Article(id=1203281561937486396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718294400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-14, revisedDate=1730736000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814280256, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814280256, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814280256, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814280256, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=97, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281563237720645, articleId=1203281561937486396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Cable defect localization based on Hilbert transform and time-frequency domain reflection, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The traditional time-frequency domain reflection method (TFDR) is difficult to accurately obtain the time-frequency distribution of the acquired signal, which seriously reduces the location accuracy of cable defects. Therefore, a cable defect localization method based on Hilbert transform (HT) and TFDR was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the Gaussian frequency domain window function was introduced by Fourier digital filtering method to suppress the interference of the acquired signal. Then, the time-frequency distribution of incident traveling wave signal and reflect traveling wave signals were obtained by HT method. Finally, the instantaneous power spectrum of time-frequency distribution was used to characterize the time-frequency energy focusing characteristics of the defect reflected traveling wave signal, and the defect position in the cable was located through the peak value of the final curve obtained. The results show that, compared with the traditional Wigner distribution method and synchronous compression transformation method, the traveling wave signal obtained by this method has higher time-frequency resolution and no cross term interference, which can locate local defects in cables more accurately.

, articleAbstract=

The traditional time-frequency domain reflection method (TFDR) is difficult to accurately obtain the time-frequency distribution of the acquired signal, which seriously reduces the location accuracy of cable defects. Therefore, a cable defect localization method based on Hilbert transform (HT) and TFDR was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the Gaussian frequency domain window function was introduced by Fourier digital filtering method to suppress the interference of the acquired signal. Then, the time-frequency distribution of incident traveling wave signal and reflect traveling wave signals were obtained by HT method. Finally, the instantaneous power spectrum of time-frequency distribution was used to characterize the time-frequency energy focusing characteristics of the defect reflected traveling wave signal, and the defect position in the cable was located through the peak value of the final curve obtained. The results show that, compared with the traditional Wigner distribution method and synchronous compression transformation method, the traveling wave signal obtained by this method has higher time-frequency resolution and no cross term interference, which can locate local defects in cables more accurately.

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传统时-频域反射法(TFDR)难以准确获取采集信号的时-频分布,严重降低电缆缺陷的定位精度。为此,本文提出基于希尔伯特变换(HT)与TFDR的电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法首先利用傅里叶数字滤波法引入高斯频域窗函数,以此抑制采集信号的干扰;然后利用HT方法获取入射行波信号与反射行波信号的时-频分布;最后利用时-频分布中的瞬时功率谱表征缺陷反射行波信号的时-频能量聚焦特征,通过最终得到的曲线峰值定位电缆中的缺陷位置。结果表明:相比于传统的魏格纳分布方法与同步压缩变换方法,本文方法得到的行波信号时-频分辨率更高,且无交叉项干扰,能更精确地定位电缆中的局部缺陷。

, articleAbstract=

