Article(id=1193556933585105862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.014, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713888000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-24, revisedDate=1715702400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762495748182, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762495748182, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762495748182, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762495748182, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193556932167431095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762495747843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498255746, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567451108573868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567451112768173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=109, endPage=116, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193556933853541319, articleId=1193556933585105862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Evaluation method for buffer layer ablation of high voltage cable based on gas stoichiometric characteristics, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The ablation of the buffer layer of high-voltage cables is accompanied by the release of characteristic gas, so the characteristic gas can be used as an indicator for the detection and evaluation of ablation faults. However, the correlation between the type and concentration of released gas and the degree of ablation is still unclear. In this paper, a buffer layer ablation simulation experiment platform was established. After comprehensive consideration, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, and CO were selected as the characteristic gases for buffer layer ablation evaluation, and the change law of their stoichiometric characteristics with buffer layer ablation degree and moisture content were analyzed. The results show that the average molar mass of characteristic gas decreases with the increase of moisture content in buffer layer, and the ratio of C to H atoms in characteristic gases under humid conditions is higher than that under dry conditions. The concentrations of C and H atoms continuously increase with the burning time, and with the increase of burning time, the concentrations of C and H atoms first decrease, then increase and then decreases, and finally monotonically increase with the increase of moisture degree. Analysis suggests that the differences of damage to the buffer layer structure under different conditions are the reasons for the change in the stoichiometric characteristics of the released gas.

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高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀伴随有特征气体逸出现象,故特征气体有望作为烧蚀故障检测评估指标,但目前逸出气体的种类和浓度与烧蚀程度的关联性仍不明确。本文搭建缓冲层烧蚀模拟实验平台,综合考虑后选择C2H6、C2H4、C2H2以及CO作为缓冲层烧蚀评估的特征气体,并分析其化学计量特征随缓冲层烧蚀程度和受潮程度的变化规律。结果表明:特征气体的平均摩尔质量随缓冲层含水率提高而降低,潮湿条件下的烃类特征气体中C与H原子数量之比高于干燥条件;C原子与H原子的浓度随烧蚀时间的增加而不断提高。且随着烧蚀时间的增加,C原子与H原子的浓度随潮湿程度的增大先减小,再增大再减小,最后单调增大。分析认为,不同条件下缓冲层材料结构烧蚀破坏的差异是导致逸出气体化学计量特征变化的原因。

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赵鸽(2002-),女(汉族),河南洛阳人,硕士生,主要从事高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀的检测与修复相关研究工作。
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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、高压电缆的研究。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、高压电缆的研究。

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任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、高压电缆的研究。

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(注:“减小率”指含水率为20%时相比干燥情况MG的减小率。)

, figureFileSmall=9FDI38rnZK/afwPTkruE3g==, figureFileBig=ReyD2hgjBBKcPOeSTa2xRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195072179315417367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193556933585105862, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=The changes of hydrocarbon gas R C/H and its growth rate with ablation time, figureFileSmall=sCbDCliLhkKXlgZ8502Wjg==, figureFileBig=wl4X9upQohA5wUSdC+xIgA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195072179453829400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193556933585105862, language=CN, label=图4, caption=烃类气体R C/H及其增长率随烧蚀时间的变化

(注:“增长率”指含水率为20%时相比干燥情况RC/H的增长率。)

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特征气体 摩尔质量/(g/mol) 特征气体 摩尔质量/(g/mol)
C2H6 30.069 0 C2H4 28.053 2
C2H2 26.037 3 CO 28.010 1
), ArticleFig(id=1195072180363993378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193556933585105862, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烧蚀特征气体的摩尔质量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征气体 摩尔质量/(g/mol) 特征气体 摩尔质量/(g/mol)
C2H6 30.069 0 C2H4 28.053 2
C2H2 26.037 3 CO 28.010 1
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基于气体化学计量特征的高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀评估方法研究
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任志刚 1 , 郭卫 1 , 门业堃 1 , 张竟成 1 , 赵鸽 2 , 高建 2
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025,58(4): 109-116
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025, 58(4): 109-116
基于气体化学计量特征的高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀评估方法研究
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任志刚1, 郭卫1, 门业堃1, 张竟成1, 赵鸽2, 高建2
作者信息
  • 1 国网北京市电力公司电力科学研究院,北京 100075
  • 2 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 任志刚(1983-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,高级工程师,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术、高压电缆的研究。

