Article(id=1203281639951540712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730649600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-04, revisedDate=1735142400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814298855, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814298855, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814298855, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1772098223102, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281635908231645, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='148', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814297892, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764815002353, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284590690545746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284590694740051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281635908231645, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281640303862258, articleId=1203281639951540712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on modulation strategies of polyimide bandgap width and dielectric applications, columnId=1203281640207393262, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High Performance Polyimide Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Polyimide (PI) is a class of high-performance polymer materials containing π-conjugated imide ring in the main chain, and its size of the band gap is one of the main factors directly affecting the thermal stability, optoelectronic properties, dielectric properties and other properties of the material. The electrically powered diamine group and the electrically absorbing dianhydride group in the conventional PI molecular structure determine that the value of band gap is nearby 3.0 eV, which directly affects its performance in the field of high-temperature energy storage, high-frequency communication, electrical insulation, etc. Because of the excellent structural designability of PIs, the band gap of PIs can be adjusted by modulating the monomer combination/chain segment structure/space structure, and the above properties of PIs can be optimized. In this paper, based on the main research progresses of PI bandgap modulation reported in recent years, the main strategies of PI bandgap modulation were elaborated from the perspectives of polymer structure and adjusting polymerization process, respectively, and the difficult problems faced in PI bandgap modulation were discussed with the example of its application in the field of dielectric energy storage. Finally, the future development direction of PI bandgap modulation was discussed on the basis of current research status of PI bandgap modulation.

, articleAbstract=

Polyimide (PI) is a class of high-performance polymer materials containing π-conjugated imide ring in the main chain, and its size of the band gap is one of the main factors directly affecting the thermal stability, optoelectronic properties, dielectric properties and other properties of the material. The electrically powered diamine group and the electrically absorbing dianhydride group in the conventional PI molecular structure determine that the value of band gap is nearby 3.0 eV, which directly affects its performance in the field of high-temperature energy storage, high-frequency communication, electrical insulation, etc. Because of the excellent structural designability of PIs, the band gap of PIs can be adjusted by modulating the monomer combination/chain segment structure/space structure, and the above properties of PIs can be optimized. In this paper, based on the main research progresses of PI bandgap modulation reported in recent years, the main strategies of PI bandgap modulation were elaborated from the perspectives of polymer structure and adjusting polymerization process, respectively, and the difficult problems faced in PI bandgap modulation were discussed with the example of its application in the field of dielectric energy storage. Finally, the future development direction of PI bandgap modulation was discussed on the basis of current research status of PI bandgap modulation.

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聚酰亚胺(PI)作为一类主链含有π共轭酰亚胺环的高性能聚合物材料,其带隙大小是直接影响材料热稳定性、光电性能、介电性能等性能的关键因素之一,而常规PI分子结构中供电性二胺基元与吸电性二酐基元决定其带隙值处于3.0 eV附近,并直接影响其在高温储能、高频通讯、电绝缘等领域中的表现。由于PI优异的结构可设计性,PI的带隙可通过调控单体组合/链段结构/空间结构来调节,进而可以对PI的上述性能进行优化。本文根据近年来报道的PI带隙调控的主要研究进展,分别从聚合物结构和调整聚合工艺的角度阐述了PI带隙调控的主要策略,并以其在介电储能领域的应用为例,讨论了PI带隙调控中所面临的难点问题。最后,根据PI带隙调控的研究现状探讨了其未来的发展方向。

, articleAbstract=

聚酰亚胺(PI)作为一类主链含有π共轭酰亚胺环的高性能聚合物材料,其带隙大小是直接影响材料热稳定性、光电性能、介电性能等性能的关键因素之一,而常规PI分子结构中供电性二胺基元与吸电性二酐基元决定其带隙值处于3.0 eV附近,并直接影响其在高温储能、高频通讯、电绝缘等领域中的表现。由于PI优异的结构可设计性,PI的带隙可通过调控单体组合/链段结构/空间结构来调节,进而可以对PI的上述性能进行优化。本文根据近年来报道的PI带隙调控的主要研究进展,分别从聚合物结构和调整聚合工艺的角度阐述了PI带隙调控的主要策略,并以其在介电储能领域的应用为例,讨论了PI带隙调控中所面临的难点问题。最后,根据PI带隙调控的研究现状探讨了其未来的发展方向。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王旭(1986-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事耐热高分子及其复合材料的研究。
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王逸(2002-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,主要从事新型聚酰亚胺的制备研究;