传统时-频域反射法(TFDR)难以准确获取采集信号的时-频分布,严重降低电缆缺陷的定位精度。为此,本文提出基于希尔伯特变换(HT)与TFDR的电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法首先利用傅里叶数字滤波法引入高斯频域窗函数,以此抑制采集信号的干扰;然后利用HT方法获取入射行波信号与反射行波信号的时-频分布;最后利用时-频分布中的瞬时功率谱表征缺陷反射行波信号的时-频能量聚焦特征,通过最终得到的曲线峰值定位电缆中的缺陷位置。结果表明:相比于传统的魏格纳分布方法与同步压缩变换方法,本文方法得到的行波信号时-频分辨率更高,且无交叉项干扰,能更精确地定位电缆中的局部缺陷。

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徐研(1985-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,研究方向为高压电缆的运行与检修。

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徐研(1985-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,研究方向为高压电缆的运行与检修。

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徐研(1985-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,研究方向为高压电缆的运行与检修。

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结构参数值
导体层半径/mm4
导体层电阻率/(µΩ·mm)17.5
屏蔽层半径/mm9.5
屏蔽层电阻率/(µΩ·mm)17.5
绝缘层电导率/(S/m)1×10-16
绝缘层介电常数/(F/m)2.04×10-11
), ArticleFig(id=1203365334507041123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281561937486396, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

正常电力电缆模型的结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构参数值
导体层半径/mm4
导体层电阻率/(µΩ·mm)17.5
屏蔽层半径/mm9.5
屏蔽层电阻率/(µΩ·mm)17.5
绝缘层电导率/(S/m)1×10-16
绝缘层介电常数/(F/m)2.04×10-11
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基于希尔伯特变换与时-频域反射的电缆缺陷定位
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徐研 , 陈文教 , 胡成乐 , 贲成
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025,58(5): 97-106
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025, 58(5): 97-106
基于希尔伯特变换与时-频域反射的电缆缺陷定位
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徐研, 陈文教, 胡成乐, 贲成
作者信息
  • 广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局,广东 广州 510620
  • 徐研(1985-),男(汉族),吉林长春人,高级工程师,研究方向为高压电缆的运行与检修。

Cable defect localization based on Hilbert transform and time-frequency domain reflection
Yan XU, Wenjiao CHEN, Chengle HU, Cheng BEN
Affiliations
  • Guangzhou Power Supply Bureau, Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510620, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.013
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传统时-频域反射法(TFDR)难以准确获取采集信号的时-频分布,严重降低电缆缺陷的定位精度。为此,本文提出基于希尔伯特变换(HT)与TFDR的电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法首先利用傅里叶数字滤波法引入高斯频域窗函数,以此抑制采集信号的干扰;然后利用HT方法获取入射行波信号与反射行波信号的时-频分布;最后利用时-频分布中的瞬时功率谱表征缺陷反射行波信号的时-频能量聚焦特征,通过最终得到的曲线峰值定位电缆中的缺陷位置。结果表明:相比于传统的魏格纳分布方法与同步压缩变换方法,本文方法得到的行波信号时-频分辨率更高,且无交叉项干扰,能更精确地定位电缆中的局部缺陷。

电力电缆  /  缺陷定位  /  傅里叶数字滤波  /  希尔伯特变换  /  时-频分布

The traditional time-frequency domain reflection method (TFDR) is difficult to accurately obtain the time-frequency distribution of the acquired signal, which seriously reduces the location accuracy of cable defects. Therefore, a cable defect localization method based on Hilbert transform (HT) and TFDR was proposed in this paper. Firstly, the Gaussian frequency domain window function was introduced by Fourier digital filtering method to suppress the interference of the acquired signal. Then, the time-frequency distribution of incident traveling wave signal and reflect traveling wave signals were obtained by HT method. Finally, the instantaneous power spectrum of time-frequency distribution was used to characterize the time-frequency energy focusing characteristics of the defect reflected traveling wave signal, and the defect position in the cable was located through the peak value of the final curve obtained. The results show that, compared with the traditional Wigner distribution method and synchronous compression transformation method, the traveling wave signal obtained by this method has higher time-frequency resolution and no cross term interference, which can locate local defects in cables more accurately.

