Article(id=1203281568505766660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1719244800000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-25, revisedDate=1722787200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814281811, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814281811, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814281811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814281811, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281568786785044, articleId=1203281568505766660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on surface functional gradient modification of basin insulator based on atmospheric pressure plasma jet technology, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Basin insulators in GIS are prone to surface electric field distortion due to charge accumulation, which can lead to surface flashover. To improve the surface voltage resistance performance of insulators, this paper refers to the design concept of surface functional gradient materials and utilizes the uniform treatment characteristics of titanium deposition by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). By controlling the treatment time at different radial distances, a basin insulator with continuous conductivity gradient were prepared. At the same time, a fast electric field calculation method based on surface conductivity was established by coupling DC electric field simulation calculations with an attention mechanism-enhanced long short-term memory network (LSTM). The surface conductivity of the basin insulator was continuously gradient optimized using the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. And the electrical performance of the insulator before and after optimization was evaluated and compared using simulation models and flashover tests. The result show that the density and bonding structure of the plasma titanium deposition layer are related to the treatment time, and the optimal treatment time is 3 minutes, at which the surface conductivity of the insulator is the highest. The surface functional gradient modification significantly improves the uniformity of the electric field distribution on the insulator surface. The maximum field strength on the lower surface of the insulator decreases by 70.3%, the electric field distortion rate decreases by 24.69%, and the flashover voltage is 31.34 kV, which is 14.3% higher than that of unmodified insulators.

, articleAbstract=

Basin insulators in GIS are prone to surface electric field distortion due to charge accumulation, which can lead to surface flashover. To improve the surface voltage resistance performance of insulators, this paper refers to the design concept of surface functional gradient materials and utilizes the uniform treatment characteristics of titanium deposition by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). By controlling the treatment time at different radial distances, a basin insulator with continuous conductivity gradient were prepared. At the same time, a fast electric field calculation method based on surface conductivity was established by coupling DC electric field simulation calculations with an attention mechanism-enhanced long short-term memory network (LSTM). The surface conductivity of the basin insulator was continuously gradient optimized using the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. And the electrical performance of the insulator before and after optimization was evaluated and compared using simulation models and flashover tests. The result show that the density and bonding structure of the plasma titanium deposition layer are related to the treatment time, and the optimal treatment time is 3 minutes, at which the surface conductivity of the insulator is the highest. The surface functional gradient modification significantly improves the uniformity of the electric field distribution on the insulator surface. The maximum field strength on the lower surface of the insulator decreases by 70.3%, the electric field distortion rate decreases by 24.69%, and the flashover voltage is 31.34 kV, which is 14.3% higher than that of unmodified insulators.

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GIS中的盆式绝缘子受电荷积聚影响,易发生表面电场畸变,进而诱发沿面闪络。为了提高绝缘子沿面耐压性能,本文参考表层功能梯度材料的设计理念,利用常压等离子体射流(APPJ)沉积钛的均匀处理特性,通过控制不同径向距离的处理时间,制备了具有连续电导率梯度的盆式绝缘子。同时,本文将直流电场仿真计算与注意力机制改进的长短期记忆网络(LSTM)进行耦合,建立了基于表面电导率的电场快速计算方法,并通过人工蜂群(ABC)算法对盆式绝缘子的表面电导率进行了连续梯度优化,利用仿真模型与闪络试验对优化前后绝缘子的电气性能进行了评估和比较。结果表明:等离子体钛沉积层致密程度和联结结构与处理时间有关,最佳处理时间为3 min,此时绝缘子表面电导率最高。表层功能梯度改性能显著改善绝缘子表面电场分布的均匀性,绝缘子下表面的最大场强降低了70.3%,电场畸变率降低了24.69%,闪络电压为31.34 kV,较未改性绝缘子闪络电压提升了14.3%。