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王逸(2002-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,主要从事新型聚酰亚胺的制备研究;

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王逸(2002-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,主要从事新型聚酰亚胺的制备研究;

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聚酰亚胺带隙宽度调控策略及介电应用研究进展
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王逸 1 , 谢志辉 2 , 张跃 2 , 王旭 1 , 刘向阳 1
绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2025,58(6): 1-8
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绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2025, 58(6): 1-8
聚酰亚胺带隙宽度调控策略及介电应用研究进展
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王逸1, 谢志辉2, 张跃2, 王旭1, 刘向阳1
作者信息
  • 1.四川大学 高分子科学与工程学院,四川 成都 610042
  • 2.东方电气集团东方电机有限公司,四川 德阳 618000
  • 王逸(2002-),女(汉族),江苏南通人,博士生,主要从事新型聚酰亚胺的制备研究;

通讯作者:

王旭(1986-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事耐热高分子及其复合材料的研究。
Research progress on modulation strategies of polyimide bandgap width and dielectric applications
Yi WANG1, Zhihui XIE2, Yue ZHANG2, Xu WANG1, Xiangyang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610042, China
  • 2. Dongfang Electric Machinery Company Limited, Deyang 618000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.001
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聚酰亚胺(PI)作为一类主链含有π共轭酰亚胺环的高性能聚合物材料,其带隙大小是直接影响材料热稳定性、光电性能、介电性能等性能的关键因素之一,而常规PI分子结构中供电性二胺基元与吸电性二酐基元决定其带隙值处于3.0 eV附近,并直接影响其在高温储能、高频通讯、电绝缘等领域中的表现。由于PI优异的结构可设计性,PI的带隙可通过调控单体组合/链段结构/空间结构来调节,进而可以对PI的上述性能进行优化。本文根据近年来报道的PI带隙调控的主要研究进展,分别从聚合物结构和调整聚合工艺的角度阐述了PI带隙调控的主要策略,并以其在介电储能领域的应用为例,讨论了PI带隙调控中所面临的难点问题。最后,根据PI带隙调控的研究现状探讨了其未来的发展方向。

带隙调控  /  聚酰亚胺  /  聚合物结构  /  介电储能

Polyimide (PI) is a class of high-performance polymer materials containing π-conjugated imide ring in the main chain, and its size of the band gap is one of the main factors directly affecting the thermal stability, optoelectronic properties, dielectric properties and other properties of the material. The electrically powered diamine group and the electrically absorbing dianhydride group in the conventional PI molecular structure determine that the value of band gap is nearby 3.0 eV, which directly affects its performance in the field of high-temperature energy storage, high-frequency communication, electrical insulation, etc. Because of the excellent structural designability of PIs, the band gap of PIs can be adjusted by modulating the monomer combination/chain segment structure/space structure, and the above properties of PIs can be optimized. In this paper, based on the main research progresses of PI bandgap modulation reported in recent years, the main strategies of PI bandgap modulation were elaborated from the perspectives of polymer structure and adjusting polymerization process, respectively, and the difficult problems faced in PI bandgap modulation were discussed with the example of its application in the field of dielectric energy storage. Finally, the future development direction of PI bandgap modulation was discussed on the basis of current research status of PI bandgap modulation.

