Article(id=1203281567893401999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716912000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-29, revisedDate=1724947200000, revisedDateStr=2024-08-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764814281675, onlineDateStr=2025-12-04, pubDate=1747670400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764814281675, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764814281675, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814281675, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1203281560800830004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764814279985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764814963861, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1203284429251784785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1203281560800830004, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1203281568191197600, articleId=1203281567893401999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=

The heat resistance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) decreases significantly after thermo-oxidative ageing, resulting in poorer performance and shorter service life of products made from it. This paper reviews the research progress on improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM at home and abroad. It introduces three main methods for improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM, including selecting high thermal-resistant EPDM matrix, compounding with thermal-resistant rubber, and adding antioxidants. And it provides a brief outlook on future research directions for improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM.

, articleAbstract=

The heat resistance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) decreases significantly after thermo-oxidative ageing, resulting in poorer performance and shorter service life of products made from it. This paper reviews the research progress on improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM at home and abroad. It introduces three main methods for improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM, including selecting high thermal-resistant EPDM matrix, compounding with thermal-resistant rubber, and adding antioxidants. And it provides a brief outlook on future research directions for improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM.

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三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)热氧老化后的耐热性能会大幅下降,导致以其为原料的制品性能变差,使用寿命变短。本文综述了国内外有关改善EPDM耐热氧老化性能的研究进展,分别从选择高耐热性EPDM基体、与耐热橡胶复配和添加防老剂3种主要途径来介绍提高EPDM耐热氧老化性能的方法,并对未来改善EPDM耐热氧老化性能的研究方向作出了简要展望。

, articleAbstract=

三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)热氧老化后的耐热性能会大幅下降,导致以其为原料的制品性能变差,使用寿命变短。本文综述了国内外有关改善EPDM耐热氧老化性能的研究进展,分别从选择高耐热性EPDM基体、与耐热橡胶复配和添加防老剂3种主要途径来介绍提高EPDM耐热氧老化性能的方法,并对未来改善EPDM耐热氧老化性能的研究方向作出了简要展望。

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张露露(1995-),女(汉族),江西新余人,助理工程师,主要从事导热绝缘材料配方的研究;

虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江宁波人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

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张露露(1995-),女(汉族),江西新余人,助理工程师,主要从事导热绝缘材料配方的研究;

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张露露(1995-),女(汉族),江西新余人,助理工程师,主要从事导热绝缘材料配方的研究;

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虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江宁波人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

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三元乙丙橡胶耐热氧老化性能研究进展
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张露露 1 , 刘小红 1 , 石红义 1 , 虞锦洪 2 , 李紫媛 1 , 王小飞 1 , 张凡 1
绝缘材料 | 综述 2025,58(5): 1-8
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2025, 58(5): 1-8
三元乙丙橡胶耐热氧老化性能研究进展
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张露露1, 刘小红1, 石红义1, 虞锦洪2, 李紫媛1, 王小飞1, 张凡1
作者信息
  • 1.江西铜业技术研究院有限公司,江西 南昌 330096
  • 2.中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,浙江 宁波 315201
  • 张露露(1995-),女(汉族),江西新余人,助理工程师,主要从事导热绝缘材料配方的研究;

    虞锦洪(1980-),男(汉族),浙江宁波人,研究员,主要从事高导热复合材料的研究。

Research progress on thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM
Lulu ZHANG1, Xiaohong LIU1, Hongyi SHI1, Jinhong YU2, Ziyuan LI1, Xiaofei WANG1, Fan ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. Jiangxi Copper Technology Institute Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330096, China
  • 2. Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
出版时间: 2025-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.001
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三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)热氧老化后的耐热性能会大幅下降,导致以其为原料的制品性能变差,使用寿命变短。本文综述了国内外有关改善EPDM耐热氧老化性能的研究进展,分别从选择高耐热性EPDM基体、与耐热橡胶复配和添加防老剂3种主要途径来介绍提高EPDM耐热氧老化性能的方法,并对未来改善EPDM耐热氧老化性能的研究方向作出了简要展望。

三元乙丙橡胶  /  热氧老化  /  耐热橡胶  /  防老剂  /  复配

The heat resistance of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) decreases significantly after thermo-oxidative ageing, resulting in poorer performance and shorter service life of products made from it. This paper reviews the research progress on improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM at home and abroad. It introduces three main methods for improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM, including selecting high thermal-resistant EPDM matrix, compounding with thermal-resistant rubber, and adding antioxidants. And it provides a brief outlook on future research directions for improving the thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM.