, articleAbstract=

GIS中的盆式绝缘子受电荷积聚影响,易发生表面电场畸变,进而诱发沿面闪络。为了提高绝缘子沿面耐压性能,本文参考表层功能梯度材料的设计理念,利用常压等离子体射流(APPJ)沉积钛的均匀处理特性,通过控制不同径向距离的处理时间,制备了具有连续电导率梯度的盆式绝缘子。同时,本文将直流电场仿真计算与注意力机制改进的长短期记忆网络(LSTM)进行耦合,建立了基于表面电导率的电场快速计算方法,并通过人工蜂群(ABC)算法对盆式绝缘子的表面电导率进行了连续梯度优化,利用仿真模型与闪络试验对优化前后绝缘子的电气性能进行了评估和比较。结果表明:等离子体钛沉积层致密程度和联结结构与处理时间有关,最佳处理时间为3 min,此时绝缘子表面电导率最高。表层功能梯度改性能显著改善绝缘子表面电场分布的均匀性,绝缘子下表面的最大场强降低了70.3%,电场畸变率降低了24.69%,闪络电压为31.34 kV,较未改性绝缘子闪络电压提升了14.3%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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赵晋剑(2000-),男(汉族),山西晋中人,硕士生,主要从事高压绝缘材料的研究;

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赵晋剑(2000-),男(汉族),山西晋中人,硕士生,主要从事高压绝缘材料的研究;

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Zibo:Shandong University of Technology,2023., articleTitle=Study on optimization of electric field of pot insulator for high voltage gas insulated equipment, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1203365333248749869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281568505766660, awardId=52277147, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52277147), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1203365324532986791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281568505766660, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1203365324537181096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1203281568505766660, companyId=1203365324532986791, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China), 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A-LSTM神经元/个全连接层神经元/个训练步长
250079182
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最优超参数

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A-LSTM神经元/个全连接层神经元/个训练步长
250079182
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绝缘子类型改性方式钛沉积时间/s
A未改性0
B均一改性180
C离散改性180、140、100
D连续改性最优分布
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绝缘子改性方式

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绝缘子类型改性方式钛沉积时间/s
A未改性0
B均一改性180
C离散改性180、140、100
D连续改性最优分布
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绝缘子表面类型最大场强/(kVmm)电场畸变率/%
A型上表面1.131.11
下表面3.1325.19
B型上表面1.275.79
下表面1.878.15
C型上表面0.920.53
下表面1.121.50
D型上表面0.780.44
下表面0.930.50
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表面电场强度的相关参数

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绝缘子表面类型最大场强/(kVmm)电场畸变率/%
A型上表面1.131.11
下表面3.1325.19
B型上表面1.275.79
下表面1.878.15
C型上表面0.920.53
下表面1.121.50
D型上表面0.780.44
下表面0.930.50
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基于常压等离子体射流技术的盆式绝缘子表层功能梯度改性研究
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赵晋剑 , 谢子豪 , 郑博闻 , 宋岩泽 , 陶子健 , 谢庆
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(5): 55-62
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(5): 55-62
基于常压等离子体射流技术的盆式绝缘子表层功能梯度改性研究
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赵晋剑, 谢子豪, 郑博闻, 宋岩泽, 陶子健, 谢庆
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 赵晋剑(2000-),男(汉族),山西晋中人,硕士生,主要从事高压绝缘材料的研究;

通讯作者:

谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
Study on surface functional gradient modification of basin insulator based on atmospheric pressure plasma jet technology
Jinjian ZHAO, Zihao XIE, Bowen ZHENG, Yanze SONG, Zijian TAO, Qing XIE
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.008
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GIS中的盆式绝缘子受电荷积聚影响,易发生表面电场畸变,进而诱发沿面闪络。为了提高绝缘子沿面耐压性能,本文参考表层功能梯度材料的设计理念,利用常压等离子体射流(APPJ)沉积钛的均匀处理特性,通过控制不同径向距离的处理时间,制备了具有连续电导率梯度的盆式绝缘子。同时,本文将直流电场仿真计算与注意力机制改进的长短期记忆网络(LSTM)进行耦合,建立了基于表面电导率的电场快速计算方法,并通过人工蜂群(ABC)算法对盆式绝缘子的表面电导率进行了连续梯度优化,利用仿真模型与闪络试验对优化前后绝缘子的电气性能进行了评估和比较。结果表明:等离子体钛沉积层致密程度和联结结构与处理时间有关,最佳处理时间为3 min,此时绝缘子表面电导率最高。表层功能梯度改性能显著改善绝缘子表面电场分布的均匀性,绝缘子下表面的最大场强降低了70.3%,电场畸变率降低了24.69%,闪络电压为31.34 kV,较未改性绝缘子闪络电压提升了14.3%。

闪络  /  电场分布  /  表层功能梯度材料  /  等离子体  /  长短期记忆网络

Basin insulators in GIS are prone to surface electric field distortion due to charge accumulation, which can lead to surface flashover. To improve the surface voltage resistance performance of insulators, this paper refers to the design concept of surface functional gradient materials and utilizes the uniform treatment characteristics of titanium deposition by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ). By controlling the treatment time at different radial distances, a basin insulator with continuous conductivity gradient were prepared. At the same time, a fast electric field calculation method based on surface conductivity was established by coupling DC electric field simulation calculations with an attention mechanism-enhanced long short-term memory network (LSTM). The surface conductivity of the basin insulator was continuously gradient optimized using the artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm. And the electrical performance of the insulator before and after optimization was evaluated and compared using simulation models and flashover tests. The result show that the density and bonding structure of the plasma titanium deposition layer are related to the treatment time, and the optimal treatment time is 3 minutes, at which the surface conductivity of the insulator is the highest. The surface functional gradient modification significantly improves the uniformity of the electric field distribution on the insulator surface. The maximum field strength on the lower surface of the insulator decreases by 70.3%, the electric field distortion rate decreases by 24.69%, and the flashover voltage is 31.34 kV, which is 14.3% higher than that of unmodified insulators.

