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Article(id=1203281564571513159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716998400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-30, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814280883, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814280883, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814280883, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814280883, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=81, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281564831560010, articleId=1203281564571513159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on vacuum surface insulation properties of PMMA, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The vacuum surface insulation performance of insulation material used in radiation environment simulation devices will be significantly affected by long-term radiation exposure. By conducting irradiation ageing experiments of different doses of gamma ray on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) materials, the variation law of surface microstructure and electrical performance parameters of PMMA materials with gamma ray irradiation dose was studied. The results show that when irradiated under a low-dose (0.1 kGy) gamma rays, the distribution of surface traps on the material is the main factor affecting the vacuum surface withstand voltage characteristics of PMMA the vacuum surface ageing voltage of PMMA increases by 11.7% compared to the unirradiated sample. When irradiated with high doses (greater than 1.0 kGy) of gamma rays, holes appear on the surface of PMMA material, and the local electric field intensity is distorted, becoming a "weak area" of vacuum surface insulation. Appropriate doses of gamma ray irradiation is helpful to improve the vacuum surface insulation performance of PMMA.

, articleAbstract=

The vacuum surface insulation performance of insulation material used in radiation environment simulation devices will be significantly affected by long-term radiation exposure. By conducting irradiation ageing experiments of different doses of gamma ray on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) materials, the variation law of surface microstructure and electrical performance parameters of PMMA materials with gamma ray irradiation dose was studied. The results show that when irradiated under a low-dose (0.1 kGy) gamma rays, the distribution of surface traps on the material is the main factor affecting the vacuum surface withstand voltage characteristics of PMMA the vacuum surface ageing voltage of PMMA increases by 11.7% compared to the unirradiated sample. When irradiated with high doses (greater than 1.0 kGy) of gamma rays, holes appear on the surface of PMMA material, and the local electric field intensity is distorted, becoming a "weak area" of vacuum surface insulation. Appropriate doses of gamma ray irradiation is helpful to improve the vacuum surface insulation performance of PMMA.

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辐射环境模拟装置用绝缘材料长期受射线辐照会对其真空沿面绝缘性能产生重要影响。通过对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）材料开展不同剂量伽马射线辐照老化实验，研究PMMA材料表面微观形貌及电性能参数随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化规律。结果表明：低剂量（0.1 kGy）伽马射线辐照时，材料表面陷阱分布是影响PMMA真空沿面耐压特性的主要因素，PMMA真空沿面老练电压相比未辐照试样提升了11.7%；高剂量（大于1.0 kGy）伽马射线辐照时，PMMA材料表面出现孔洞，局部电场强度发生畸变，成为真空沿面绝缘的“薄弱区域”。适当剂量的伽马射线辐照有助于提升PMMA的真空沿面绝缘性能。

, articleAbstract=

辐射环境模拟装置用绝缘材料长期受射线辐照会对其真空沿面绝缘性能产生重要影响。通过对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）材料开展不同剂量伽马射线辐照老化实验，研究PMMA材料表面微观形貌及电性能参数随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化规律。结果表明：低剂量（0.1 kGy）伽马射线辐照时，材料表面陷阱分布是影响PMMA真空沿面耐压特性的主要因素，PMMA真空沿面老练电压相比未辐照试样提升了11.7%；高剂量（大于1.0 kGy）伽马射线辐照时，PMMA材料表面出现孔洞，局部电场强度发生畸变，成为真空沿面绝缘的“薄弱区域”。适当剂量的伽马射线辐照有助于提升PMMA的真空沿面绝缘性能。

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周亚伟（1989-），男（汉族），河南许昌人，助理研究员，博士，主要从事脉冲功率与高电压绝缘技术的研究工作。

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周亚伟（1989-），男（汉族），河南许昌人，助理研究员，博士，主要从事脉冲功率与高电压绝缘技术的研究工作。

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周亚伟（1989-），男（汉族），河南许昌人，助理研究员，博士，主要从事脉冲功率与高电压绝缘技术的研究工作。