EPDM  /  thermo-oxidative ageing  /  thermal-resistant rubber  /  antioxidant  /  compounding
张露露, 刘小红, 石红义, 虞锦洪, 李紫媛, 王小飞, 张凡. 三元乙丙橡胶耐热氧老化性能研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (5) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.001
Lulu ZHANG, Xiaohong LIU, Hongyi SHI, Jinhong YU, Ziyuan LI, Xiaofei WANG, Fan ZHANG. Research progress on thermo-oxidative ageing resistance of EPDM[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (5) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.001
三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)具有高度饱和的碳链主体结构,不含极性取代基,分子链极为柔顺,同时具有优异的绝缘、耐腐蚀、耐臭氧、耐老化和耐低温性能[1],在线缆领域被广泛用作绝缘层材料和护套材料。相较于常用的聚烯烃和聚氨酯等材料,EPDM具有更出色的柔韧性、耐热性和环保性[2-3]。但随着线缆领域对产品高性能的追求,要求绝缘层和护套能承受更高的温度和具备更长的使用寿命,尤其是在目前较为热门的电动汽车领域,充电桩线缆长期暴露在空气中,需要承受高温天气带来的严峻考验,以及充电时热量积聚导致的线缆温度升高对绝缘层和护套造成的破坏[4-5]。EPDM在150℃的环境下可短期使用,但长期在高温环境下工作时会对制品的损伤较大,需要EPDM能承受更高的温度,即具有更突出的耐热氧老化能力,才能应对市场的考验[6-7]
提升EPDM耐热氧老化性能通常有两种途径,一方面是通过优化配方中的基体,如第三单体,制备耐热性能更好的EPDM,或者与其他耐热性能更优异的橡胶进行复配,从而满足对高耐热性能的需求;另一方面是选用可预防或延缓热氧老化的防老剂与基体进行简单共混,添加少量成本较低的防老剂可提升EPDM的耐热氧老化能力,有利于实现工业化生产[8-9]
目前常用的乙丙橡胶第三单体主要为乙叉降冰片烯(ENB)、乙烯基降冰片烯(VNB)和双环戊二烯(DCPD),这3种单体构成的EPDM结构式如图1所示。更为常用的是ENB型EPDM,其硫化速度较其他两种类型更快,且力学性能更优异,但该类型EPDM耐热等级不高,很难在高温环境下长期使用。近年来,三井化学针对VNB型EPDM进行了大量研究,并有部分产品已投入市场使用,其耐高温性能明显优于ENB型EPDM,但由于VNB型EPDM力学性能稍差,且成本更高,大规模应用受限。而在这3种类型EPDM中,DCPD型EPDM的耐热性能相对较差。
他维成等[10]研究了不同第三单体对EPDM耐热氧老化性能的影响。研究表明,第三单体不同,EPDM老化前的力学性能也表现出明显的差异,DCPD型、ENB型EPDM力学性能相差不大,VNB型EPDM相对较差。经过150℃、72 h热氧老化测试后,三者的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率变化率基本都稳定在-10%左右,VNB型和DCPD型EPDM硬度变化率低于ENB型EPDM,VNB型EPDM老化后的断裂伸长率和撕裂强度保持率最好。综合而言,VNB型EPDM的耐热氧老化性能最优。陈龙[11]对ENB型和VNB型EPDM制备的硫化橡胶进行测试,实验结果表明,VNB型EPDM老化后的力学性能变化较小,耐热氧老化性能更加优异。
第三单体于EPDM而言,具有“官能团”的作用,这主要是因为第三单体决定了硫化交联反应的程度和速率,所以第三单体含量对EPDM的耐热性、耐臭氧性、耐候性、力学性能等具有一定影响。在EPDM生产过程中,可通过调节第三单体含量来调整EPDM的特性。