bandgap modulation  /  polyimide  /  polymer structure  /  dielectric energy storage
王逸, 谢志辉, 张跃, 王旭, 刘向阳. 聚酰亚胺带隙宽度调控策略及介电应用研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (6) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.001
Yi WANG, Zhihui XIE, Yue ZHANG, Xu WANG, Xiangyang LIU. Research progress on modulation strategies of polyimide bandgap width and dielectric applications[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (6) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.001
聚酰亚胺(PI)是指主链上含有酰亚胺环结构的高性能聚合物,通常由二酐和二胺单体缩合聚合而成。由于其优异的综合性能,包括热氧化稳定性、电气性能、抗辐射性、耐溶剂性和力学性能等,PI被广泛应用于航空航天、微电子、电池、有机光催化等领域[1-5]。虽然芳香族PI早在1908年制备得到[6],但高分子量的芳香族PI由Endrey在1962年合成[6]。在20世纪60年代中期,Kapton的商品化则正式揭开了PI蓬勃发展的时代。现今快速发展的科技对高性能聚合物的需求日益增长,使得具有优异性能的PI展现出更大的应用前景。
带隙是指导带(conductive band,CB)的最低点和价带(valence band,VB)的最高点的能量之差,也称为能隙。研究表明,前线轨道理论中提到的最高占据分子轨道(highest occupied molecular orbital,简称HOMO)和最低未占分子轨道(lowest unoccupied molecular orbital,简称LUMO)分别接近VB和CB的位置[7]。一般说来,带隙越大,电子由价带被激发到导带越难,本征载流子浓度就越低,电导率也就越低[8]。在分子中,HOMO上的电子能量最高,所受束缚最小,所以电子最活泼,容易变动。而LUMO在所有的未占轨道中能量最低,最容易接受电子,因此这两个轨道决定着分子的电子得失和转移能力,也决定着分子间反应的空间取向等重要化学性质。
PI的带隙大小主要由二酐基元接受电子的能力以及二胺基元给予电子的能力共同决定。同时,分子内和分子间的电荷转移行为也会显著影响PI的带隙(Еg)大小[9]。一般来说,较大的供电子二胺和较大的吸电子二酐的结合会导致更小的Eg和更多的分子内链、分子间链的电荷转移,相反则会导致更大的Eg和更少的分子内链、分子链间的电荷转移。PI的带隙大小决定了聚合物的导电或绝缘性能[10],对PI固有电气强度起到主导作用,同时也显著影响聚合物本征的光吸收范围和载流子迁移率[11],因此带隙大小是影响PI性能的重要因素。因为PI可通过不同的二酐和二胺单体按照不同的组合方式缩聚合成[12],所以PI展现出非常优异的结构可设计性,可以通过调控单体组合/链段结构/空间结构来调节其各项性能。因此,基于PI优异的结构可设计性,选择不同的单体组合和更优化的结构可以对PI进行带隙调控,从而使其满足特定场景下的要求[13]
本文根据近年来报道的PI带隙调控的主要研究进展,从聚合物结构和聚合工艺的角度阐述调控PI带隙的主要策略:①聚合物结构:分析极性基团、含氟结构、脂肪族、共轭平面、刚性非共面等结构的引入对PI带隙的影响;②聚合工艺:通过不同的工艺手段调整聚合度,分析反应温度和投料比对PI带隙的影响。然后以PI在介电储能领域的应用为例,讨论了PI带隙调控中面临的多性能难点挑战。最后,根据PI带隙调控的现状对其未来的发展方向进行了探讨。
众所周知,在聚合物分子主链/侧链上引入不同的基团、重复单元,可以改变聚合物的电子结构和能级分布,进而影响聚合物带隙的大小,这也是对PI带隙进行调控最常用的手段。除此之外,也可以通过改变聚合工艺或者控制不同结构的单体比例对PI带隙进行调控。传统的聚酰亚胺带隙值约为3.0 eV [14]。通过密度泛函理论(density functional theory,DFT)估算了杜邦公司的Kapton薄膜和通过添加醚键及烷基改性的聚醚亚胺(PEI)的带隙值分别约为2.6 eV和3.2 eV[15-16]。然而,在高温和高电场等苛刻条件下,传统PI由于带隙小使分子内和分子间形成电荷转移配合物,导致电导损耗增加等,这使得研究者们不得不从结构设计的角度上,在PI分子主链/侧链上引入含氟甲基[17]、刚性非共面[18]、脂环[19]类等结构,来增大PI的带隙值。