通讯作者:

赵鸽(2002-),女(汉族),河南洛阳人,硕士生,主要从事高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀的检测与修复相关研究工作。
Evaluation method for buffer layer ablation of high voltage cable based on gas stoichiometric characteristics
Zhigang REN1, Wei GUO1, Yekun MEN1, Jingcheng ZHANG1, Ge ZHAO2, Jian GAO2
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Beijing Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100075, China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Power Equipment, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.014
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高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀伴随有特征气体逸出现象,故特征气体有望作为烧蚀故障检测评估指标,但目前逸出气体的种类和浓度与烧蚀程度的关联性仍不明确。本文搭建缓冲层烧蚀模拟实验平台,综合考虑后选择C2H6、C2H4、C2H2以及CO作为缓冲层烧蚀评估的特征气体,并分析其化学计量特征随缓冲层烧蚀程度和受潮程度的变化规律。结果表明:特征气体的平均摩尔质量随缓冲层含水率提高而降低,潮湿条件下的烃类特征气体中C与H原子数量之比高于干燥条件;C原子与H原子的浓度随烧蚀时间的增加而不断提高。且随着烧蚀时间的增加,C原子与H原子的浓度随潮湿程度的增大先减小,再增大再减小,最后单调增大。分析认为,不同条件下缓冲层材料结构烧蚀破坏的差异是导致逸出气体化学计量特征变化的原因。

高压电缆  /  缓冲层烧蚀  /  特征气体  /  化学计量特征

The ablation of the buffer layer of high-voltage cables is accompanied by the release of characteristic gas, so the characteristic gas can be used as an indicator for the detection and evaluation of ablation faults. However, the correlation between the type and concentration of released gas and the degree of ablation is still unclear. In this paper, a buffer layer ablation simulation experiment platform was established. After comprehensive consideration, C2H6, C2H4, C2H2, and CO were selected as the characteristic gases for buffer layer ablation evaluation, and the change law of their stoichiometric characteristics with buffer layer ablation degree and moisture content were analyzed. The results show that the average molar mass of characteristic gas decreases with the increase of moisture content in buffer layer, and the ratio of C to H atoms in characteristic gases under humid conditions is higher than that under dry conditions. The concentrations of C and H atoms continuously increase with the burning time, and with the increase of burning time, the concentrations of C and H atoms first decrease, then increase and then decreases, and finally monotonically increase with the increase of moisture degree. Analysis suggests that the differences of damage to the buffer layer structure under different conditions are the reasons for the change in the stoichiometric characteristics of the released gas.

