随着BN含量的增加,PI亚胺化程度下降,转化为PI分子链的数量减少。
对于残留率的增加,可以归因于PI基体和BN粒子之间的残留界面区域。当BN粒子在PI复合薄膜中分散良好时,随着掺杂含量的增加,界面区域面积增大。因此,随着BN掺杂含量的增加,复合薄膜的残留率有一定的提高。
纯PI和PI/BN复合薄膜的力学性能如图13 所示。从图13可以看出,纯PI的拉伸强度为83.6 MPa。无论是PI/h-BN还是PI/c-BN复合薄膜,随着填料含量的增加,复合薄膜的拉伸强度总体呈下降趋势。引入少量填料时,PI/c-BN的力学性能相较于PI/h-BN下降得更快。这是由于c-BN硬度、弹性模量远大于h-BN,引入少量c-BN后,无法在受力时与PI基体协同变形,导致PI/c-BN复合薄膜的力学性能显著下降。而h-BN为片层状结构,可以很好地承载和传递载荷。但填料质量分数≥20%后,复合薄膜的力学性能相差较小。这是因为BN与PI基体之间界面相容性较差,随着填料含量的增加,PI基质连续相被破坏,其包裹和支撑作用减弱,同时引入大量界面、缺陷和空隙,因此相较于纯PI,PI/h-BN和PI/c-BN复合薄膜的拉伸强度大幅下降。
虽然PI/BN复合薄膜的力学性能有所下降,但纯PI、PI/40h-BN、PI/40c-BN复合薄膜均可以弯曲,而且可以承受质量为100 g的砝码,表明纯PI、PI/40h-BN、PI/40c-BN复合薄膜具有优异的柔韧性和强度(如图13(e)所示)。
(1)通过原位聚合法制备了PI/h-BN和PI/c-BN复合薄膜,随着填料含量的增加,PI/h-BN、PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率均提升。在相同含量下,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的导热性能优于PI/h-BN复合薄膜,说明c-BN可以有效提高PI基体的热导率,且在较低填充量下优势明显。
(2)通过XRD、有效介质理论阐述了传热机理,PI/h-BN复合薄膜的热导率提高归因于h-BN片层结构有利于导热通路的搭接,PI/c-BN复合薄膜的热导率提高归因于c-BN超高的本征热导率、较低的界面热阻及多条导热通路的构成。
(3)BN填料的掺入均可以改善复合薄膜的热稳定性能,这归因于BN的高热导率和对PI分子链的限制。
(4)BN填料的掺入会导致复合薄膜的力学性能下降,但当填料质量分数为30%时,PI/30-BN复合薄膜的拉伸强度仍能达到40 MPa。同时纯PI、PI/40h-BN、PI/40c-BN复合薄膜具有优异的柔韧性和强度。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20138)
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.004
  • 接收时间:2024-08-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-27
  • 修回日期:2024-10-25
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(U23B20138)
作者信息
    西安交通大学 a.金属材料强度国家重点实验室;b.电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

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夏鸿雁(1981-),女(汉族),陕西榆林人,副教授,主要从事电力电子器件封装用热管理材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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