研究者们发现含三氟甲基或刚性非共面段的芳香族聚酰亚胺以及脂环类聚酰亚胺都具有较大的Eg和较高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg[17-20]。DONG J F等[21]提出了一种分子工程策略,在PI的链端引入氨基多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(NH2-POSS,Eg约为6.6 eV)封端,制备得到PI杂化薄膜,结果表明NH2-POSS的引入能够有效增大PI的带隙,同时显著降低了PI在高温高电场下的电导损耗和能量损耗。SONG J等[17]基于DFT选择具有较大电离电位(IP)值的脂环二酐CBDA,将其以相同的工艺分别与脂环二胺DCHM和芳香二胺TFMB进行聚合,分别得到了全脂环聚酰亚胺CBDA/DCHM和半脂环聚酰亚胺CBDA/TFMB(如图1所示),它们的光学带隙值分别为4.6 eV和4.1 eV,远高于芳香PMDA/ODA(Eg为2.81 eV)。这主要是因为非共面脂环段的引入导致分子间链间距的扩大,分子链的堆积密度降低,削弱了分子链间的相互作用,抑制了分子间电荷转移。
根据聚合物链段结构的不同,PI可分为脂肪族结构PI和芳香族结构PI[22]。与芳香族化合物相比,脂环二胺和脂环二酐分别具有较大的IP和较小的电子亲和值(EA),这归因于脂环结构中没有共轭电子[23]。因而,对于PI聚合物而言,Eg值从大到小顺序排列为:全脂环、半脂环、芳香族[17]
DONG J等[24]通过在磺化聚酰亚胺PDS/ODPA(SO-PI,Eg值为3.4 eV)的主链中引入少量非共轭脂环结构,实现了高温电容性能的大幅提高(如图2所示)。基于DFT计算,结合UV-vis光谱对上述改性后的磺化PI能带结构进行了分析,结果表明将非共轭脂环段引入到SO-PI分子的主链中,不同含量的脂环段均有效增大了SO-PI带隙。当脂环段的摩尔分数为14.3%时,SO-PI的带隙值为4.35 eV。脂环段的引入可以大幅降低芳香二胺的给体能力,减少共轭聚酰亚胺主链上π电子离域,有效抑制分子内和分子间的电荷转移(CT)[25]
研究表明[26-27],通过在聚合物的主链或侧链中引入高极性分子基团(如-CN-、-SO2-、硫脲、联吡啶等),可以增强偶极极化,从而改善介电常数(εr),但这种方法通常会降低聚合物的Eg。DONG J等[24]将4,4′-二氨基二苯砜(PDS)分别与一系列含有极性基团(-O-、-C(=O)-、-SO2-)的商业二酐单体聚合制备PI薄膜,分别标记为SO-PI、SC-PI、SS-PI。通过调整二酐单体中基团的极性大小来调控PI的带隙。其中,SO-PI具有3.4 eV的大带隙,SC-PI和SS-PI的带隙值为3.25 eV和3.3 eV(如图3所示)。SO-PI带隙值最大可能与主链中强吸电子基团的-SO2-(二胺)和弱给电子基团的-O-(二酐)有关,导致HOMO和LUMO之间的较大间隔[28]。此外,与-O-和-C(=O)-基团相比,-SO2-基团所具有的强位阻导致了较大的分子构型偏移[28],增大了相邻分子链的链间距,从而进一步降低芳香基团的共轭效应。然而,这种通过调整二酐基元中基团的极性大小来调控PI的带隙的方法,效果并不显著。
在小带隙PI结构设计方面,为使得PI获得更小的带隙,赋予其更优异的光电性能,即使聚合物具备更宽的本征光吸收范围和更高的载流子迁移率,研究者们常常在PI分子主链上引入具有大平面共轭结构的基团/重复单元,如苝二酰亚胺(PDI)[29]、三苯胺(TPA)[30]、1,4,5,8-萘-四羧酸二酐(NTCDA)[31]等结构来降低PI的带隙值。YANG L等[29]根据PDI构建块具有优异的热稳定性、化学稳定性和光稳定性,提出将PDI构建块与酸酐和胺单元相结合的创新性想法,制备得到的新型PI(PDIAN/PTCDA)带隙仅为2.00 eV,具有更强、更宽的可见光吸收(如图4所示)。这是由于双苝核的强π-π共轭,可以显著加速内部电子迁移,最终提高光催化性能。
LIU Y等[30]将兼具优异光电活性、高电荷载流子迁移率[32]和非平面分子结构优点的三苯胺(TPA)引入PI主链中,同时选择对苯二胺(ODA)进行对比分析,分别标记为LPI和PPI,相应的带隙值分别为2.0 eV和2.43 eV。利用DFT计算分析发现,TPA的加入大幅降低了PI的VB水平,从而降低了PI的带隙。HUANG Y等[31]选用NTCDA作二酐,通过简单缩聚法将其分别与MA和TPA聚合制备得到具有平面和立体交联结构的聚酰亚胺(M-PI和T-PI),如图5所示。计算得到它们的带隙分别为2.30 eV和1.65 eV,与传统PI(Eg为3.0 eV)相比,其带隙更小。这归因于NTCDA的大共轭结构,扩展了π电子云分布。