flashover  /  electric field distribution  /  surface functional gradient materials  /  plasma  /  LSTM
赵晋剑, 谢子豪, 郑博闻, 宋岩泽, 陶子健, 谢庆. 基于常压等离子体射流技术的盆式绝缘子表层功能梯度改性研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.008
Jinjian ZHAO, Zihao XIE, Bowen ZHENG, Yanze SONG, Zijian TAO, Qing XIE. Study on surface functional gradient modification of basin insulator based on atmospheric pressure plasma jet technology[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.008
我国一次能源分布与电能供需分布存在地理位置偏差,而高压直流输电技术(HVDC)以其大容量、远距离输电的优势,满足了我国电力传输的需求[1-2]。其中,气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路(gas insulated metal-enclosed transmission line,GIL)以其电能损耗小、结构紧凑和环境适应能力强等优点,作为架空线路、电力电缆的替代方案得到了广泛关注[3-4]。然而,直流GIL中的盆式绝缘子长期承受单极性直流电场的作用,容易在表面积聚大量电荷,引起气-固交界面电场发生局部畸变,最终诱发闪络的形成,严重威胁电力系统的安全稳定运行[5-6]
根据麦克斯韦电磁场理论,直流电场下的电场分布主要与电导率有关。功能梯度材料(functionally gradient materials,FGM)的成分或结构在空间上呈现梯度变化,因此可以实现电导率、介电常数等电气参数的连续调控,进而改善电场的畸变程度,在优化绝缘子气-固界面电场畸变的问题上展现了广阔的应用前景[7-8]。N HAYAKAWA等[9]提出了柔性混合铸造方法,通过改变高介电常数填料颗粒的负载率,可以控制盆式绝缘子的相对介电常数在4~30变化,并通过仿真证明该方法具有提升ε-FGM绝缘子放电起始电压的效果。R OISHI等[10]通过浸涂方法制作了σ-FGM盆式绝缘子的多层导电涂层,并研究σ-FGM绝缘子在GIS间隔面上的电场弛豫效应,证明了该技术的可行性。然而,FGM盆式绝缘子往往在机械强度、泄漏电流上有所缺陷,无法取代传统绝缘材料[11]
表层功能梯度材料(SFGM)继承了传统FGM的优点,可以在不影响材料内部性能的前提下针对性地调控材料的表面理化特性。DU Boxue等[12]基于氟化技术设计了一种具有空间电导率梯度的新型锥型绝缘子,带有σ-SFGM层的绝缘子闪络电压与传统绝缘子相比最高可提高36.3%。XIE Jun等[13]分别设计了稳态梯度(ST-SFGM)绝缘子与极反梯度(PR-SFGM)绝缘子,使两者直流电场下的最大电场强度相比于未改性的普通绝缘子分别下降了54.6%与62.1%。
常压等离子体射流(atmospheric pressure plasma jet,APPJ)技术利用高能等离子体与材料表面接触时产生的多种效应来改变材料表面的理化特性,具有反应高效、操作简单、设备价格低廉等特点,是绝缘材料的热门改性技术[13]。谢珂等[14]将等离子体氟化改性技术与梯度绝缘理念相结合,实现了对环氧树脂的阶跃型梯度氟化改性,大幅提升了环氧树脂的沿面闪络性能。然而,基于等离子体技术的表层连续功能梯度构建方案却鲜有研究报道。
本文首先利用APPJ技术,以钛酸四异丙酯(TTIP)为前驱物,在Al2O3/EP复合材料表面进行钛沉积处理,并探究改性时间对复合材料表面电导率的影响。然后,据此搭建基于COMSOL仿真计算平台和注意力机制(attention machanism)优化的长短期记忆网络(long short-term memory,LSTM)的场强快速预测模型,通过人工蜂群(ABC)算法寻优给出适用于直流条件下的最优电导率分布。随后,在沉积过程中,通过在具有设计通孔的上方放置挡板来实现绝缘子表层功能梯度的构造。作为对照,制备均匀沉积和具有3个离散梯度的绝缘子。最后,通过电场仿真和实验验证优化过程的有效性和表面功能梯度的可行性。