high voltage cable  /  buffer layer ablation  /  characteristic gas  /  stoichiometric characteristics
任志刚, 郭卫, 门业堃, 张竟成, 赵鸽, 高建. 基于气体化学计量特征的高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀评估方法研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (4) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.014
Zhigang REN, Wei GUO, Yekun MEN, Jingcheng ZHANG, Ge ZHAO, Jian GAO. Evaluation method for buffer layer ablation of high voltage cable based on gas stoichiometric characteristics[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (4) : 109 -116 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.014
高压电缆是城市的重要基础供电设备,其运行可靠性对城市电网的安全稳定至关重要。近年来,北京、上海、广州等各大城市频繁出现因阻水缓冲层烧蚀而导致高压电缆本体击穿的事故,已经严重影响城市输电系统的安全与稳定运行[1-3]。因此,高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的及时检出对于提升高压电缆的运行可靠性具有重要意义。
目前国内已研发出多种电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷检测方法,包括X射线成像、宽频阻抗谱、局部放电、超声波检测等。但这些检测方法均存在不足,其中X射线成像检测操作难度较大、检测灵敏度不高,且对人体有一定的伤害[5-8]。宽频阻抗谱仅能粗略地反映出烧蚀故障点的位置范围,无法进行故障点的精准定位[9-11]。局部放电检测暂未形成标准化方法,不同设备检测的结果有较大区别,并且缺乏烧蚀严重程度的诊断依据[12-15]。另外由于多孔结构的缓冲层材料具有吸声特性,并且多层缓冲层绕包时层间存在间隙,会导致声波能量剧烈衰减,使得超声波检测技术在检测烧蚀缺陷时灵敏度较低[16]。从上述分析可以看出,现阶段的缓冲层烧蚀缺陷检测方法在准确度及推广度等方面均难以满足存量在运高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的检测要求。因此,针对电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的检测开展相关科研工作具有重要工程意义。
现阶段电缆缓冲层烧蚀故障的相关研究表明,缓冲层在烧蚀过程中会释放氢气、乙烷、乙烯、乙炔、一氧化碳等特征气体产物,且特征气体产量与缓冲层烧蚀严重程度密切相关[18-22]。因此,缓冲层烧蚀的特征气体的种类和浓度有望作为高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀故障检测与诊断的重要参量。然而,目前一方面对于缓冲层烧蚀特征气体在烧蚀过程中的演变规律尚不明确,另一方面由于缓冲层材料本身的不均匀结构[23],在实验室采用片状试样进行模拟烧蚀实验时,相同条件下产生特征气体的浓度可能存在较大差异,难以探明其变化规律。
化学计量学是一种将数学、统计学等与化学相结合的交叉学科。化学计量中的化学成分量主要是指物质、材料或样品中某种成分的含量或浓度[24],在气体检测分析方面具有广泛应用。例如在生态领域中,根据生态系统呼吸过程中两种碳产物(二氧化碳和甲烷)的化学计量比建立生态系统碳交换模型[25];在化学领域中采用化学计量分析聚合物燃料热解气体产物的特征[26];以及电气绝缘测试领域中对绝缘油中的气体进行检测后利用三比值法判断电力设备的故障类型等[27-28]。可见,气体的化学计量特征能够反映混合气体的特征或系统的运行状态。因此,研究缓冲层烧蚀产生气体的化学计量特征,对于评估缓冲层烧蚀的严重程度具有重要意义。
基于上述研究现状,本文对缓冲层烧蚀特征气体的演变规律进行研究,基于各烧蚀特征气体均来自于缓冲层的分解的事实,结合化学计量学在气体的检测分析方面的应用,选择对各特征气体进行综合分析。通过搭建实验室缓冲层烧蚀模拟平台,获得缓冲层烧蚀特征气体随烧蚀程度的演变规律,并结合化学计量学对特征气体进行定量分析,探究特征气体的化学计量随时间与缓冲层含水率的变化规律。本文的研究结果可为高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的特征气体检测提供实验基础与应用参考。