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State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203365320640672480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, companyId=1203365320628089565, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室，陕西 西安 710049)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1203365325300544476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of gamma-ray irradiation device, figureFileSmall=8jboG1qOxLE+rkcK7j3cOA==, figureFileBig=Pyb7ELO3wu2XfpoBDk4BJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365325380236256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=CN, label=图1, caption=伽马射线辐照装置示意图, figureFileSmall=8jboG1qOxLE+rkcK7j3cOA==, 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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Micromorphology of PMMA samples under different gamma-ray irradiation dose, figureFileSmall=4Ou0A4zUqxkj5+YBXACJuw==, figureFileBig=pNZmu950TseVRdGjuHjFkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365326177153049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=CN, label=图5, caption=不同剂量伽马射线辐照后有机玻璃试样微观形貌, figureFileSmall=4Ou0A4zUqxkj5+YBXACJuw==, figureFileBig=pNZmu950TseVRdGjuHjFkg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365326277816350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The variation of surface resistivity of PMMA samples with gamma-ray irradiation dose, figureFileSmall=JBK3AeStHgLdCgrXPGKVeg==, figureFileBig=NCJO1oCQYre/z5DZ3K9UFg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365326391062565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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label=Fig.8, caption=Trap energy level distribution of PMMA samples under different gamma-ray irradiation dose, figureFileSmall=4CrW/oQRs/sUX5X8kfaHQA==, figureFileBig=eqWBAL3l7Keb7mW6YFAILA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365326814687289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=CN, label=图8, caption=不同剂量伽马射线辐照下有机玻璃试样陷阱能级分布, figureFileSmall=4CrW/oQRs/sUX5X8kfaHQA==, figureFileBig=eqWBAL3l7Keb7mW6YFAILA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365326911156285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=The variation of coefficient of secondary electron emission and incident energy for PMMA with gamma-ray irradiation dose, figureFileSmall=jaYRb4kKjKIS5hkegKZC2w==, figureFileBig=tFgxC+5QvNZibfv3C1ZlFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365328068784194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=CN, label=图9, caption=有机玻璃试样的峰值二次电子发射系数、入射电子能量随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化, figureFileSmall=jaYRb4kKjKIS5hkegKZC2w==, figureFileBig=tFgxC+5QvNZibfv3C1ZlFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365328156864585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=The variation of experienced voltage of PMMA with gamma-ray irradiation dose under plate electrode condition, figureFileSmall=83gUJXiLuWHIXt7KgpLvZQ==, figureFileBig=fOp2wB/GcMEukViyyr7t1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365328274305104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=CN, label=图10, caption=平板电极条件下有机玻璃试样老练电压随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化, figureFileSmall=83gUJXiLuWHIXt7KgpLvZQ==, figureFileBig=fOp2wB/GcMEukViyyr7t1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1203365328379162711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281564571513159, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Characterization testing and sample size, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
表征测试试样直径/mm试样厚度/mm
SEM、XPS102
二次电子发射系数202
表面电阻率、介电常数652
真空沿面耐压(平板电极)5010
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表征测试及试样尺寸

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表征测试试样直径/mm试样厚度/mm
SEM、XPS102
二次电子发射系数202
表面电阻率、介电常数652
真空沿面耐压(平板电极)5010
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伽马射线辐照对有机玻璃真空沿面绝缘性能的影响
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周亚伟 1 , 杨实 1 , 呼义翔 1 , 何德雨 1 , 钟爱旭 1 , 尹佳辉 1 , 罗维熙 1 , 李元 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(5): 81-88
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(5): 81-88
伽马射线辐照对有机玻璃真空沿面绝缘性能的影响
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周亚伟1, 杨实1, 呼义翔1, 何德雨1, 钟爱旭1, 尹佳辉1, 罗维熙1, 李元2
作者信息
  • 1.西北核技术研究所 强脉冲辐射环境模拟与效应全国重点实验室，陕西 西安 710024
  • 2.西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室，陕西 西安 710049