power cable  /  defect localization  /  Fourier digital filtering  /  Hilbert transform  /  time-frequency distribution
徐研, 陈文教, 胡成乐, 贲成. 基于希尔伯特变换与时-频域反射的电缆缺陷定位. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 97 -106 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.013
Yan XU, Wenjiao CHEN, Chengle HU, Cheng BEN. Cable defect localization based on Hilbert transform and time-frequency domain reflection[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 97 -106 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.013
我国城市电网正处于高速发展时期,其中交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电力电缆的敷设量日益增长。然而,电力电缆的服役环境较为恶劣,在温度、水分、电场等因素的作用下,电力电缆的局部区域易形成缺陷,大量电力电缆逐渐面临老化问题[1-2],严重威胁城市电网的运行安全[3-4]。因此,电缆局部缺陷的精准定位对于保证城市电网的稳定运行具有重要意义。
电缆中的局部缺陷会改变相应区域的波阻抗,造成电缆存在入射行波的反射现象,因此,通过检测并分析反射行波可定位电缆中的缺陷[5]。时域反射法(time domain reflectometry,TDR)[6-7]选择单极性脉冲波作为入射行波,该方法重点强调入射行波的时域特征,其反射行波可直接在时域上进行辨识,且操作简单,主要应用于电缆的故障定位。但是TDR入射行波中的高频成分能量较弱,因此难以用于定位微弱缺陷。频域反射法(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)[8-9]选择扫频正弦波作为入射行波,该方法重点强调入射行波的频域特征,其入射行波的高频成分具有更强的能量,利于定位微弱缺陷,但是其反射行波中部分频率分量的能量衰减会导致测试结果失真,降低局部缺陷的定位精度。
时-频域反射法[10-11](time-frequency domain reflectometry,TFDR)选择高斯包络调频信号作为入射行波,相比于传统的时域反射法与频域反射法,该方法可同时表现入射行波的时域特征与频域特征,因此在时-频域内可以容易检测到缺陷的反射行波,具备更好的缺陷定位效果,被广泛应用于电缆的缺陷定位领域。文献[12]利用魏格纳分布(Wigner-Ville distribution,WVD)获取采集信号的时-频分布,虽然WVD对入射行波信号具有较高的时-频分辨率,但是该方法是典型的二次型时-频变换,因此在多行波信号的叠加影响下,其时-频分布会出现强烈的交叉项干扰,降低缺陷定位的准确性。文献[13-14]在WVD的基础上,分别利用平滑加窗的伪WVD和伪平滑WVD获取采集信号的时-频分布,该类方法以降低入射行波信号的时-频分辨率为代价,削弱交叉项干扰的能量。虽然一定程度上保证了时-频分布的真实性,但是时-频分辨率的下降会影响微弱缺陷反射行波的检测。文献[15]利用正交匹配追踪方法对采集信号开展预处理,以线性叠加子信号的伪WVD时-频分布法获取采集信号的时-频分布,虽然该方法借助单行波信号的独立分析有效消除了交叉项干扰,但是原子库与迭代次数的选择问题需要进一步研究。文献[16-17]利用S变换、同步压缩变换算法(synchrosqueezing transform,SST)等基于短时傅里叶变换的时-频变换方法来获取采集信号的时-频分布,可避免WVD等二次型时-频变换方法中的交叉项干扰,但是该类方法中的时域窗长度严重限制时-频分辨率,难以同时获得较高的时-频分辨率与频域分辨率,工程应用上难以检测微弱缺陷的反射行波。
