Article(id=1193556937871688096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1716048000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-19, revisedDate=1720713600000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762495749203, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1745078400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762495749203, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762495749203, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762495749203, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193556932167431095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762495747843, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498255746, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567451108573868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567451112768173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193556932167431095, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=99, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193556938064626081, articleId=1193556937871688096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence mechanisms of epoxy/ZnO coating on DC surface flashover performance of epoxy composite in SF6/N2 gases, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Surface flashover at the gas-solid interface of basin type insulator is the key problem that causes the ultra high voltage GIS/GIL failure, and it is the technical bottlenecks restricting the development of advanced electrical transmission system. In order to improve the DC flashover performance of the basin type insulator in SF6/N2 gas mixture, the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with different contents were added to the epoxy resin to obtain epoxy/zinc oxide (EP/ZnO) coatings, and the EP/ZnO coatings were coated on the surface of epoxy material. Then the transport parameters and flashover performance were tested. The results show that EP/ZnO coating increase the shallow trap density and reduce the shallow trap energy level of epoxy composite, and increase the carrier mobility. The electrical conductivity of the epoxy materials coated by EP/ZnO coatings with 15% and 20% ZnO mass fraction show nonlinear characteristics, the existence of the coatings can reduce the electric field distortion and promote the dissipation of surface charge. The EP/ZnO coating can remarkably uniform electric field distribution and effectively inhibit the charge accumulation on the surface of epoxy materials, and improve the DC flashover performance. When the mass fraction of ZnO is 20%, the DC flashover voltage of the epoxy composite increases by 15.42%.

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盆式绝缘子气-固界面的沿面闪络是引发特高压GIS/GIL故障的关键问题,也是制约先进输变电系统发展的技术瓶颈。为提升SF6/N2混合气体中盆式绝缘子的直流沿面闪络特性,本文在环氧树脂中添加不同含量的氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子得到环氧/氧化锌(EP/ZnO)涂层,将EP/ZnO涂层涂覆于环氧材料表面,并对其表面输运参数及沿面闪络性能进行测试。结果表明:EP/ZnO涂层增大了环氧复合材料的浅陷阱密度,并降低浅陷阱能级,使载流子迁移率增加。ZnO质量分数为15%和20%的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧材料的电导率呈现出非线性特征,涂层的存在可减少电场畸变,促进表面电荷的消散。EP/ZnO涂层可显著均匀电场分布并有效抑制环氧材料表面的电荷积聚,且提高了直流闪络性能。当ZnO质量分数为20%时,环氧复合材料的直流闪络电压提升了15.42%。

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李枕(1992-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博士,主要从事聚合物电介质电荷输运特性、绝缘失效机理及性能调控技术的研究。
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张磊(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事高压开关类设备绝缘材料开发与应用技术、带电检测及监测新技术的研究。

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张磊(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事高压开关类设备绝缘材料开发与应用技术、带电检测及监测新技术的研究。

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张磊(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事高压开关类设备绝缘材料开发与应用技术、带电检测及监测新技术的研究。

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SF6/N2气体中环氧/ZnO涂覆对环氧复合材料直流沿面闪络性能的影响机制
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张磊 1 , 张国宝 1 , 吴正阳 1 , 杨为 1 , 蔡梦怡 1 , 张龙飞 2 , 李枕 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(4): 99-108
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(4): 99-108
SF6/N2气体中环氧/ZnO涂覆对环氧复合材料直流沿面闪络性能的影响机制
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张磊1, 张国宝1, 吴正阳1, 杨为1, 蔡梦怡1, 张龙飞2, 李枕2
作者信息
  • 1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2 哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080
  • 张磊(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事高压开关类设备绝缘材料开发与应用技术、带电检测及监测新技术的研究。

通讯作者:

李枕(1992-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博士,主要从事聚合物电介质电荷输运特性、绝缘失效机理及性能调控技术的研究。
Influence mechanisms of epoxy/ZnO coating on DC surface flashover performance of epoxy composite in SF6/N2 gases
Lei ZHANG1, Guobao ZHANG1, Zhengyang WU1, Wei YANG1, Mengyi CAI1, Longfei ZHANG2, Zhen LI2
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Anhui Electric Power Company Limited, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Engineering Dielectrics and Its Application Ministry of Education, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2025-04-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.013
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盆式绝缘子气-固界面的沿面闪络是引发特高压GIS/GIL故障的关键问题,也是制约先进输变电系统发展的技术瓶颈。为提升SF6/N2混合气体中盆式绝缘子的直流沿面闪络特性,本文在环氧树脂中添加不同含量的氧化锌(ZnO)纳米粒子得到环氧/氧化锌(EP/ZnO)涂层,将EP/ZnO涂层涂覆于环氧材料表面,并对其表面输运参数及沿面闪络性能进行测试。结果表明:EP/ZnO涂层增大了环氧复合材料的浅陷阱密度,并降低浅陷阱能级,使载流子迁移率增加。ZnO质量分数为15%和20%的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧材料的电导率呈现出非线性特征,涂层的存在可减少电场畸变,促进表面电荷的消散。EP/ZnO涂层可显著均匀电场分布并有效抑制环氧材料表面的电荷积聚,且提高了直流闪络性能。当ZnO质量分数为20%时,环氧复合材料的直流闪络电压提升了15.42%。