    • 周亚伟（1989-），男（汉族），河南许昌人，助理研究员，博士，主要从事脉冲功率与高电压绝缘技术的研究工作。

Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on vacuum surface insulation properties of PMMA
Yawei ZHOU1, Shi YANG1, Yixiang HU1, Deyu HE1, Aixu ZHONG1, Jiahui YIN1, Weixi LUO1, Yuan LI2
Affiliations
  • 1. National Key Laboratory of Intense Pulsed Radiation Simulation and Effect, Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi′an 710024, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.011
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摘要
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辐射环境模拟装置用绝缘材料长期受射线辐照会对其真空沿面绝缘性能产生重要影响。通过对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）材料开展不同剂量伽马射线辐照老化实验，研究PMMA材料表面微观形貌及电性能参数随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化规律。结果表明：低剂量（0.1 kGy）伽马射线辐照时，材料表面陷阱分布是影响PMMA真空沿面耐压特性的主要因素，PMMA真空沿面老练电压相比未辐照试样提升了11.7%；高剂量（大于1.0 kGy）伽马射线辐照时，PMMA材料表面出现孔洞，局部电场强度发生畸变，成为真空沿面绝缘的“薄弱区域”。适当剂量的伽马射线辐照有助于提升PMMA的真空沿面绝缘性能。

有机玻璃  /  伽马辐照  /  真空沿面  /  绝缘

The vacuum surface insulation performance of insulation material used in radiation environment simulation devices will be significantly affected by long-term radiation exposure. By conducting irradiation ageing experiments of different doses of gamma ray on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) materials, the variation law of surface microstructure and electrical performance parameters of PMMA materials with gamma ray irradiation dose was studied. The results show that when irradiated under a low-dose (0.1 kGy) gamma rays, the distribution of surface traps on the material is the main factor affecting the vacuum surface withstand voltage characteristics of PMMA the vacuum surface ageing voltage of PMMA increases by 11.7% compared to the unirradiated sample. When irradiated with high doses (greater than 1.0 kGy) of gamma rays, holes appear on the surface of PMMA material, and the local electric field intensity is distorted, becoming a "weak area" of vacuum surface insulation. Appropriate doses of gamma ray irradiation is helpful to improve the vacuum surface insulation performance of PMMA.