本文实验采用的模拟烧蚀实验平台如图1所示,腔体由有机玻璃制成,形成密封环境,避免烧蚀气体在实验过程中泄露。实际烧蚀涉及到的电缆结构主要包括皱纹铝护套、阻水缓冲层和绝缘屏蔽层,因此模拟平台的电极材料选用铝,实验试样包括阻水缓冲层与绝缘屏蔽。实验采用的阻水缓冲层材料主要由半导电聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯纤维(PET)、阻水粉(聚丙烯酸钠)颗粒、炭黑组成;绝缘屏蔽片由110 kV电力电缆屏蔽材料制备而成。
阻水缓冲层在使用前需存放于干燥柜中,使用时将其裁剪成尺寸为50 mm×50 mm的实验试样,并将此时未经任何处理的缓冲层(含水率为0%)作为干燥缓冲层。用电子天平称量干燥缓冲层质量m 0,使用喷壶使缓冲层均匀受潮,并再次称量缓冲层质量m 1,即得到含水率为(m 1-m 0)/m 1的缓冲层。由于实验过程中水分蒸发、分解、渗出等因素,缓冲层的含水率会发生变化,因此本文所述含水率均为缓冲层初始含水率。
根据图1将绝缘屏蔽和三层缓冲层试样依次放置于实验平台,铝电极借助自身重力与阻水缓冲层自然接触,实验过程中保持腔体为密封状态。参考文献[29]中的仿真结果,铝护套与缓冲层紧密接触的情况下电流密度最大处约为448 mA/m2,亦有模拟实验结果表明皱纹铝护套波谷嵌入缓冲层深度为0.1 mm时,电流密度最大值约为650 mA/m2[30]。根据上述研究结果,计算得到流过本实验试样的电流为1~2 mA,为加快模拟烧蚀进程,持续对缓冲层施加50 mA工频恒流电压进行烧蚀,定期检测一次腔体内气体产物及浓度。
本实验采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对缓冲层烧蚀过程中产生的小分子气体进行区分与含量测定[31-32]。每次模拟烧蚀实验后,借助气泵将适量腔体内的气体抽入光谱仪的气体腔室内,通过扫描光谱,读取缓冲层烧蚀气体C2H6、C2H4、C2H2等的浓度。用空气作为扫描光谱的背景气体,得到的烧蚀气体浓度为缓冲层发生烧蚀后密封腔内气体与空气中相应气体的浓度之差。
得到各烧蚀气体的浓度后,烧蚀气体的平均摩尔质量(M G)可由式(1)计算[26,33]
M G = i = 1 i = n M i Ν   i i = 1 n N i
式(1)中:Mi是第i种烧蚀气体的摩尔质量,具体数值可以从NIST的在线数据库中获得;Ni为第i种烧蚀气体的浓度。
利用式(2)~(3)可以分别计算烧蚀气体中C原子与H原子的浓度N CN H [26,34]
N C = i = 1 i = n S C i × N i
N H = i = 1 i = n S H i × N i
式(2)~(3)中:S C iS H i分别为第i种烧蚀气体分子中含C原子、H原子的数量;n为选定烧蚀气体的数量。
烃类气体中C与H的比值R C/H可由式(4)计算[35-36]
R C / H = j = 1 m S C j × N j j = 1 m S H j × N j
式(4)中:Nj为第j种烧蚀气体的浓度;m为选定烧蚀特征气体中烃类气体的数量。
通过傅里叶红外光谱法检测发现,缓冲层在烧蚀过程中生成的小分子气体包括H2、CH4、C2H4、C2H6、CO和CO2。以缓冲层含水率为10%、烧蚀时间为60 min的试样红外光谱为例,烧蚀气体的红外光谱检测结果如图2所示。其中H2分子量极小,在实际电缆中容易扩散且难以区分电缆对应部位的烧蚀程度,同时H2主要来自于电化学腐蚀,不直接对应缓冲层结构的破坏程度;CH4是高压XLPE电缆绝缘的交联副产物之一;CO2是空气的固有成分,难以区分它们是否源于缓冲层烧蚀。因此H2、CH4、CO2不适合作为特征气体进行缓冲层烧蚀的检测与诊断。故选择C2H6、C2H4、C2H2以及CO作为缓冲层烧蚀故障的特征气体进行分析,4种特征气体的摩尔质量如表1所示。
本文采用烧蚀特征气体的平均摩尔质量M G、特征烃类气体中C原子与H原子数量的比值R C/H、烧蚀特征气体中C原子与H原子的浓度NN CN H)作为化学计量特征参量,研究3种特征参量随烧蚀时间和缓冲层含水率的变化规律。
根据式(1)计算缓冲层不同含水率条件下,模拟烧蚀实验产生的特征气体平均摩尔质量M G随烧蚀时间的变化如图3所示。从图3可以看出,烧蚀特征气体的M G都集中在28 g/mol附近,C2H6的摩尔质量高于此值,C2H2的摩尔质量则低于此值,因此M G可以在一定程度上反映特征气体中C2H6与C2H2的相对含量。整体而言,烧蚀特征气体的M G随时间的变化不明显,干燥缓冲层烧蚀60 min后特征气体的M G仅比烧蚀5 min时降低了0.20%,含水率为20%的缓冲层在相同情况下仅提高了0.14%。