树脂基体:双酚A型环氧树脂(E-51),固化剂:甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(MTHPA),促进剂:2,4,6-三(二甲胺基甲基)苯酚(DMP30),上海树脂厂;氧化铝,粒径为10 m,上海超威纳米公司;钛酸四异丙酯(TTIP),纯度为97%,上海麦克林公司。
在GIS中常见的盆式绝缘子直径通常在40 cm左右,且内部细节较多,本文基于其形状及材料设计了缩比为10∶1的盆式绝缘子模型,以方便仿真模拟及实验验证。按质量比为300∶100∶80∶1分别称取微米氧化铝、环氧树脂、固化剂与促进剂,混合后在120℃下进行机械搅拌、真空脱气和脱模塑型,最终得到中心开孔为1 cm、直径为4 cm的缩比盆式绝缘子模型。
采用图1所示的大气压等离子体射流处理系统在盆式绝缘子表面沉积TiO2层。处理系统主要由高频交流电源(CTP2000K型)、示波器、旋转升降平台、射流电极与气路部分组成。
对盆式绝缘子表面进行钛沉积处理得到编号为Ti-X的改性绝缘子,沉积时间分别为0、1、3、5 min时,X分别取0、1、3、5。观察处理时间对材料表面形貌与化学基团的影响,结果如图2所示。从图2的SEM结果可以看出,相比未经处理的绝缘子,钛沉积改性在材料表面形成了较为致密的沉积层,当处理时间较短(少于3 min)时,沉积层缠结面积小,稀疏分散,存在较多间隙。而延长处理时间可以显著增加沉积致密度,具体表现为缠结链的延伸和团聚体的增大。然而,过长的处理时间容易导致原有沉积层碎裂,形成沟壑或裂纹。进一步通过EDS测试对Ti-3样品的表面元素进行标定,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,大量的O元素与Al元素位置重合,这代表了分散在树脂基体中的氧化铝微球,而其余少量的O则与Ti元素位置相重叠,这说明在绝缘子表面成功构建了TiO2层。
采用三电极法对钛沉积绝缘子的表面电导率进行测定,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,当处理时间为180 s时,表面电导率达到最大,可提升至原材料的200倍。更高的表面电导率会加速电荷的沿面消散,从而避免表面电场因电荷积聚而产生畸变。根据表面电导率与处理时间的关系得到拟合曲线A。
完整的表面电导率优化模型由COMSOL Multiphysics和Python共同开发。该模型包括3个部分:表面场强仿真模块、注意力机制优化的长短期记忆网络(A-LSTM)预测模块和ABC寻优模块。表面场强分布通过有限元法仿真计算,主要包括绝缘子的表面涂层电导率以及电场分布的计算;A-LSTM模块包括电场分布的快速预测、电场畸变率与最大场强的计算;ABC寻优模块负责表层电导率梯度的寻优。接下来按顺序说明各个模块的构成。
基于Maxwell-Wagner理论,利用有限元模拟钛沉积层对盆式绝缘子电场分布的影响。图5为二维轴对称的计算模型,绝缘子和电极的尺寸以毫米为单位按坐标给出。
在高压电极上施加10 kV直流电压。电场计算的控制方程如式(1)~(3)所示。
J=0
J=σE+jωD
E=-V
式(1)~(3)中:J为电流密度,A/m2σ为所涉及介质的体积电导率,S/m;E为电场强度,V/m;ω为电网的角频率,rad/s;D为电通量密度,C/m2V为电势,V。通过改变盆式绝缘子上、下斜面的电导率分布,可以计算对应表面的电场分布。由于仿真模型为二维轴对称,采用式(4)的径向电场畸变率(φ(E))来量化材料表面的电场分布畸变程度。
φ(E)=1LE-EaEa2dl
式(4)中:L为气-固界面总长度,本文取15 mm;E为气-固界面电场强度;Ea为气-固界面平均场强。
在空气-高压电极-绝缘子的三结合点处一般拥有最高的电场强度,因此三结合点处的场强对闪络电压的形成具有较为关键的作用[15]。本文将盆式绝缘子径向的最大场强和电场畸变率作为考量电导率分布好坏的标准,优化过程的目标函数F(x)如式(5)所示。
f(x)=aEmax+bφ(E)F(x)=11+f(x)