胡海华等[12]选用8种不同ENB含量的EPDM探究其力学性能和耐老化性能与ENB含量的关系。结果表明,ENB质量分数为9.7%的EPDM力学性能较为优异,但耐老化性能较差,在144℃下老化22 h后的拉伸强度提高了20.5%,断裂伸长率降低了30.7%;而ENB质量分数为0.8%的EPDM老化后的拉伸强度提高3.0%,断裂伸长率仅降低4.1%。这是因为随着ENB含量提高,EPDM结构中的双键含量增加,橡胶饱和度降低,从而在热氧老化时提供更多的反应位点,导致耐热氧老化性能下降。以上数据表明,ENB含量较低的EPDM耐热氧老化能力会更强。
刘东等[13]探讨了DCPD含量对EPDM耐热氧老化性能的影响。实验结果表明,DCPD含量越低,EPDM拉伸强度变化幅度越小。此外还研究发现当其他第三单体含量与DCPD含量一致时,ENB型EPDM耐热氧老化性能最佳。谢忠麟[14]选取了3种含有不同质量分数VNB的EPDM作为实验对象,发现EPDM耐热氧老化性能随着VNB含量的增加而提高,高VNB含量导致EPDM交联密度增加,从而使耐热氧老化性能更加优越。
EPDM的最高使用温度为150℃左右,而在热氧条件下,保持良好性能的最高使用温度会更低。要满足更高耐热条件的应用需求,以EPDM为单一基体的材料面临巨大的挑战,有研究人员通过将EPDM与硅橡胶(MVQ)、丙烯酸酯橡胶(ACM)及氟橡胶(FKM)等耐热性能优异的橡胶进行复配,来提高材料的耐热氧老化性能[15]
MVQ主链为稳定性较好的硅氧键,具有优异的耐热性能,将MVQ加入到EPDM体系中能有效地提高体系的热稳定性,从而改善EPDM的耐热氧老化性能[16]。陆涛[17]研究表明,随着MVQ含量的增加,EPDM的拉伸强度逐渐降低,断裂伸长率无明显变化,老化后耐热氧老化性能未得到明显改善。进一步探究配方中的填料和助剂对EPDM耐热氧老化性能的影响,发现选用白炭黑作为填料时,EPDM和MVQ的相容性有所提升,共混后的橡胶拉伸强度有所降低,但耐热氧老化性能有所提升。在体系中引入硅烷偶联剂KH570后,共混胶的介质损耗因数降低,表明MVQ在EPDM中的分散性有所改善,两者的相容性得到提高。对比共混胶与纯EPDM体系发现,共混胶的拉伸强度相比纯EPDM降低了22%,而断裂伸长率有所提升。此外,纯EPDM体系在190℃/4 h下老化后的拉伸强度下降了29.9%,断裂伸长率降低了33.2%;而共混胶在相同条件下老化后的拉伸强度仅下降2.7%,断裂伸长率仅降低10.7%,耐热氧老化性能有所改善。QI Song等[18]制备了一种磁流变弹性体(MRE),并加入到EPDM/MVQ体系中,实验结果表明,该操作提高了EPDM与MVQ的界面相互作用和相容性,同时改善了填料在基体中的分散性,所得EPDM/MVQ/MRE共混物具有较优的力学性能。老化后试样的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率变化率分别小于9.6%和8.1%,热重分析(TGA)结果表明,温度低于450℃时,共混物质量损失小于7%。以上数据均表明,EPDM/MVQ/MRE共混物耐热氧老化性能得到改善。
ACM由于其主链结构高度饱和,侧基具有强极性,可耐受高达180℃的温度,拥有出色的耐热性能。此外,相关研究表明,ACM在150℃的热空气环境下长时间老化后样品无明显变化[19]。祝岩婷[20]制备了EPDM、ACM和EPDM/ACM(70/30)混炼胶,通过扫描电镜观察3种混炼胶在150℃下老化后的表面形貌发现,EPDM混炼胶表面出现很明显的孔洞和裂纹,ACM混炼胶表面的孔洞和裂纹较少,EPDM/ACM共混胶介于两者之间。进一步分析三者力学性能,得到EPDM混炼胶老化后的拉伸强度保持率为51.0%,断裂伸长率保持率为42.1%;ACM混炼胶老化后的拉伸强度保持率为98.1%,断裂伸长率保持率为55.5%;EPDM/ACM混炼胶老化后的拉伸强度保持率为72.2%,断裂伸长率保持率为53.2%。以上结果表明,在EPDM中混入ACM可改善其耐老化性能和力学性能。