基于现有技术存在的问题,本文提出一种基于希尔伯特变换(Hilbert transform,HT)与TFDR结合的电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法利用HT技术获取行波信号的时-频分布,并将归一化瞬时功率谱作为电缆缺陷定位谱图,其峰值点所在位置可表示电缆的缺陷位置。通过搭建正常电缆模型与缺陷电缆模型对所提方法开展对比研究,同时对真实电缆缺陷进行定位实验,以此证明本文所提方法可抑制交叉项干扰,并且具备较高的缺陷检测分辨率,可精准定位电缆缺陷。
电力电缆是典型的同轴传输线结构,其相关的信号传输特性需要采用传输线理论开展研究。当电力电缆中行波信号的频率较高时,为分析行波信号在电缆内部的传输过程,建立如图1所示的分布参数模型。
图1中,d是距离电缆首端的距离,U(d)、I(d)分别是与电缆首端相距d处位置的电压向量与电流向量,Δd是电缆的单位长度,单位长度电缆的电阻R、电感L、电导G和电容C等电气参数可以用式(1)~(4)来表示[18]
R=12πμ0ω2(1rcρc+1rsρs)
L=μ02πlnrsrc+14π2μ0ω(1rcρc+1rsρs)
G=2πσln(rs/rc)
C=2πεln(rs/rc)
式(1)~(4)中:ω是行波信号的角频率;rcrs分别是导体层与屏蔽层的半径;ρcρs分别是导体层与屏蔽层的电阻率;μ0是真空磁导率常数;σε分别是绝缘层的电导率与介电常数。
图1的电力电缆分布参数模型中,传播常数γ(ω)可表示为式(5)
γ(ω)=(R+jωL)(G+jωC)=α(ω)+jβ(ω)
式(5)中,ɑ(ω)与β(ω)分别是电力电缆分布参数模型的衰减常数与相位常数,其中β(ω)可表示为式(6)
β(ω)=ωv=2πfv
式(6)中,v是高频行波信号的传输速度,通常为定值。
图1的电力电缆分布参数模型中,特性阻抗Z0表示为式(7)
Z0=R+jωLG+jωC
分析式(7),对于高频行波信号而言,由于ωL>>RωC>>GZ0可近似表示为式(8)
Z0=LC
式(8)可知,电缆中局部区域的特性阻抗与该局部区域的电气参数相关,当电缆的局部区域出现缺陷时,该区域的电气参数会改变,造成特性阻抗的变化。
分析长度为l的正常电缆,得到其末端位置的反射系数ρ表达式为式(9)
ρ=ZL-Z0ZL+Z0
式(9)中,ZL是负载阻抗。
理论上,当正常电缆传输高频行波信号时,高频行波信号仅在电缆末端位置发生单次反射现象,如图2所示,则电缆首端位置的反射系数ρ0(ω)计算式如式(10)所示。
ρ0(ω)=ρe-2γ(ω)l=ZL-Z0ZL+Z0e-2γ(ω)l
式(10)可得电缆首端位置的输入阻抗Zin(ω)可表示为式(11)
Zin(ω)=Z01+ρ0(ω)1-ρ0(ω)
同时得到完好电缆传输线模型首端的传输函数H(ω)表达式为式(12)
H(ω)=ρ0(ω)=ZL-Z0ZL+Z0e-2γ(ω)l
当完好电缆在位置d处产生局部缺陷时,缺陷会改变该区域中单位长度的电气参数,由式(8)可知,缺陷位置的特性阻抗Z0也会改变,形成阻抗不连续点。此时,电缆中高频行波信号会在缺陷位置处发生反射现象,如图3所示,可得到电缆首端位置的反射系数ρ0(ω)计算式如式(13)所示。
ρ0(ω)=Zd-Z0Zd+Z0e-2γ(ω)l
式(13)中,Zd是位置d处的输入阻抗,也可由式(11)等效计算。
同理可得,存在局部缺陷的电缆传输线模型首端的传递函数H(ω)计算式为式(14)