式(5)中:f为调控场强与畸变权重的控制函数;Emaxφ(E)分别为气-固界面的最大电场强度和电场畸变率;ab为权重系数。
LSTM是一种改进的循环神经网络,利用门控机制将长期记忆和短期记忆相结合,解决了传统神经网络的长期依赖性问题,具有优秀的长序列学习能力。注意力机制的加入可以帮助LSTM遴选输入信息中对于当前任务目标更为重要的信息,并据此赋予信息相应的权重,从而提升学习过程的效率。
仿真得到的电导率、场强数据形式为m个三维向量组构成的矩阵,3个维度分别代表位置、电导率和表面电场强度。将生成的数据按指定时间序列为步长进行分组,并进行场强的预测学习。以均方误差(EMS)作为预测效果的评价标准,EMS越小,预测效果越好,并据此优化超参数。EMS的计算公式为式(6)
EMS=1mi=1m(yt(i)-y^t(i))2
式(6)中:m为数据组数量;yt为A-LSTM预测得到的电场模值;y^t为有限元仿真得到的电场真实值。
基于网格搜索法对场强快速预测模型的超参数进行了枚举寻优,结果如图6所示,圆球的体积代表损失函数值(Loss),体积越小拟合效果越好。应用表1中的最优超参数进行预测时,得到模型在测试集上的平均均方误差为0.002 8,最大曲线误差不超过0.1,说明A-LSTM模型可以实现表面场强的准确预测。
ABC算法是一种优化算法,通过模拟蜜蜂的觅食行为来寻找最优解。蜜蜂被分为三类:雇佣蜂、无职蜂和侦察蜂。初始时,群体的一半是雇佣蜂,数量为SN,另一半是无职蜂。每个雇佣蜂对应一个可能的解,即蜜源,数量等同于雇佣蜂数量。
无职蜂根据蜜源的质量选择蜜源,并通过式(5)的适应度函数F(x)进行量化。高质量蜜源吸引更多无职蜂,低质量蜜源被舍弃。候选蜜源从其相邻的旧蜜源生成。设优化问题的解空间为D维,第i个蜜源的初始位置由式(7)确定。
xijnew=xijold+ϕij(xijold-xkjold)
式(7)中:xijnew是第i个蜜源在第j维上的位置;xijold是旧蜜源在第j维上的位置;ϕij是区间[-1,1]内的随机数;k是不同于i的随机蜜源索引(i=1,2,…,SN ; j=1,2,…,D)。每个工作蜂在其当前所在的蜜源附近确定一个新的蜜源后,通过目标函数来判断新蜜源是否优于旧蜜源,决定能否替换。
为避免局部最优,ABC算法规定若蜜源在一定步骤内质量未提高,则放弃该蜜源,对应的雇佣蜂变为侦察蜂,按式(8)寻找新的蜜源。找到新蜜源后,侦察蜂变为雇佣蜂。
xjnew=xjmin+r(xjmax-xjmin)
式(8)中:r0,1xjminxjmax分别是j维度上的最小值和最大值。算法中仅有一只侦察蜂,记录并输出最优目标函数值。达到最大迭代次数或找到全局最优解后,迭代停止。
将ABC算法与A-LSTM场强快速预测模型结合,构建盆式绝缘子电导率优化模型。经过多次迭代,得到图7所示的最优电导率分布及其对应的气-固界面场强。
钛沉积对绝缘子表面电导率的调控是通过调节处理时间实现的。因此,只要确定最优电导率对应的最优处理时间分布,就可以实现表层功能梯度的构建。如图8所示,将图4中的拟合曲线A与图7的最优电导率曲线相对应,即可求得不同径向距离上的处理时间。
加装旋转升降装置的APPJ平台可以对绝缘子表面进行均匀的钛沉积处理,形成以射流口末端焰火为圆心的圆形沉降区。因此,在末端焰火与被改性材料间增加具有特定通孔形状的挡板,即可改变单个周期内沉积区域的大小。不同径向位置沉积区域的大小反映了其对应的处理时间。在圆形沉降区内,不同径向距离上的处理时间与通孔的圆心角成正比,其比例关系如式(9)所示。
θ(r)2π=t(r)T
式(9)中:θ(r)和t(r)分别为径向距离r处通孔对应的圆心角与处理时间;T为总处理时间(3 min)。通过圆心角与径向距离的对应关系,本文设计得到具有特定通孔形状的挡板如图9所示。
图10展示了σ-SFGM盆式绝缘子在不同径向距离处的截面形貌。通过观察TiO2沉积层的厚度差异,可以证明在挡板作用下,不同位置的钛沉积处理时间有所差异。综上,挡板控制了每个周期内绝缘子表面不同位置的沉积面积,从而在σ-SFGM盆式绝缘子表面构建了最优电导率的连续梯度。
为了验证表层功能梯度改性对盆式绝缘子电气性能的提升效果,设置了如表2所示的4组实验组进行对照分析。其中,C组绝缘子将径向距离为5~20 mm的区域进行三等分,分别记录最优电导率曲线在5、10、15 mm处的表面电导率,并根据图8得到对应的处理时间,作为各分区的钛沉积时间。