PMMA  /  gamma-ray irradiation  /  vacuum surface  /  insulation
周亚伟, 杨实, 呼义翔, 何德雨, 钟爱旭, 尹佳辉, 罗维熙, 李元. 伽马射线辐照对有机玻璃真空沿面绝缘性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.011
Yawei ZHOU, Shi YANG, Yixiang HU, Deyu HE, Aixu ZHONG, Jiahui YIN, Weixi LUO, Yuan LI. Effect of gamma-ray irradiation on vacuum surface insulation properties of PMMA[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.011
正文
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0 引言
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辐射环境模拟装置长期受射线辐照影响，其绝缘材料电性能参数和内部分子结构会逐渐改变，影响绝缘材料真空沿面耐压性能，甚至引起材料老化，降低装置运行可靠性[1-5]。因此，有必要对辐射环境模拟装置常用绝缘材料开展劣化特性研究。
聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA，以下简称有机玻璃）价格低廉，绝缘性能良好，广泛应用于辐射环境模拟装置负载二极管区域作为油/水-真空的物理隔离，同时承担着装置输出端高电压绝缘作用。辐射环境模拟装置运行时会产生瞬时高剂量的X、γ等射线[3-5]，有机玻璃材料吸收射线能量后造成化学键断裂，引起材料性能发生改变[6-8]。随着辐照剂量的增加，材料内部会产生一系列物理与化学反应，导致材料绝缘性能下降，甚至影响装置工作寿命。
有机玻璃因其出色的力学性能、透光度、热稳定性能等被国内外学者广泛关注。许紫洋等[9]报道了γ射线辐照对含钆有机玻璃性能的影响，结果表明，随着γ射线辐照剂量的增加，含钆有机玻璃发生辐照降解，产生大量自由基，导致材料产生发黄现象，其冲击强度、弯曲强度以及热稳定性能均有下降的趋势。且钆元素含量越高，有机玻璃辐照降解程度越大。U H HOSSAIN等[10]报道了金、铀等重离子辐照对有机玻璃分子结构的影响，认为重离子辐照导致有机玻璃分子主链断裂，形成新的共价键是其性能劣化的主要原因。S M R AGHAMIRI等[11]分析了γ射线辐照对有机玻璃入射光极化特性的影响，认为γ射线辐照改变了有机玻璃的折射指数，从而导致入射光极化特性改变。谢庆等[12]报道了PMMA不同粗糙度表面的电荷动态特性研究，分析了电压极性、打磨方式以及粗糙度对有机玻璃表面电荷消散速率的影响。郎艳等[13]报道了随着表面粗糙度的增加，PMMA的闪络电压呈现U型变化规律，即先减小后增大的变化趋势。但目前为止，国内外学者研究γ射线辐照对有机玻璃材料绝缘性能特别是真空沿面绝缘性能的影响鲜有报道。本文利用60Co放射源对有机玻璃材料进行不同剂量（0.1、1.0、10、100 kGy）伽马射线辐照老化处理，通过表面形貌扫描、电性能参数表征以及真空沿面闪络实验等，分析不同剂量伽马射线辐照对PMMA真空沿面闪络特性的影响。
1 实验
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1.1 试样制备及伽马射线辐照实验方案
有机玻璃试样由珑华压克力板材有限公司生产，根据不同测试需求，将其切割成不同尺寸的试样，具体尺寸见表1。为保证后续实验结果的可靠性与一致性，切割样片时精加工转速设为500 r/min，每转径向前进0.06 mm，切削深度为0.5 mm。切削后的试样表面使用砂纸进行抛光处理，保证试样表面光洁度优于0.4 μm。用经四氯化碳润湿的无尘布对试样表面进行清理并烘干试样，以去除试样表面杂质。清洗后的试样装入自封袋，保存在恒温恒湿柜中（温度为25℃，湿度为（35±5）%）待用。
伽马射线辐照实验采用放射性活度为105Ci的60Co面源，辐照装置示意图见图1。根据60Co伽马射线源均匀场标定结果，对距辐射源35 cm处，屏蔽柜上层中心约25×25 cm2区域进行辐照。此时伽马射线辐射场均匀性满足总剂量效应试验相关要求（辐射场不均匀性<5.90%），辐照剂量率为1.8 kGy/h。为减弱实验过程中杂散辐射对试样辐照剂量的影响，绝缘材料在铅屏蔽柜内（空气环境下）进行辐照。
1.2 微观结构表征方法
选用美国Nicolet 6700型高级傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（FTIR），根据物质吸收辐射能量后引起分子振动的能级跃迁原理，在线记录跃迁过程，获得有机玻璃分子的红外吸收光谱，并分析不同剂量伽马射线辐照下有机玻璃材料的化学组分与含量。仪器的测量范围为4 000～500 cm-1，分辨率为4 cm-1，扫描次数为16。