H(ω)=ρ0(ω)=Zd-Z0Zd+Z0e-2γ(ω)l
对于TFDR的入射信号s(t)而言,利用式(14)中的传递函数H(ω)可以得到反射信号r(t)表达式,如式(15)所示。
r(t)=IFTFTs(t)H(ω)
式(15)中:IFT是傅里叶反变换;FT是傅里叶变换。
在TFDR中,首先在电缆首端位置处向电缆注入特定参数的行波信号,即入射行波信号,然后采集电缆首端位置处的反射行波信号,最后对采集到的时域信号开展时-频域变换,利用时-频分布中行波信号能量的聚焦特性实现电缆缺陷的定位。在时-频分布上,为获取优异的聚焦信号,TFDR方法将入射行波信号选择为高斯包络的线性调频信号,其时域形式见式(16)[15]
s(t)=a/π1/4e-a(t-t0)2/2+jb(t-t0)2/2+jω0(t-t0)
式(16)中:a为控制入射行波信号的时间参数,其值与时间宽度成反比;b为控制入射行波信号的频率参数,其值与频率变化率成正比,ab共同控制入射行波信号的频率宽度;ω0为入射行波信号的中心角频率;t0为入射行波信号的中心时间。
TFDR中入射行波信号的时-频分布特征如图4所示。由图4可知,相比传统的TDR与FDR,TFDR入射行波信号在时域内与频域内都具备优异的分辨率,兼顾了两者的优点。
对时域形式下的入射行波信号s(t)开展傅里叶变换,得到其频域形式为式(17)
S(ω)=aπ(a-jb)e-(ω-ω0)22(a-jb)
根据入射行波信号的时域形式s(t)与频域形式S(ω),得到该行波信号在时域与频域的中心时间和中心角频率表达式分别为式(18)式(19)
ts=ts(t)2dt=t0
ωs=ωS(ω)2dω=ω0
得到入射行波信号在时域上的时间宽度Ts与在频域上的频率宽度Bs表达式分别为式(20)式(21)
Ts=(t-t0)2|s(t)|2dt=12a
Bs=(ω-ω0)2|S(ω)|2dω=a2+b22a
通过式(20)~(21)可以获取入射行波信号中的控制参数ab表达式分别为式(22)、式(23)
a=12Ts2
b=a(2BsTs)2-1
由式(22)~(23)可知,在TFDR的测试过程中,通过设置入射行波信号的控制参数值,可以任意调整入射行波信号的时域特征与频域特征,使入射行波信号与反射行波信号具备良好的时-频分辨率,确保缺陷的最佳定位效果。
本文引入HT技术[19-20]获取采集信号的时-频分布。传统方法通常采用经验模态分解或相关技术对采集信号开展预处理,以消除噪声和获得本征模函数[21],但是该类方法存在端点效应和与模态混叠等问题,会严重影响分析结果的真实性与准确性。因为TFDR中入射行波信号是高斯包络线性调频信号,并且采集信号中各行波信号在时-频域上相互独立,所以采集信号自身满足本征模函数的条件,无需采用经验模态分解或相关技术分解采集信号。
理论上,采集信号中入射行波信号与反射行波信号在时域上仅存在时间延迟与幅值衰减的问题,因此入射行波信号与反射行波信号在频域上仅存在相位延迟与幅值衰减的问题,采集信号(入射行波信号与反射行波信号叠加)与入射行波信号的频率分布范围高度一致。考虑入射行波信号的频域特征是已知的,本文采用傅里叶数字滤波方法[22]处理采集信号以抑制噪声的影响。
式(17)中入射行波信号的频率分布范围是固定的,可采用傅里叶带通滤波器[22]抑制频域上的干扰,该滤波器可保留特定频段的信号能量,抑制特定频段以外的信号能量。为削弱数据截断效应的影响,本文基于入射行波信号的频域形式S(ω)引入频域滤波窗函数Q(ω),表达式为式(24)
Q(ω)=|S(ω)|/max(|S(ω)|)
式(24)中,max()是指取离散数据序列的最大值。
得到最终滤波后的采集信号为式(25)
x(t)=IFTFTs(t)+r(t)Q(ω)
式(24)可知,本文在傅里叶数字滤波中引入了高斯频域窗函数,并且该窗函数与S(ω)的频率分布特征一致,可以较好地抑制噪声能量与保留采集信号的能量,提升HT计算结果的准确性。