研究表明,可以通过调整聚合工艺改变聚合度来连续调控聚合物的带隙[33-34]。CHU S等[35]以三聚氰胺(MA)和均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)的均聚为例,系统地研究了聚合度对聚合物电子带隙的影响,并进行了理论计算,以澄清电子结构的变化。随着聚合温度的升高,聚合度逐渐增加,各温度下聚合物的光学带隙分别为3.39、3.17、2.97、2.79、2.56 eV。结果表明通过简单地改变材料的聚合温度,PI的电子和光学性质可以在很宽的范围内进行微调,这与利用DFT计算不同链长的PI模型的理论带隙吻合。如图6所示,当单体数量从1个增加到3个时,跃迁能从3.22 eV降低到2.91 eV。值得注意的是,光学带隙通常低于DFT计算带隙,其原因是光学带隙对应于通过吸收单个光子所能达到的最低电子跃迁能量,而电子和空穴在激发态中保持静电结合,因此这种差异被称为电子-空穴对结合能[36]
对于D-A型聚合物,改变供电子或受电子的组成是精确调整能带结构的有效策略[37-38]。CHU S等[39]通过简单地改变聚合物骨架中电子给体和电子受体部分的含量来调节PI的能带结构。在325℃条件下,三聚氰胺(MA)和均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)分别以1∶1和1∶2的摩尔比共聚制备了两种PI,分别记为AM-PI和AD-PI,如图7所示,它们的光学带隙分别为2.76 eV和2.88 eV。不同的带隙可归因于胺和酸酐单体的不同比例。利用VB-XPS价带谱分析发现,AD-PI的CB和VB水平均低于AM-PI,这可以归因于聚合物主链和边缘的吸电子酸酐成分含量较高。
由上文分析可知,无论是在聚合物分子主链/侧链上引入不同的基团、重复单元,改变聚合物的电子结构和能级分布,还是通过调控分子链段的排布或调整聚合工艺如温度、投料比等调控聚合物的聚合度,均能有效地对PI带隙进行调控。通常,当在分子链中引入含氟甲基、刚性非共面、脂环类等结构,会破坏分子链的共轭程度,扩大分子间链间距,增大带隙;而在主链中引入具有大平面共轭结构的重复单元,则会扩展π电子云分布,促进载流子速率,使得PI获得更小的带隙。同时还能通过在二胺/二酐中引入不同极性的基团来调控PI带隙。与直接改变聚合物结构(通常需要合成新的单体)不同,利用现有的单体原料,通过控制不同结构的单体比例或者调整聚合工艺,同样能够实现对PI带隙的精细调控。
由第一节的分析可知,从聚合物结构/聚合工艺对PI带隙进行调控可以为开发具有理想能带结构和特定性能的聚合物提供相应的方法/策略。但聚合物的能带结构往往和聚合物的多种性能紧密相关,因而,当对PI带隙进行调控以提高PI的某一性能时,往往会影响甚至牺牲其他原本优异的性能,这并不是所期待的结果。
以PI作为聚合物电容器薄膜的应用为例。PI由于其优异的力学性能、合适的介质损耗和较高的电气强度,被认为是可应用于高温储能领域的重要介质材料之一。苯环和亚胺环之间的相互作用使PI可以承受超高温(>300℃)的玻璃化转变,具有良好的热稳定性和耐高温性[40-41]。然而,为使PI更好地满足当今高温储能领域的应用需求,通常需要PI具有更高的介电常数、更低的介质损耗和更为优异的耐高温性能[42]。电介质的放电能量密度(Ue)主要由其电气强度(Eb)和介电常数(εr)决定[43-44]。通常,电介质的本征Eb与其Eg呈正相关,工作温度由玻璃化转变温度(Tg)决定,εr与极化程度密切相关[45-47]。V SHARMA等[48]通过使用DFT得到267种聚合物的介电常数与带隙之间的关系,总结得出规律:电子极化所对应的介电常数与带隙呈近似理想的负相关关系,这在理论上为介电常数的增加提供了极限。这也意味着聚合物的εrTgEg三者间存在相互约束的关系,如图8所示[49]
举例来说,用于电容器的基准聚合物介质双轴取向聚丙烯(BOPP)由脂肪族骨架组成,Eg值高达5.2 eV,然而BOPP的高温电容性能受到其低εr(2.2)和低工作温度(<105℃)的严重限制,这种限制主要源于其较弱的介电极化能力和缺乏足够的结构刚度[50-51]。而PI和聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)等芳烃聚合物具有较高的Tg(>210℃),但其共轭平面段的π-π叠加效应较强,牺牲了Eg(<3.2 eV),导致其高温电容性能不可避免地下降[50-53]。目前,所报道的介电聚合物的εrTg、和Eg中互斥约束的悖论仍然存在(如图8所示)。这也就意味着单一的增大PI带隙,在分子链中引入含氟甲基、脂环类等结构,使PI具有较高的电气强度,但往往会牺牲PI的热力学性能、介电性能等。这种PI功能性与高性能难以兼容的问题已成为发展先进高性能多功能PI的共性难题。