FKM中含有高电负性的氟原子,该原子对主链碳原子有屏蔽作用,因此FKM具有良好的热稳定性和力学性能[21]。但FKM是一种极性橡胶,而EPDM是一种非极性橡胶,两者极性不同,因此在共混时相容性较差。为了获得优异的性能,通常需要添加相容剂以提高EPDM与FKM之间的相容性。此外,FKM的价格较高,若考虑生产控制成本,添加量不宜太多[22]。张作鑫[23]通过研究不同EPDM和FKM共混比例以及相容剂对胶料性能的影响,发现随着FKM添加量增大,共混胶的耐热氧老化性能得到了改善。在175℃下老化120 h后,30份FKM的共混胶拉伸强度降低了0.3 MPa,断裂伸长率降低了90%,力学性能有所下降。添加相容剂后,共混胶的100%定伸应力和交联度有所提升,表明两相界面趋于共混相发展,相容性得到改善。钱丽丽等[24]研究了静态硫化时FKM和EPDM体系的耐老化性能,测试结果表明,老化后FKM的拉伸强度降低了0.5 MPa,EPDM的拉伸强度降低了4.2 MPa,说明FKM的耐老化性能要优于EPDM。而EPDM/FKM共混胶在老化前后的拉伸强度几乎无明显变化,表明共混胶的耐老化性能有所提升。
防老剂具有延缓高分子化合物受光、热和氧影响而老化的作用,能大幅延长制品的使用时效[25],主要分为小分子防老剂、高分子防老剂和负载型防老剂等,又或分为物理防老剂、化学防老剂和天然防老剂。在三元乙丙橡胶体系中,化学防老剂应用较为广泛,其成本较低,与其他助剂一起加入胶料中混炼即可分散均匀,往往加入0.5~3份就能起到很好的防老化效果,适合工业化生产和应用[26]
常用的化学防老剂一般为酚类防老剂和胺类防老剂,且大部分为低分子量化合物。胺类防老剂应用最早,种类较多,防老化能力要远胜于酚类防老剂,不仅具有抗热氧老化的功能,还在抗臭氧老化、抗疲劳和抗紫外辐射方面都具有一定的效果[27]。工业上应用较多的有2,2,4-三甲基-1,2-二氢化喹啉(RD)、N-异丙基-N′-苯基对苯二胺(4010NA)、N-(1-甲基异戊基)-N′-苯基对苯二胺(4020)和四[β-(3,5-二叔丁基-4-羟基苯基)丙酸]季戊四醇酯(抗氧剂1010)等。
谢艳霞等[28]在三元乙丙橡胶体系中加入2份RD,测得橡胶老化前的拉伸强度为17.53 MPa,老化后的拉伸强度为18.27 MPa,老化前后拉伸强度变化率较小,且强度还有所提高。而未添加防老剂的试样老化前拉伸强度为18.42 MPa,老化后拉伸强度为11.88 MPa,拉伸强度变化率较大且拉伸强度降低。LI Zhihua等[29]在EPDM/LDPE体系中加入4010NA作为防老剂。实验结果表明,4010NA加入后,橡胶的力学性能得到了提升,拉伸强度由1.48 MPa提高到2.77 MPa,断裂伸长率由112%提高到1 132%;老化后,混炼胶的拉伸强度变化幅度较小,断裂伸长率变化幅度较大,但断裂伸长率仍有481%。综合而言,添加4010NA对于提升混炼胶的耐热氧老化性能具有明显效果。
只添加一种防老剂的防护效果往往比较单一,且由于防老剂本身存在缺陷可能会导致防老化效果变差,大量研究表明采取添加多种防老剂互补的方法可提高材料耐老化性能,效果大于各防老剂独立使用时的效果总和。如2-巯基苯并咪唑(MB)属于预防性防老剂,能分解氧化过程中产生的氢过氧化物以延缓老化。RD属于链断裂型防老剂,含有的N-H官能团能通过夺取链反应所需的自由基,从而抑制链增长。MB和RD并用能发挥预防老化和抑制老化的协同作用。胡惠欢等[30]通过分析MB和RD并用胶料的热重分析(TGA)和差示扫描量热分析(DSC)谱图发现,两者并用产生协同效应,结合二元二次回归数学方法建立数学模型,并绘制等高图分析得出,当RD和MB的总质量份为4份,RD和MB的用量比为1∶2时,胶料具有最佳的耐热氧老化效果。
防老剂4,4′-二(苯基异丙基)二苯胺(Naugard 445)是一种低污染型胺类防老剂,在胶料中添加0.5%~1%就能替代1.5%~2%的RD或MB等。但对于耐温等级较高的制品,少量添加无法满足性能要求,并且Naugard 445添加量过多会降低EPDM的硫化程度,对力学性能造成影响[31]。陈志龙等[32]将一种新型防老剂2-硫醇基甲基苯并咪唑锌盐(Vulkanox ZMB2)与Naugard 445复配发现,两者并用能大幅提高胶料的耐老化性能,当Vulkanox ZMB2添加量为0.3份,Naugard 445添加量为0.2份时,胶料在170℃下热氧老化70 h后,其拉伸强度和断裂伸长率的变化率分别只有-13.4%和-14.6%,且老化前的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率较原试样均有提升。