HT是一种常见的信号时-频分析方法,其原理与传统的傅里叶变换方法不同,该方法利用信号的积分变换开展解调分析,从而获取非平稳信号的时-频特征。定义采集信号x(t)对应的希尔伯特变换信号y(t)为式(26)
y(t)=1πRx(τ)t-τdτ
式(26)中:R是柯西主值;τ是时间变量。
进一步得到x(t)对应的解析信号z(t)为式(27)
z(t)=x(t)+jy(t)=a(t)ejθ(t)
式(27)中:a(t)是信号的瞬时幅值;θ(t)是信号的瞬时相位。a(t)与θ(t)可分别表示为式(28)式(29)
a(t)=x(t)2+y(t)2
θ(t)=arctan(y(t)/x(t))
通过对瞬时相位θ(t)求导,可以得到信号的瞬时-频率表达式为式(30)
f(t)=dθ(t)/dt
通过a(t)与f (t)可描述采集信号的时-频分布谱TF(t, f ),并且具备较高的时-频分辨率。为方便观测信号时-频分布谱的特征,以定位电缆中的缺陷,本文引入瞬时功率谱P(t),其表达式为式(31)
P(t)=TFt, fdf
利用P(t)构建电缆的缺陷定位曲线,当电缆中出现缺陷时,缺陷的反射行波信号会在相应的时-频分布位置出现能量聚焦现象,缺陷的反射行波信号会在瞬时功率谱P(t)中呈现为极大值点,因此通过检测瞬时功率谱P(t)中峰值点对应的时间t'可获取电缆缺陷位置d的表达式为式(32)
d=vt'/2
为分析TFDR采集信号的时-频变换效果,建立长度为100 m的正常10 kV YJV-22型XLPE电力电缆仿真模型,其相关结构参数值如表1所示,其中导体层与屏蔽层的金属材料均设置为铜。根据式(16)构建入射行波信号,其参数设置为:时间宽度Ts=0.05 µs,频率宽度Bs=30 MHz,中心频率f0=40 MHz,中心时间t0=0.5 µs,采样频率fs=400 MHz。
将入射行波信号在电缆首端位置注入仿真电缆模型,获得电缆末端的反射信号,并与原始入射信号叠加得到采集信号,如图5所示。
二次型时-频变换方法与基于短时傅里叶变换的改进时-频变换方法具备不同的时-频变换特点,两者均被广泛应用于传统的TFDR信号时-频变换流程[12-17]。考虑WVD方法是典型的二次型时-频变换方法,而SST方法是典型基于短时傅里叶变换的改进时-频变换方法,因此本文重点比较WVD方法、SST方法与本文方法。分别利用上述3种方法分析图5的采集信号,得到该采集信号的时-频分布如图6所示。
分析图6(a)中采集信号的WVD时-频分布,可以看出WVD方法对单分量信号具备较高的时-频分辨率,但对多分量信号的时-频变换结果不满足叠加定理,导致多分量信号的WVD时-频分布结果出现明显的交叉项干扰(1.0 µs附近),易造成行波信号时-频能量的误判。从图6(b)可以看出,SST的信号时-频能量发散严重,易导致行波信号的时-频能量混叠,不利于行波信号的时-频检测。SST法与短时傅里叶变换方法拥有相同的特点,时-频分辨率严重依赖时域窗的长度,当时域窗的长度增加时,时域分辨率降低,频域分辨率增加;当时域窗的长度减小时,时域分辨率增加,频域分辨率降低。因此一旦选定时域窗的长度,信号的时-频分辨率会被确定,SST不具备自适应调整能力。SST虽然可避免WVD等二次型时-频变换方法中的交叉项干扰,但是难以获取较高的时-频分辨率。
分析本文方法的采集信号时-频分布(图6(c)),可以看出各行波信号的时-频能量高度聚焦,发散现象较弱,且聚焦效果远优于传统的WVD与SST方法,更有利于缺陷反射行波信号的时-频域检测。这是因为HT方法利用信号的积分变换开展了解调分析,通过瞬时-频率的定义计算信号的瞬时-频率,得到的信号幅值与频率是随时间变化的,且契合非线性、非平稳信号的时-频特征,可以有效消除传统方法时-频分布中的模糊与不清晰,更准确地反映信号原有的时-频特点。此外,该时-频分布不存在交叉项影响,显著提升了时-频域反射法中行波信号的检测效果。