沿面闪络  /  环氧/ZnO涂层  /  表面陷阱  /  表面电荷  /  非线性电导

Surface flashover at the gas-solid interface of basin type insulator is the key problem that causes the ultra high voltage GIS/GIL failure, and it is the technical bottlenecks restricting the development of advanced electrical transmission system. In order to improve the DC flashover performance of the basin type insulator in SF6/N2 gas mixture, the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles with different contents were added to the epoxy resin to obtain epoxy/zinc oxide (EP/ZnO) coatings, and the EP/ZnO coatings were coated on the surface of epoxy material. Then the transport parameters and flashover performance were tested. The results show that EP/ZnO coating increase the shallow trap density and reduce the shallow trap energy level of epoxy composite, and increase the carrier mobility. The electrical conductivity of the epoxy materials coated by EP/ZnO coatings with 15% and 20% ZnO mass fraction show nonlinear characteristics, the existence of the coatings can reduce the electric field distortion and promote the dissipation of surface charge. The EP/ZnO coating can remarkably uniform electric field distribution and effectively inhibit the charge accumulation on the surface of epoxy materials, and improve the DC flashover performance. When the mass fraction of ZnO is 20%, the DC flashover voltage of the epoxy composite increases by 15.42%.

surface flashover  /  epoxy/ZnO coating  /  surface traps  /  surface charge  /  nonlinear conductivity
张磊, 张国宝, 吴正阳, 杨为, 蔡梦怡, 张龙飞, 李枕. SF6/N2气体中环氧/ZnO涂覆对环氧复合材料直流沿面闪络性能的影响机制. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (4) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.013
Lei ZHANG, Guobao ZHANG, Zhengyang WU, Wei YANG, Mengyi CAI, Longfei ZHANG, Zhen LI. Influence mechanisms of epoxy/ZnO coating on DC surface flashover performance of epoxy composite in SF6/N2 gases[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (4) : 99 -108 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.013