NING Nanying等[33]选用二甲基丙烯酸锌(ZDMA)、MB和N,N′-1,3-苯基双马来酰亚胺(MC)三种抗氧剂作为协同抗氧剂,通过与不含抗氧剂、含传统抗氧剂4010NA的样品对比发现,加入协同抗氧剂后,EPDM的力学性能略有降低,但老化后其交联密度增大幅度远小于其他试样,表明使用协同抗氧剂后EPDM耐老化性能有所提高。在180℃下老化216 h后,使用协同抗氧剂的样品表面仍很光滑,而含其他抗氧剂的样品则出现严重裂纹,拉伸强度和断裂伸长率也有所下降。这主要是因为ZDMA具有共交联和抗氧化的作用,ZDMA可以接枝到EPDM中,通过消耗自身双键产生离子簇,增加EPDM的交联密度,从而抑制抗氧剂MB/MC组合引起的交联密度降低。并且ZDMA未反应的双键在热氧老化过程中可以继续捕获自由基,从而阻止橡胶大分子受到热氧的攻击。但ZDMA的双键消耗完后,不能在高温下继续提供长期保护,所以需要与胺类抗氧剂组合使用,进一步提高样品在高温下的耐热氧老化性能。
小分子防老剂容易在制品表面发生迁移,使耐老化性能变差,并易造成环境的污染。有研究者制备了含芳香族及多杂环的胺类均聚物或共聚物作为防老剂,这一类高分子防老剂具有较好的抗迁移能力、热稳定性和耐热氧老化性能[34-35]。T A ZIDAN等[36]制备了一类聚苯胺衍生物作为防老剂,其TGA结果显示,与市面上常用防老剂RD对比,聚苯胺类衍生物具有更优异的热稳定性,热氧老化测试结果表明,采用该类防老剂制备的材料拉伸强度和断裂伸长率保持率更高。LIU Qingkun等[37]选用2-巯基苯并咪唑(PETMP)和MC为原材料合成了一种大分子防老剂PM,其结构如图2所示。XPS光谱分析结果表明,在120℃下老化15 d后,与单独添加PETMP、MC及将PETMP与MC直接共混的胶料相比,PM/EPDM胶料表面氮元素含量最低,表明PM具有一定的抗迁移能力。另外,胶料老化前后的力学性能结果证明,PM具有优异的抗老化效果。分析是由于PM分子内的芳香族仲胺和硫醚基团的协同作用有效抑制了橡胶的自催化氧化反应,延缓了材料的热氧老化,且由于PM分子量高,抗迁移能力强,抗热氧老化效果优异。
A EL-WAKIL等[38]通过在天然橡胶(NR)上接枝N(4-苯二胺)马来酰亚胺(pPDAM,合成路线如图3所示),制备了一种新型接枝型防老剂NR-g-pPDAM(合成路线如图4所示)。该新型防老剂的耐热氧老化原理主要是其含有的活性氨基可以捕获老化过程中产生的自由基,并同时可以接枝到EPDM上,且由于其分子量高,更加不易迁移,大幅提升了EPDM耐热氧老化性能。此外,还可以通过消耗NR的双键生成EPDM/NR-g-pPDAM(结构式如图5所示),从而提高EPDM的交联度、力学性能和耐热氧老化性能。通过与市面上常用的防老剂N-(1,3-二甲基丁基)-N′-苯基对苯二胺(6PPD)进行对比,发现NR-g-pPDAM发挥出更优异的抗热氧老化作用。但由于该防老剂的制备工艺较为复杂,且原料成本较高,难以实现工业化应用。
为了提高防老剂的抗迁移性,使防老剂在制品表面更加稳定,还有一种方法是以填料为载体,在其表面负载防老剂,得到负载型防老剂。该类防老剂选用的填料可以是炭黑、白炭黑和氧化锌等橡胶配方中的常用填料,通过偶联剂或其他连接剂的桥接,经物理或化学作用将防老剂负载到填料表面,不仅提升了防老剂在制品表面的稳定性,并且由于填料自身的性质,使得防老剂在EPDM中的分散更均匀,甚至能起到补强剂的作用。LIN Jing等[39]借助硅烷偶联剂的桥接作用,将抗氧剂中间体对氨基二苯胺(RT)负载到埃洛石纳米管/二氧化硅杂化物(HS)表面,得到一种负载型防老剂HS-s-RT,其合成路线如图6所示。通过SEM分析发现,HS-s-RT均匀分散在胶料中,使得胶料具有更优异的力学性能,对比添加负载型防老剂HS-s-RT与添加小分子抗氧剂4010NA的胶料力学性能发现,前者拉伸强度由原胶料的10.7 MPa提升到15 MPa,后者则提升至13.6 MPa。热氧老化测试结果表明,添加HS-s-RT的胶料具有更高的拉伸强度保持率,如图7所示。进一步分析胶料的氧化诱导期发现,添加HS-s-RT的胶料开始氧化的时间非常晚,这主要是因为防老剂负载到填料上后在胶料中的分散更均匀,提高了防老剂与橡胶基体的接触率,并且由于HS-s-RT抗迁移性高,其延缓自由基反应的效果得到进一步提升。