为研究本文方法对电缆缺陷的定位效果,建立10 kV YJV-22型XLPE缺陷电缆仿真模型,模型总长度为300 m,在200 m位置处设置长度为0.5 m的缺陷区域。根据参考文献[23-24]的研究成果,当电缆出现受潮、绝缘介质挤压变形等缺陷时,缺陷区域的单位长度电容会增大,因此本文将电缆模型中缺陷区域的单位长度电容增大为正常值的1.2倍,以模拟受潮、绝缘介质挤压变形等缺陷。由式(8)可知,由于缺陷区域的电容出现变化,该区域的特征阻抗发生变化。根据式(16)构建入射行波信号,其参数设置为:时间宽度Ts=0.1 µs,频率宽度Bs=10 MHz,中心频率f0=20 MHz,中心时间t0=5 µs,采样频率fs=400 MHz。由本文TFDR方法得到的采集信号如图7所示。
本文方法首先利用傅里叶数字滤波与HT求解采集信号的时-频分布,然后在时-频分布上建立信号的瞬时功率谱线,最后通过信号瞬时功率谱线的峰值点所在位置判断缺陷的位置。图8为本文方法的缺陷定位结果。值得说明的是,缺陷定位曲线的首端区域范围存在入射行波信号与测试夹具造成的强烈反射行波信号,不利于缺陷反射行波信号的观察与检测[18],因此本文滤除了缺陷定位曲线中首端区域范围的曲线值。
图8可知,该瞬时功率谱线定位电缆缺陷位置在200.99 m,定位误差为0.99 m,由此证明了本文方法可准确定位电缆的局部缺陷,并且缺陷处的峰值清晰,其余位置未出现干扰项,缺陷位置的显示效果较好。分别利用传统的WVD与SST方法分析图7中的采集信号,得到传统时-频变换方法的缺陷定位结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,WVD方法中真实行波信号的中间时刻会出现交叉项干扰,因此其缺陷定位曲线在99.51、150.12、249.88 m处出现了干扰的峰值,形成缺陷位置的错误判断。分析SST方法的时-频分布,其真实行波信号的时-频分辨率被时域窗的长度严重限制,难以同时获得较高的时域分辨率与频域分辨率,因此其缺陷定位曲线的定位宽度较大,已掩盖200 m位置处微弱缺陷的峰值,无法定位仿真电缆的缺陷。
传统WVD方法通过采用归一化时-频互相关函数对比入射信号与反射信号的时-频能量,构建电缆的缺陷定位曲线,因此传统WVD方法的电缆缺陷定位曲线重点是描述入射信号与反射信号的时-频分布匹配程度。而本文方法利用时-频分布得到的瞬时功率谱作为电缆的缺陷定位曲线,因此本文方法的电缆缺陷定位曲线重点是描述反射信号的时-频分布能量聚焦程度。因为本文方法与传统WVD方法中电缆缺陷定位曲线的表征量不一致,所以两者缺陷定位峰幅值存在差异,但幅值与缺陷位置无关,因此缺陷定位峰的幅值差异不会影响缺陷的定位效果。
为验证本文所提方法对真实电缆缺陷的定位效果,对10 kV YJLV-22型XLPE电力电缆开展缺陷定位测试。电缆长度为500 m,在250 m位置处破坏电缆的铜屏蔽层,并保证两侧铜屏蔽层的电气连接,用于表征电缆的铜屏蔽层等结构被外力破坏或环境腐蚀的缺陷。
TFDR是一种典型的低电压脉冲注入测试方法,具体测试原理如图10所示。图10中信号发生器生成含特定参数的高斯包络调频信号作为入射行波信号,并通过T型转接头注入电力电缆。示波器通过T型转接头采集入射行波信号与反射行波信号的时域数据和频域数据。最终通过分析采集信号的时-频分布,实现电缆缺陷的定位。在该真实电缆缺陷的定位测试过程中,测试传输线采用同轴结构线转换双夹子线,同轴结构线通过T型转接头同时连接信号发生器与示波器,双夹子线分别连接电缆的导体层与屏蔽层,电缆末端位置的负载状态设置为开路无负载。