金属封闭气体绝缘开关(GIS)/金属封闭气体绝缘线路(GIL)作为现代海上电力传输系统和特/超高压输电系统中关键的电气设备,被广泛应用于长距离和大容量的电力传输[1-5]。由于SF6气体具有优良的绝缘性能和灭弧性能,自20世纪60年代以来,一直被用作GIS/GIL设备的绝缘介质[5-10]。然而,SF6的全球变暖潜能值(GWP)为23 500,并且在1997年被列为《京都议定书》的6种温室气体之一,其中全球每年约80%的SF6气体被消耗于GIS/GIL设备中[11-15]。随着我国“双碳”政策的实施,电力系统中用其他气体替代GIS/GIL设备中的纯SF6气体已迫在眉睫。到目前为止,SF6/N2混合气体是最被广泛接受的替代方案,并已在电力系统GIS/GIL设备中使用[16]。随着输电距离和电压等级的提升[17],直流输电受到了广泛关注,而以SF6/N2为绝缘介质的直流GIS/GIL设备故障率显著增加,极大地限制了电力的安全传输。
环氧树脂(EP)具有优异的力学性能、热学性能和介电性能,是盆式绝缘子的主要材料,在GIS/GIL设备中起支撑和绝缘作用。在SF6/N2环境中,绝缘子的沿面闪络是一种不可避免和较难预测的放电现象,它破坏了电介质的绝缘性能,影响电力系统的稳定运行。为了提高GIS/GIL设备的直流绝缘性能,研究人员主要针对如何提升SF6/N2中EP复合材料的直流沿面闪络特性进行研究[18-21]。然而,SF6/N2中潜在的闪络机制和性能提升机理仍然需要进一步关注。
在直流电压作用下,表面电荷分布是影响沿面闪络性能的主要因素。前期研究人员通过等离子体刻蚀[22]、表面氟化[23]、纳米粉体改性[24-26]等方法来改变材料表面的陷阱参数,从而影响固体层的电荷输运。其中陷阱类型分为深陷阱和浅陷阱,深陷阱主要影响初始电荷注入和积聚过程,浅陷阱主要影响电荷消散过程[27]。在众多提升聚合物直流沿面闪络性能的方法中,聚合物纳米改性因纳米电介质巨大的界面区域和优异的绝缘性能得到广泛的关注和研究[28-32],以往的研究大多是在聚合物基体中加入较低含量纳米颗粒(如TiO2,Al2O3等)来提高复合材料的沿面闪络电压[33-34]。另一方面,增加环氧复合材料表面电导可加速表面电荷消散并提升闪络电压,而采用非线性电导材料可在高电场环境中自适应调节电场[35],有助于表面电荷进一步消散。因此,可向环氧复合材料上方引入环氧纳米电介质非线性电导涂层,降低表面电荷积聚并提升闪络电压。
本文将不同比例的纳米氧化锌(ZnO)粉体加入EP基体树脂中制备了EP/ZnO非线性材料,并将该材料涂覆至环氧底片表面,调控表面陷阱参数,并揭示EP/ZnO涂覆层对EP直流闪络性能的提升效果;测量并分析了表面陷阱参数、载流子迁移率、表面电导特性、表面电荷消散和沿面闪络电压;计算了EP/ZnO涂层的表面陷阱能级和材料电场分布;基于微观分子模拟-介观电荷输运-宏观电场分布和放电特性等多尺度角度,阐明了SF6/N2环境中EP/ZnO涂层的表面浅陷阱和非线性电导作用对直流沿面闪络的影响机制和性能提升机理。
基体树脂采用凤凰牌双酚A型环氧树脂(E51),固化剂采用Macklin公司生产的甲基四氢苯酐(MTHPA),促进剂采用TCI公司生产的2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30),改性颗粒采用北京德科岛金公司生产的直径为100 nm的ZnO陶瓷粉体。
首先将EP、MTHPA和DMP-30按照质量比为100∶80∶1加入三口烧瓶内,在真空环境中保持温度为60℃,使用行星搅拌器以600 r/min的转速搅拌EP混合液,持续40 min。之后将混合液注入模具,以80℃/4 h+120℃/8 h的程序分段固化,制得EP底片。
EP/ZnO涂层制备流程如图1所示。将纳米ZnO粉体按质量分数分别为3%、7%、15%、20%加入EP混合液中,进行真空加热搅拌,得到EP/ZnO涂层。
将涂层均匀涂覆在EP底片上,涂覆厚度为300 μm,将涂覆涂层后的EP底片放入烘箱在80℃下加热固化12 h,固化后将该底片放入恒温恒湿环境中备用。
为了得到试样表面的陷阱参数,建立等温表面电位衰减测试平台,如图2所示。在针电极施加 -8 kV的直流电压,对试样表面进行充电,充电时长为20 min。之后旋转支架,将试样移动至Trek-541A静电探针下方进行测试,保持环境温度为30℃,采样时间为1 s,测试持续时间为40 000 s。
将SF6、N2气体按照体积比为3∶7[36]进行混合,采用三电极系统,施加直流电压(采用大连海伏R2L直流发生器,电压为0~50 kV)20 min。之后采用皮安表读取直流电流,记录不同改性试样在不同表面电场下的电流密度。其中电导率为试样泄漏电流(J)与电场强度(E)的比值。
表面电荷测试仅使用如图2中表面电位采集模块。在拇指电极上施加-10 kV直流电压对试样表面进行充电(拇指电极间距为10 mm),充电时长为60 min。充电10 min和60 min后在试样表面20 mm×20 mm区域测试表面电位分布。通过表面电位-表面电荷转换算法[37]得到试样表面电荷分布,消除电荷积聚对电容式探头的影响。