本文主要从优化基体配方、与耐热橡胶复配和添加防老剂3个方面论述了提高三元乙丙橡胶耐热氧老化性能的研究,各种改性方法均有优缺点,可根据实际应用需求采用相应的改性方法。
在不同第三单体的EPDM基体配方中,VNB型EPDM耐热性能较为优异,但由于VNB型EPDM硫化需要成本较高的过氧化物进行交联,未能得到广泛应用。VNB型EPDM通常会与ENB型EPDM共混使用,但出于综合性能的考量以及成本限制,VNB型EPDM只能少量添加,因此对EPDM耐热性能的提升效果不佳。整体而言,对于第三单体的研究还比较欠缺,从而对EPDM的发展造成了一定的限制。
通过与高耐热性橡胶复配,EPDM耐热氧老化性能会有一定提升,但综合性能有所下降,主要的原因为共混胶相容性不佳。普遍采用的研究方法是通过在体系中引入相容剂来改善相容性,但对共混胶性能的提升还远远不够;共混前通过接枝相容剂对胶料进行改性的效果更好,但由于工艺复杂,不利于工业化生产。如何进一步提升共混胶的相容性,发挥最佳效果,并适用于工业化生产,开展相关研究十分必要。
对于耐热性能要求不高的应用场景,在胶料共混过程中加入一些市面上常用且成本较低的胺类或酚类防老剂即可满足性能要求;而在更高温的应用场景下,对于大部分小分子防老剂,无法使制品满足高温下的耐热氧老化要求,并且小分子防老剂易在制品表面发生迁移。采用高分子防老剂和负载型防老剂可以有效解决这些问题,但两种类型防老剂的合成工艺较为复杂且成本较高。
提升EPDM的耐热氧老化性能,有助于进一步拓宽EPDM的应用场景,实现其在更高温度环境下的广泛应用,同时对延长以EPDM为原料的制品使用寿命有积极意义。但目前关于突破EPDM耐温等级的研究还不够,对于在更高温度下的应用还未得到实现。根据当前的研究进展分析,可从以下几个方面开展进一步研究:
(1)对EPDM的第三单体展开研究,解决VNB型EPDM力学性能较低、硫化成本高等问题。
(2)优化耐热型橡胶与EPDM的共混工艺,添加相容剂改善共混胶相容性时,采用一步法完成添加以达到单独改性胶料时的效果,甚至更优。与此同时,对相容剂的制备和选择进行优化。
(3)筛选成本更低的原料合成高分子防老剂,并优化其合成工艺;在共混过程中,探究如何将高分子防老剂接枝在基体上,并提高接枝率,进一步提升防老剂在制品中的稳定性。
(4)负载型防老剂目前工业化应用较少,可进一步优化其制备工艺,降低成本,推动其面向市场。
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2025年第58卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.05.001
  • 接收时间:2024-05-29
  • 首发时间:2025-12-04
  • 出版时间:2025-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-29
  • 修回日期:2024-08-30
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    1.江西铜业技术研究院有限公司,江西 南昌 330096
    2.中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,浙江 宁波 315201
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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