根据式(16)构建入射信号,其参数设置为:时间宽度Ts=0.2 µs,频率宽度Bs=5 MHz,中心频率f0=5 MHz,中心时间t0=5 µs,采样频率fs=400 MHz,得到的采集信号时域行波信号如图11所示。利用本文所提方法分析图11中的采集信号,得到的电缆缺陷定位谱图如图12所示。从图12可以看出,根据缺陷定位曲线的峰值,显示缺陷的位置为250.92 m处,与真实电缆缺陷位置误差为0.92 m,说明本文所提方法可以很好地用于真实电缆的缺陷定位。
为对比说明本文所提方法的优越性,同样利用WVD与SST方法分析图11中的采集信号,得到传统方法的电缆缺陷定位谱图如图13所示。从图13可以看出,在WVD法的电缆缺陷定位谱图中,126.28、252.76、378.01 m位置处出现了峰值,说明WVD法可以定位250 m处的缺陷,误差为2.76 m,但也出现了干扰峰值,该部分干扰峰值是由WVD时-频分布中交叉项干扰引起的,造成了缺陷的错误判断。分析SST法的电缆缺陷定位谱图可以发现,该曲线在250 m真实缺陷位置处附近未出现峰值。这是由于SST的时-频分辨率不足且SST的时-频分辨率严重依赖时域窗长度造成的,所以部分情况下难以在时-频域内检测到缺陷的反射行波信号,造成缺陷的定位失败。
在本文方法的缺陷定位谱图中,定位曲线未在125 m、375 m位置处附近出现干扰的峰值,并且在250 m位置处附近出现正确的缺陷对应峰值,说明本文方法可以避免交叉项干扰对缺陷定位的影响,同时具备较高的时-频分辨率,可有效定位电缆中的微弱缺陷。综上,仿真模型与真实电缆的缺陷定位结果具备一致性,说明本文所提方法可以准确定位电力电缆的局部缺陷,且定位精度较高,并且相比于传统的WVD与SST方法,本文所提方法具备更高的缺陷检测分辨率与更少的干扰峰。
本文所提方法的重点在于解决TFDR技术难以准确获取采集信号的时-频分布,以及严重降低电缆缺陷的定位精度的问题。鉴于篇幅有限,本文仅对电缆受潮、绝缘介质挤压变形模拟缺陷与铜屏蔽层破坏的真实缺陷开展研究分析,未研究所有类型的缺陷。
本文提出一种基于希尔伯特变换与时-频域反射法的电力电缆缺陷定位方法,该方法的行波信号时-频分布拥有较高的时-频分辨率,并且不存在交叉项干扰,可以有效定位电缆缺陷。
(1)采用傅里叶数字滤波方法预处理采集信号后,利用希尔伯特变换技术能够直接获取行波信号的时-频分布,相比于传统的时-频分布计算方法,该方法具备更高的时-频分辨率。
(2)在基于希尔伯特变换的采集信号时-频分布中,瞬时功率谱可用于表征反射行波信号的时-频能量聚焦特性。将归一化瞬时功率谱作为电缆缺陷定位谱图,其峰值点所在位置可用来表示电缆的缺陷位置。
(3)300 m仿真电缆与500 m真实电缆的缺陷定位结果表明,本文所提方法可以准确定位电力电缆的局部缺陷,且定位精度较高。相比于传统方法,本文所提方法中干扰峰更少,并且缺陷的检测分辨率更高,工程应用效果更好。
  • 广东电网公司科技项目(GDKJXM20222320)
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2025年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.013
  • 接收时间:2024-06-14
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-14
  • 修回日期:2024-11-05
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广东电网公司科技项目(GDKJXM20222320)
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    广东电网有限责任公司广州供电局,广东 广州 510620
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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