近年来,计算机模拟技术逐渐成为研究关键技术问题的有效方法[54],可以通过构建空间结构模型来模拟系统的热力学与动力学、平衡与非平衡过程[55]。传统上,新材料的发现往往依赖于大量的实验和偶然的发现。但随着计算机模拟技术的日渐成熟,它逐渐成为实验的有力补充。将高通量计算筛选与实验测试相结合的方法[56]可以有效解决PI结构设计时εrTgEg互斥约束的悖论。首先,初始筛选标准需要适合快速高通量计算。基于DFT的量子力学电子结构方法可以精确地确定原子水平的相互作用,为给定的原子结构提供静态(低频)和光学(电子)介电常数以及带隙。MA R等[57]以高通量DFT计算为指导,探索PI的介电性能,并以介电常数εr和带隙Eg作为初步筛选标准,确定潜在有用的介电材料。考虑了含有4个独立区块沿链轴具有周期性边界条件、没有链间相互作用的全反式单聚合物链,每个嵌段被分配为以下单元之一:-CH2-、-NH-、-C(=O)-、-C(=S)-、-O-、-C6H4-(苯环)和-C4H2S-(噻吩环)。这些嵌段的组合产生了不同类型的聚合物,包括聚酰亚胺、聚脲、聚氨酯及聚酰胺等,从而产生了267种独特而合理的结构。其中,总介电常数(电子和离子)>4和带隙>3 eV的聚合物结构被选为有前途的候选者,如图9所示。为了证明化学官能团与介电性能之间的关系,将实验结果与理论结果进行对比,成功得到了兼具大带隙和高介电常数的PI新材料。这一计算过程为制备具有优异储能特性的PI介电材料提供了理论依据[58]。上述方法也同样适用于其他领域,以便更好更高效地筛选合适的结构来准确获得所需的带隙。
PI的带隙主要由二酐基元接受电子的能力以及二胺基元给予电子的能力共同决定,它直接影响PI的介电性能、光电性能及热学性能等。虽然研究者们常常从基团/单体/链段和聚合度的角度对PI进行多尺度的带隙调控,但是目前仍然缺少基于PI自身分子结构改性进行带隙调控的相关系统工作。
带隙往往会综合影响PI的性能,在实际应用过程中,并不能只单一的增大或减小PI的带隙,从而影响/牺牲其他优异的性能。目前,与PI相关的研究仍在快速发展中,因而带隙调控对制备新型PI具有非常重要的意义。未来PI的带隙调控发展主要聚焦在以下3个方向:
(1)丰富PI带隙的调控策略,进一步扩大调控范围(实现更大带隙和更小带隙PI的制备),并且减少对其本征优异性能的影响。
(2)明晰结构-性能的关系,进一步明确带隙对PI多种功能特性(如电气强度、耐电晕性能、载流子迁移率等)的影响规律。
(3)借助计算机模拟技术,将高通量计算筛选与实验测试相结合,高效筛选符合要求的PI新结构,在不牺牲其他性能的前提下,对PI带隙进行调控。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3806903)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52273012)
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2025年第58卷第6期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.06.001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-04
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-04
  • 修回日期:2024-12-26
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3806903)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52273012)
作者信息
    1.四川大学 高分子科学与工程学院,四川 成都 610042
    2.东方电气集团东方电机有限公司,四川 德阳 618000

通讯作者:

王旭(1986-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,主要从事耐热高分子及其复合材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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