图3还可以看出,缓冲层不同潮湿程度下特征气体的M G有较为明显的区别。干燥情况下的M G均高于潮湿情况下,且烧蚀时间较短时,这一区别较大,而经过长时间烧蚀后,不同潮湿情况下的M G基本相同。M G随缓冲层含水率的提高而降低,这一规律在实验烧蚀时间范围内均成立。烧蚀5 min时,缓冲层从干燥到含水率为20%,M G下降幅度较大,从28.07 g/mol下降到了27.94 g/mol,下降了0.46%;随着烧蚀时间的增加,这一下降幅度明显减小,烧蚀60 min时,仅下降了0.11%。
3种烃类气体中C原子与H原子数量的比值R C/H可以体现不饱和烃的含量。R C/H的数值越大,表示不饱和烃的含量越高,这一比值随烧蚀时间的变化规律如图4所示。从图4可以看出,特征烃类气体的R C/H都集中在0.50附近,且随烧蚀时间的变化不大。但不同潮湿程度下的R C/H存在差异,潮湿条件下的R C/H都高于干燥条件,这一规律同样在实验烧蚀时间范围内均成立。含水率为20%的缓冲层试样烧蚀后R C/H与干燥条件相比在烧蚀5 min时增大了12.5%,在烧蚀60 min时增大了5.88%。
如2.1中所述,M G可以反映特征气体中C2H6与C2H2的相对含量,该值越大,说明饱和气体C2H6含量越高。M G随含水率的提高呈下降趋势,而R C/H随含水率的提高成上升趋势,二者的变化都体现了在潮湿情况下缓冲层烧蚀会生成更多的不饱和气体。
烧蚀特征气体中C原子与H原子的浓度N CN H随烧蚀时间的变化如图5所示。
图5可以看出,在不同潮湿程度情况下,烧蚀特征气体中N CN H都随烧蚀时间的增加而不断提高,表明随着烧蚀的发展,缓冲层破坏程度增大,分解产生的特征气体浓度升高。同时可以发现,缓冲层在干燥情况下,烧蚀初始的5 min内N CN H提高速率很快,但后续的提高速率相比潮湿缓冲层较缓慢。烧蚀时间从10 min增加到60 min,含水率为20%的缓冲层试样对应N CN H分别提高了550.19%与365.71%,而干燥缓冲层相应增加了209.24%与98.02%。
观察N CN H随缓冲层含水率的变化,烧蚀时间较短时(5 min),随潮湿程度增大,N CN H逐渐降低;增加烧蚀时间,N CN H随潮湿程度的变化呈非单调变化趋势,实验范围内在缓冲层含水率为10%时达到最高;烧蚀时间达到60 min时,N CN H随潮湿程度的增大单调升高。
分析认为,由于干燥缓冲层蓬松网络结构中存在的氧气可以促进缓冲层材料的热分解过程。而在潮湿情况下,阻水粉颗粒膨胀并填充缓冲层蓬松网络中的孔隙,阻碍了氧气的进入,进而抑制了缓冲层的热氧化降解;同时由于水分的存在,水分的蒸发与分解会消耗部分电流热效应产生的能量,减轻了缓冲层材料的分解程度。因此,烧蚀的初始阶段N CN H随缓冲层含水率的提高呈下降趋势。
随着烧蚀时间增加到30 min,含水率为10%的缓冲层试样对应的N CN H在3种潮湿程度中最高。这是由于水分在经过较长时间的烧蚀后已基本耗尽;同时水分存在时会发生电化学腐蚀,这一过程生成的高阻性白色物质(如图6所示)增大了缓冲层的体积电阻[13,17],由于模拟实验过程中采用的是恒流源,体积电阻的增大将导致电流热效应产生的能量更多,从而表现为缓冲层材料分解程度更严重,N CN H更高。当烧蚀时间长达60 min时,含水率为20%的缓冲层试样对应的N CN H达到最高,这与水分的耗尽、高阻性白色粉末的产生都密切相关。
缓冲层体积电阻是否增大可以通过监测模拟烧蚀实验过程中试样两端的电压进行验证,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着缓冲层含水率的提高,最终电压稳定值逐渐提高,干燥时试样的电压在较长时间内维持在约74 V,含水率为10%与20%的缓冲层试样对应稳定电压分别约为95 V与107 V。由于使用的是恒流电源,电压的提高表明试样的体积电阻增大。
此外,电压曲线中存在许多“毛刺”,这是由于半导电聚酯纤维丝作为缓冲层中的导电通路,在电流热效应下发生熔断的瞬间,原本纤维丝中流通的电流被阻断导致电压突变,表现为电压曲线上出现“毛刺”[37-38]。在潮湿情况下缓冲层烧蚀的初始阶段,则几乎没有“毛刺”出现,电压曲线较为平滑,且含水率为20%的缓冲层试样对应平滑段更长。平滑段代表缓冲层材料的分解较少,这与潮湿情况下N CN H在初始阶段较低的现象一致。
小分子气体往往来自于高分子材料的热分解。高压电缆缓冲层由蓬松棉、阻水粉和无纺布3层结构组成。蓬松棉和无纺布的主要成分均为聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET),阻水粉的主要成分是聚丙烯酸钠。为了验证烧蚀过程中产生的温升能否造成缓冲层的热分解,测试缓冲层蓬松棉与阻水粉的热重曲线,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,蓬松棉即PET材料在370℃左右开始分解;阻水粉即聚丙烯酸钠材料在70℃附近出现质量下降,约350℃开始快速分解。相关研究显示,局部集中径向电流产生的温升可达到476℃[29],此温度已经达到甚至超过了缓冲层蓬松棉纤维与阻水粉材料的起始分解温度,完全有可能引起缓冲层的热分解。