有机玻璃材料表面微观形貌变化采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM，VE9800S型）进行观测（温度为25℃，真空度为3.0×10-2 Pa），同时结合其他测试结果，综合分析有机玻璃表面形貌变化对其真空沿面绝缘性能的影响。
1.3 电学性能表征测试
采用Keithley 6517B型静电电位计与8009型夹具测量试样的电阻率，测试流程遵循ASTM D257-2014要求，外施激励为500 V的阶跃电压，电压加载时间为60 s，并设定单次测量后需等待240 s放电时间（0 V加压时间）才能进行下一次测量。每个试样测量6次，取后3次平均值作为该试样的电阻率。每个辐照剂量测量3个试样，若测量误差低于5%，则取总平均值。测量时环境温度为25℃，相对湿度为（56±5）%。
采用接触电极法测量介电常数，测试仪器为16451B型测试夹具与E4980A型LCR表。LCR表作为电压源可提供1 MHz的电源激励，通过测量材料电容值后获取介电常数。
基于等温表面电位衰减（ISPD）模型，采用Trek 341B型静电电位计搭配3455ET型静电探头获取试样表面的电位衰减曲线。通过对电位衰减曲线进行拟合计算得到材料表面陷阱能级和陷阱密度分布[14-15]。
绝缘材料表面二次电子发射系数采用西安交通大学电子与信息学部自研的二次电子发射特性测量装置进行测试[16-17]。真空沿面闪络实验通过自研的百千伏高压纳秒脉冲源进行，电压波形前沿为50 ns，脉冲半高宽为490 ns，峰值电压范围为30～120 kV，维持测试腔真空度在10-3 Pa量级，依据逐级升压法进行测试。通过老练电压（Uco）表征试样的真空沿面耐电性能。每个辐照剂量下测试6个试样，同一试样、相同电压等级下共测试6次，若6次均发生闪络，则取6次闪络电压的平均值作为该试样的Uco。本文之所以选择老练电压作为主要表征参量，是由于初闪电压易受表面光洁度的影响，如电极毛刺、表面尘埃等，耐受电压则是考察材料的绝缘恢复能力，当材料发生多次闪络后，表面会受到不同程度的损伤，因此二者都具有很大的分散性，而老练电压具有更好的稳定性。图2展示了真空沿面闪络实验采用的平板电极结构实物图。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 有机玻璃化学键及微观形貌
图3展示了不同剂量伽马射线辐照后有机玻璃试样的FTIR图谱（已进行归一化处理）。从图3可以看出，各特征峰所在位置与文献[18-21]报道的位置几乎一致。有机玻璃试样经伽马射线辐照前后的吸收峰类型基本保持不变，但吸收峰幅值随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加而增大。其中，1 145 cm-1处为C-O-C键的非对称拉伸振动特征峰，1 725 cm-1处为C=O键的拉伸振动特征峰，2 947 cm-1处为C-H键的对称拉伸特征峰，伽马射线辐照后，这3个特征吸收峰幅值显著增大。这是由于有机玻璃分子(C5O2H8)n吸收伽马射线能量后，分子键断裂生成大量新的自由基团[22-24]。据文献[18]报道，当电子辐照剂量超过100 kGy时，有机玻璃FTIR图谱存在1 636 cm-1的C=C键特征吸收峰。
图4给出了伽马射线与有机玻璃分子相互作用时可能发生的几种化学反应[22]以及形成的自由基团。随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加以及空气中氧气分子参与反应，使伽马射线辐照后的有机玻璃材料发黄[22]，并且随着辐照剂量的增加，颜色逐渐加深。
伽马射线辐照导致有机玻璃化学键发生变化，同时也引起了材料表面微观形貌的改变。图5展示了不同剂量伽马射线辐照条件下有机玻璃试样的表面微观形貌。从图5可以看出，随着伽马射线辐照剂量增加，有机玻璃试样表面出现裂痕。这可能是由于伽马射线辐照导致有机玻璃试样表面积聚热量引起的。当伽马射线辐照剂量增加至100 kGy时，试样表面裂痕向周围延伸形成孔洞，孔洞直径达到5 µm。有机玻璃表面出现微孔，将引起材料表面电性能参数改变，影响材料沿面绝缘性能。
2.2 表面电阻率与介电常数
伽马射线辐照后导致有机玻璃材料发生光降解反应，分子化学键断裂重构，引起材料宏观性能改变。进一步深入研究伽马射线辐照剂量对有机玻璃材料电性能参数的影响，得到有机玻璃试样表面电阻率随伽马射线辐照剂量变化的测量结果如图6所示。从图6可以看出，有机玻璃表面电阻率随伽马射线辐照剂量增加而逐渐增大，但仍维持在1013 Ω·m量级。随着伽马射线辐照剂量由0.1 kGy增加至100 kGy，材料表面电阻率分别为1.54×1013、1.94×1013、2.67×1013、2.98×1013 Ω·m，相比于未辐照试样（1.12×1013 Ω·m）分别上升了37.5%、73.2%、138.4%、166.1%。这是因为随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，材料发生氧化反应，自由电子数目增加，加之材料表面产生裂痕、孔隙等缺陷，严重影响材料表面自由电子迁移率，最终导致材料表面电荷消散能力减弱。