环氧复合材料沿面闪络性能测试平台如图3所示。首先将腔体内空气排空,达到真空环境(压力为1 Pa);之后充入SF6、N2体积比为3∶7的SF6/N2混合气体,静置12 h以实现气体均匀混合。对ZnO质量分数分别为0%、3%、7%、15%、20%的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料试样表面施加直流电压,升压速率为-1 kV/s,直至试样发生沿面闪络现象,并记录闪络时电压源显示的电压值,即为沿面闪络电压。对于不同试样,每种试样测量3个,每个试样进行7次沿面闪络试样,采用威布尔分布分析统计绝缘试样沿面闪络失效概,放电间距为5 mm。
ZnO含量对环氧复合材料表面陷阱参数的影响如图4所示,不同ZnO含量的环氧复合材料等温表面电位衰减曲线如图4(a)所示。
图4(a)可以看出,随着ZnO含量的增加,环氧复合材料的等温表面电位衰减曲线的斜率不断增大。经过40 000 s后,表面电位衰减率由11.11%(未涂覆)增加至73.6%(ZnO质量分数为20%)。
对表面电位衰减曲线进行指数双曲线拟合[38],如式(1)所示。
φ ( t ) = y 0 + K 1 e x p ( - t / x 1 ) + K 2 e x p ( - t / x 2 )
式(1)中:φ(t)为实际表面电位,V;y 0t(充电时间)趋于无穷时电位极限值,V;K 1K 2为与表面陷阱密度有关的特征参数;x 1x 2为表面陷阱能级的特征参数。
采用式(2)~(4)分析EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的陷阱能级(E t,单位为eV)和陷阱密度(N t,单位为eV-1m-3)分布。
E t = k B T l n ν A T E t
ν A T E = h / k B T
N t E t = ε 0 ε r e l L t d φ ( t ) d t
式(2)~(4)中:k B为玻尔兹曼常数,k B=1.381×10-23 J/K;T为环境温度,K;v ATE为企图逃逸速率,s-1h为普朗克常数,h=6.626×10-34 J·s;ε 0为真空介电常数,ε 0=8.854×10-12 F/m;ε r为相对介电常数;e为元电荷量,e=1.602×10-19 C;l为电荷注入深度,本文设定为 1 μm;L为样品厚度,L=1 mm;φ(t)为表面电位随时间的变化值,由式(1)代入。
环氧复合材料的陷阱能级与密度曲线如图4(b)所示。图4(b)中,每个材料的陷阱能级密度曲线包含两个峰值,左边峰为浅陷阱,右边峰为深陷阱。在后文中将深浅陷阱峰值所对应的能级和密度分别称为陷阱能级和陷阱密度。从图4(b)可以看出,随着ZnO含量的增加,环氧复合材料的深陷阱能级和浅陷阱能级都在不断下降。纯EP材料的深陷阱能级为1.03 eV,浅陷阱能级为0.96 eV。当ZnO质量分数为20%时,环氧复合材料的深陷阱能级为0.99 eV,浅陷阱能级为0.925 eV,较纯EP材料分别减少了3.88%和3.64%。随着ZnO含量的增加,环氧复合材料的浅陷阱密度不断增加,而深陷阱密度变化不明显。当ZnO质量分数为20%时,该环氧复合材料的浅陷阱密度为纯EP材料的2.07倍。
式(5)联合等温表面电位衰减曲线可得载流子的迁移率。
d φ ( t 0 ) d t = μ 2 φ t 0 L 2
式(5)中:t 0为测试初始时刻;φ(t 0)为初始时刻表面电位,V;L为样品厚度,mm;μ为迁移率,m2/(V·s)。
EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的载流子迁移率如图5所示。从图5可以看出,随着ZnO含量的增加,环氧复合材料的载流子迁移率不断增加,与图4(b)中浅陷阱的陷阱密度的变化趋势一致。电介质理论表明,介质的载流子迁移率主要受浅陷阱影响,迁移率数值随着陷阱密度的增大而增大,表明通过在环氧复合材料表面涂覆EP/ZnO涂层可以促进载流子在电场中沿表面迁移。
表面电导可以反映载流子的迁移能力。分析半导体填料的表面电导特性,首先需要测试环氧复合材料的电流-电场(J-E)曲线,其中J-E曲线的斜率为体电导率。不同ZnO含量的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的J-E曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,当ZnO质量分数为0%~7%时,环氧复合材料的泄漏电流密度随电场的增加而增加,但整体电导率处于欧姆区,电导率不随电场强度的变化而变化(电流密度随电场强度线性变化)。当ZnO质量分数为15%~20%时,环氧复合材料的泄漏电流密度在电场强度为1.1 kV/mm和0.8 kV/mm(阈值场强)时发生突变。这是由于氧化锌粉体的非线性特征,在外加电场达到阈值电场后电导激增。