HUANG J B等[39]基于密度泛函理论方法,研究了聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯二聚体的热降解机理,产物中的小分子气体包括CO2、CH4、C2H2、C2H4等。K SOVOVÁ等[40]研究了空气流作用下PET的热分解过程,通过红外光谱发现高温下的分解产物中含有CO2、CH4、C2H6、C2H2、C2H4等小分子气体。文献[41-42]研究了聚丙烯酸钠的热分解产物,其中包括CO2、CO、CH4、C2H4、H2等。本缓冲层烧蚀模拟实验测得C2H6、C2H4、C2H2、CO等气体产物,同缓冲层材料的受热分解产物具有较好的一致性,表明气体产物来自于缓冲层材料的分解过程。
随着烧蚀时间的增加或受潮生成白色粉末导致电流热效应的增强,缓冲层材料受损程度增大,缓冲层分解逸出的气体产物增多,随之特征气体中的C原子与H原子浓度也有所提高,即N CN H增大。而生成的特征气体种类不变,仍为C2H6、C2H4、C2H2和CO,因此平均摩尔质量M G、烃类气体中C与H原子数量的比值R C/H变化不及N CN H明显。
特征气体中饱和烃与不饱和烃的相对含量可能与C2H6、C2H4和C2H2在缓冲层材料热分解过程中生成的难易程度有关。文献[43-44]研究表明,由乙二醇二苯甲酸酯生成C2H4需要经历1个活化能为177.01 kJ/mol的反应,生成C2H2需要分别经历活化能为185.75 kJ/mol与110.80 kJ/mol的反应,而C2H6的生成相对更加困难。因此,潮湿缓冲层与干燥缓冲层相比,由于水分的阻碍作用,产生C2H6相对更少,表现为特征气体的平均摩尔质量M G较小,烃类气体中C与H原子数量的比值R C/H较大。而随着烧蚀时间的增加,潮湿缓冲层中水分耗尽,烧蚀的发展情况与干燥缓冲层的情况类似,不同潮湿程度的缓冲层烧蚀气体的特征参量M GR C/H差异缩小。
本文借助实验室缓冲层烧蚀模拟平台,基于化学计量学研究了缓冲层在不同受潮情况下烧蚀过程中烧蚀气体特征参量的演变规律,为研判当前高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀缺陷的严重程度提供了更丰富的参考依据。具体结论如下:
(1)选择C2H6、C2H4、C2H2以及CO作为缓冲层烧蚀的特征气体,烧蚀气体的平均摩尔质量M G以及烃类气体中C与H原子数量的比值R C/H随时间的变化不明显;特征气体中C原子与H原子的浓度N CN H则随烧蚀时间的增加而不断提高。潮湿条件下的M G低于干燥条件,而R C/H则高于干燥条件;随着烧蚀时间的增加,N CN H随潮湿程度的增大先减小,增大再减小,最后单调增大。
(2)气体产物来自于缓冲层材料聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯与聚丙烯酸钠的分解过程,且饱和烃C2H6的产生相对C2H4和C2H2更加困难;N CN H的变化趋势与水分的蒸发与分解消耗能量以及潮湿情况下发生电化学腐蚀生成高阻性白色物质密切相关。
  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(520223230014)
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2025年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.014
  • 接收时间:2024-04-24
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-24
  • 修回日期:2024-05-15
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国家电网有限公司科技项目(520223230014)
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    1 国网北京市电力公司电力科学研究院,北京 100075
    2 西安交通大学 电工材料电气绝缘全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049

通讯作者:

赵鸽(2002-),女(汉族),河南洛阳人,硕士生,主要从事高压电缆缓冲层烧蚀的检测与修复相关研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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