固体绝缘材料的基本特性与其微观结构密切相关。在脉冲功率装置中，绝缘材料介电常数越小，绝缘结构三结合（电极、固体绝缘材料、液/气体绝缘介质）区域电场畸变越小，越有利于提升材料的沿面耐压性能。图7为有机玻璃试样介电常数随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化。从图7可以看出，随伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，有机玻璃介电常数先增大后减小。当伽马射线辐照剂量达到10 kGy时，介电常数达到最大值，约为3.75；当辐照剂量增加至100 kGy，介电常数下降至3.53。结合FTIR图谱结果可知，由于伽马射线能量足够高，使得有机玻璃极性大分子链断裂为极性小分子链，在脉冲电压激励下，分子链位移与转向能力增强，宏观上表现为材料介电常数增大。但随着伽马射线辐照剂量的持续增加，有机玻璃材料表面出现裂纹，甚至形成孔洞（图5(d)），有机玻璃演变成聚合物和孔洞的复合电介质[23]（去偶极子极化现象），随着孔洞的数量和大小增大，复合电介质的介电常数明显减小。
2.3 表面陷阱能级分布与二次电子发射系数
在脉冲功率装置中，特别是重频脉冲功率源，辐射（高能粒子、射线辐照、等离子体撞击、紫外线照射等）极易导致聚合物材料表面和内部积累大量空间电荷，引发局部电场畸变，加剧自由电子运动，进而导致绝缘失效。造成空间电荷积累的主要原因是材料内部存在或深或浅的陷阱，空间电荷的行为（积聚与消散）与材料内部陷阱能级分布有很强的关联性。图8为不同伽马射线辐照剂量下有机玻璃试样表面的陷阱能级分布。
从图8可以看出，随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，有机玻璃陷阱能级由未辐照试样的1.15 eV降至1.02 eV（10 kGy），随着伽马射线辐照剂量增加至100 kGy，陷阱能级又小幅提升至1.05 eV。整体上，随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，有机玻璃材料表面深陷阱能级密度显著下降，浅陷阱能级密度略微上升。这表明伽马射线辐照抑制了材料表面化学深陷阱的生成（分子链断裂形成极性小分子），使材料结构更加均匀，但同时产生了一定量的物理缺陷（裂痕、孔隙等），促进了表面浅陷阱的形成。脉冲电压下，材料浅陷阱能级密度的上升，增强了材料俘获自由电子的能力。
二次电子倍增是导致材料绝缘失效的主要诱因，绝缘结构三结合区域电场畸变引发场致发射电子（种子电子）沿电场反方向爬电，在二次电子倍增发展过程中电子与材料表面附着气体分子碰撞电离形成等离子体通道，最终导致绝缘失效。材料二次电子发射系数是影响二次电子倍增的关键参数。图9给出了不同伽马射线辐照剂量条件下有机玻璃试样的峰值二次电子发射系数与入射电子能量。从图9可以看出，随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，有机玻璃峰值二次电子发射系数由未辐照试样的2.1增加至2.25（1.0 kGy），然后略微下降至2.23（10 kGy），当辐照剂量增加至100 kGy时，峰值二次电子发射系数下降至2.01。然而对应入射电子能量由未辐照试样的185.3 eV持续增加至353.1 eV（100 kGy）。这说明低剂量伽马射线辐照下，有机玻璃材料生成大量自由基，二次电子发射系数随伽马射线辐照剂量增加而增大；当伽马射线辐照剂量持续增加时，有机玻璃发生氧化反应，材料的二次电子发射系数下降。结合SEM结果显示，有机玻璃试样表面随伽马射线辐照剂量的增加而出现裂痕、微孔洞等，这些因素均对有机玻璃材料表面二次电子发射系数有影响[16-17]。
2.4 真空沿面耐压特性
图10为平板电极条件下有机玻璃试样的老练电压随伽马射线辐照剂量的变化。从图10可以看出，有机玻璃试样老练电压随伽马射线辐照剂量的增加先增大后减小。当伽马射线辐照剂量为0.1 kGy时，老练电压达到最高63.0 kV，较未辐照试样提升了11.7%；当伽马射线辐照剂量达到10 kGy时，老练电压下降至57.6 kV。这说明0.1 kGy伽马射线辐照条件下，有机玻璃材料表面深陷阱能级、密度均下降，浅陷阱密度上升，有抑制二次电子崩的作用。即使此时材料的介电常数增大，二次电子发射系数略微增大，但是材料表面陷阱能级、密度分布占主导作用。随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，材料表面出现孔洞、裂痕，介电常数、二次电子发射系数骤增，此时材料真空沿面绝缘性能受表面粗糙度、介电常数、陷阱能级和密度分布、二次电子发射系数、表面电阻率等多方面因素影响，老练电压减小，材料真空沿面绝缘性能下降。当伽马射线辐照剂量为100 kGy时，介电常数、二次电子发射系数逐步占据主导地位，成为影响有机玻璃材料真空沿面绝缘性能的主要因素。