在10 kV直流电场中,A型和D型绝缘子稳定后的电场分布如图11所示。从图11可以看出,通过引入具有连续渐变电导率的钛沉积层,D型绝缘子在高压三结合点处的电场强度显著降低,电场分布更为均匀。
为进一步强调D型绝缘子在形成均匀电场分布方面的优势,对A、B、C和D型绝缘子的表面径向电场分布进行了比较,并计算了最大电场强度和电场畸变率,结果如图12表3所示。由于下表面与中心导杆夹角较小,同类型绝缘子的该面电场强度更高[16]。从图12可以看出,盆式绝缘子的最大场强均出现在下表面三结合点处,且数值随着组别增加逐渐降低。尽管C型绝缘子在三结合点处的电场强度低于B型,但其电导率梯度的间断导致阶跃区的电场发生突变和扭曲。而D型绝缘子则通过连续梯度避免了这种突变,同时,通过算法寻优综合了盆式绝缘子不同径向距离上的电场强度对电导率梯度的影响,两者的共同作用下,进一步降低了三结合点的电场。上表面的电场变化规律与下表面类似,但B型绝缘子在三结合点附近的电场强度反而更高。这是因为B型绝缘子表面过高的电导率加剧了电荷运动,在径向形成连续的放电通道,增加了极大值点附近的电荷密度衰减,最终使B型绝缘子在三结合点附近拥有更高的电场强度。
总的来看,D型绝缘子在同轴电极中的电场分布最均匀,相比于未改性的A型绝缘子,其上、下表面最大场强分别降低了0.35 kV/mm和2.2 kV/mm,降幅分别为31.0%和70.3%,电场畸变率分别降低了0.67%和24.69%。
通过负极性直流耐压测试评估表面功能梯度改性对GIS盆式绝缘子绝缘性能的提升效果,实验温度为恒温18℃,湿度为43.6%,每组绝缘子的闪络测试重复20次。图13为A、B、C、D型绝缘子的闪络电压测试结果。
图13可以看出,闪络电压分布与下表面电场分布基本一致。经过钛沉积处理的B、C、D型绝缘子拥有更高的沿面闪络电压,其中,D型绝缘子的闪络电压最高,其次是C型绝缘子、B型绝缘子,A型绝缘子的闪络电压最低,约为27.41 kV。值得注意的是,C型绝缘子有小概率在较低的电压下也可能发生沿面闪络,其形状参数也明显较大,这是因为离散的表面电导率引起了新的表面电场畸变。通过钛沉积表层功能梯度改性,D型绝缘子的闪络电压达到31.34 kV,相对于A型绝缘子提高了14.3%。
(1)以TTIP为前驱物进行等离子体钛沉积可以在Al2O3/EP复合材料表面溅射出TiO2沉积层,沉积层致密程度和联结结构与处理时间有关。处理时间为3 min时,TiO2沉积层最致密且复合材料表面电导率最高。
(2)通过ABC算法与电场分布仿真模型耦合得到的最优电导率分布方案有效均匀了盆式绝缘子表面的电场分布,使绝缘子下表面的最大场强降低了70.3%,电场畸变率降低了24.69%。
(3)负极性直流电压下的沿面耐压性能测试表明,具有表层功能梯度的绝缘子闪络电压明显高于未改性绝缘子、均一改性绝缘子和离散梯度改性绝缘子,钛沉积连续改性绝缘子闪络电压达到31.34 kV,较未改性绝缘子闪络电压提升了14.3%。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52277147)
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2025年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.008
  • 接收时间:2024-06-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-25
  • 修回日期:2024-08-05
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52277147)
作者信息
    华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206

通讯作者:

谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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