3 讨论
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综合上述实验结果，伽马射线辐照对有机玻璃真空沿面闪络特性具有多重影响。在微观层面上，伽马射线辐照使有机玻璃大分子链断裂，生成极性小分子，抑制了材料表面深陷阱的生成。同时，材料表面出现裂痕、孔洞等缺陷，促进了浅陷阱的形成。在宏观层面上，低剂量伽马射线辐照实现了有机玻璃材料真空沿面耐压性能的提升，此时表面陷阱分布占据主导作用，可捕获自由电子，抑制二次电子崩的产生；高剂量伽马射线辐照使得有机玻璃材料真空沿面耐压性能下降，材料表面出现微米量级的孔洞，导致局部电场畸变，成为绝缘的“薄弱区域”。
0.1 kGy剂量伽马射线辐照后材料真空沿面老练电压明显上升的主要原因有：一方面，伽马射线辐照引起材料表面陷阱能级、密度的下降，材料表面出现“裂痕”，此时脉冲电压下，绝缘材料表面易于捕获自由电子，抑制了电子崩的发展。另一方面，绝缘材料表面粗糙度的提升增大了真空沿面爬电距离，使贯通性放电形成的难度增大。这是因为表面粗糙度增大使更多电子发生漫反射，部分种子电子在电场中未能够获得足够的能量，无法产生足够的二次电子，参与电子崩的电子比例减小，阻碍了二次电子倍增，削弱了材料的表面释气。
随着伽马射线辐照剂量的增加，有机玻璃材料表面陷阱分布趋于平衡，但材料表面形成了微米级孔洞的缺陷。由前文可知，电介质的基本特性与电介质的微观结构密切相关。在电介质材料中，电通量密度（D）与电介质中的电场强度（E）、电介质的介电常数（ε）存在式（1）的关系。
D=εE=ε0εrE
式（1）中：ε0为真空介电常数，其值为8.854×10-12 F/m；εr为电介质的相对介电常数，其值与材料结构性质有关。因此，有机玻璃材料真空沿面出现孔洞，导致介电常数发生畸变（减小），局部电气强度显著增大。同时孔洞的存在大幅缩短了材料的真空沿面爬电距离，使贯通性放电形成的难度降低，但会成为初始种子电子率先发射的位置，即绝缘的“薄弱区域”。在外施电压还不高的情况下，这些电场较强的区域就已经产生了初始电子的场致发射，初始电子在电场力的作用下轰击材料表面不断产生二次电子，促进电子崩的产生，进而导致最终的贯穿性放电形成，这是闪络电压降低的主要原因。因此当伽马射线辐照剂量增大（大于等于1.0 kGy）后，有机玻璃真空沿面老练电压显著下降。
4 结论
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本文通过60Co放射源对有机玻璃材料进行了不同剂量伽马射线的辐照老化实验，分析了不同辐照剂量对有机玻璃材料化学结构、表面形貌、电性能参数以及真空沿面绝缘性能的影响，得出如下结论：
（1）伽马射线辐照导致有机玻璃材料大分子主链断裂，形成极性小分子链，表面出现裂痕、孔洞等微观结构。裂痕、孔洞的形成，阻碍了自由载流子的传导，加剧了材料表面电荷积聚，导致材料表面电阻率增大。
（2）低剂量伽马射线辐照时，有机玻璃材料表面浅陷阱占据主导作用，同时材料表面出现裂痕，真空中材料表面爬电距离增大，老练电压得到提高。在0.1 kGy伽马射线辐照有机玻璃材料后，其真空沿面老练电压较未辐照试样提升了11.7%。
（3）高剂量伽马射线辐照时，有机玻璃材料表面微观形貌成为影响材料真空沿面耐压特性的主要因素。材料表面出现孔洞，真空沿面电场分布发生畸变，成为种子电子率先发射位置，即绝缘的“薄弱区域”，使材料真空沿面老练电压呈下降趋势。
（4）适当剂量伽马射线辐照有助于提升有机玻璃材料的真空沿面绝缘性能，但随着伽马射线辐照剂量的持续增加，材料劣化占据主导。
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2025年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.011
  • 接收时间：2024-05-30
  • 首发时间：2025-12-04
  • 出版时间：2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-30
  • 修回日期：2024-07-19
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    1.西北核技术研究所 强脉冲辐射环境模拟与效应全国重点实验室，陕西 西安 710024
    2.西安交通大学 电力设备电气绝缘国家重点实验室，陕西 西安 710049
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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