表面电荷分布反应了陷阱参数对电荷输运的影响,因此本文对不同ZnO含量的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆的环氧复合材料的表面电荷分布进行分析。不同ZnO含量的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆的环氧复合材料在充电完成10 min后的表面电荷分布如图7所示。在图7中,(XY)=(10 mm,0 mm)为充电高压指型电极尖端(电极处于Y<0区域,因此未画出),(XY)=(10 mm,20 mm)为地电极尖端,并建立统一的关于电荷密度的颜色比例尺(电荷密度为-21.3~9.3 pC/mm2)。从图7可以看出,在高压极处积聚了大量的负电荷,在接地极处积聚了大量的正电荷。随着ZnO含量的增加,高压极处的负电荷明显减少,表明充电后环氧复合材料表面电荷不易积聚,电荷密度减小。
为表征表面电荷消散速率,提取环氧复合材料表面电荷最大值为特征电荷,观察特征电荷随时间的变化规律。图8为不同ZnO含量下EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料表面电荷最大值分布和表面电荷变化率。表面电荷量变化率(φ SC)可由式(6)计算。
φ S C = σ 60 - σ 10 σ 10 × 100 %
式(6)中,σ 60σ 10为充电完成60 min和10 min后环氧复合材料的表面电荷量。
图8(a)可以看出,在相同ZnO含量下,充电完成60 min后环氧复合材料的表面电荷少于充电完成10 min后环氧复合材料的表面电荷,表明随着充电完成时间的增加,负极性电荷不断消散;且ZnO含量越多,积聚的表面电荷越少。从图8(b)可以看出,环氧复合材料表面电荷变化率随着ZnO含量的增加呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势。当ZnO质量分数为15%时,环氧复合材料表面变化率最大。而当ZnO质量分数为20%时,环氧复合材料表面电荷消散速率过快,电荷消散10 min后残余电荷量已经很低,因此在10~60 min内残余电荷下降不明显,导致电荷量下降速率低于质量分数为15%的试样。充电完成10 min后,环氧复合材料的表面电荷最大值为-10.8 pC/mm2,充电完成60 min后,环氧复合材料的表面电荷最大值为-9.17 pC/mm2
通过威布尔分布可以描述材料的直流沿面闪络的击穿概率[39],如式(7)所示。
F ( U ; a , b ) = 1 - e x p [ - ( U a ) b ] ( U 0 )
式(7)中:U为沿面闪络电压,kV;a为尺度参数,对应击穿概率为63.2%的特征闪络电压,kV;b为形状参数。
不同ZnO含量EP/ZnO涂覆环氧复合材料沿面闪络电压的威布尔分布如图9所示。从图9可以看出,随着ZnO含量的增加,环氧复合材料沿面闪络电压也在不断增大。当ZnO质量分数为20%时,环氧复合材料的沿面闪络电压为29.41 kV,相较于纯EP材料,沿面闪络电压提高了15.42%,表明涂覆EP/ZnO涂层可以大幅提升环氧复合材料的直流沿面闪络电压。
为研究纳米ZnO粒子对环氧复合材料性能的影响,对ZnO晶体结构(图10(a),mp1245209)和环氧-固化剂单体(图10(b))进行分子模拟仿真。采用密度泛函理论计算了环氧固化剂单体和ZnO的能级结构(泛函为GGA-PBE),如图10(c)图10(d)所示。环氧树脂的禁带宽度为3.83 eV,属于绝缘材料范围,而ZnO晶体的禁带宽度为0.49 eV,属于半导体范围。向环氧树脂中添加大量ZnO粒子后,ZnO的能带位于环氧树脂能带中部,这将极大地降低载流子由ZnO能带跃迁至环氧树脂导带的难度,相当于在环氧树脂中引入了一些独立的陷阱能级。由于ZnO晶体的禁带宽度很小,这相当于向环氧树脂中引入了大量的浅陷阱,因此,浅陷阱能级明显下降,而其密度大幅上升,这与表面电位衰减测量的实验结果一致。而EP/ZnO复合材料的非线性电导特性主要由ZnO在环氧中形成的晶界性质有关,当电场增大到一定值时,在ZnO晶界附近的载流子会因隧穿效应进行输运,使其密度明显增大,电流也迅速增大,导致EP/ZnO涂层出现非线性电导效应。需要注意的是,为使分析问题简化,本文的能级结构仿真仅使用环氧-固化剂单体,实际的环氧复合材料能级结构会更加复杂。
使用有限元模拟-5 kV直流电压下纯EP材料和ZnO质量分数为20%的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的表面电场分布,结果如图11所示。其中指型电极的间距为10 mm,涂层的厚度为0.3 mm,纯EP材料的电导率如图6J-E曲线斜率所示,纯EP材料的电导率为1.50×10-16 S/m。而ZnO质量分数为20%的EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料在电场大于临界电场后的电导率可由式(8)表示。
σ = σ 0 × E / E 0 α
式(8)中:σ 0为环氧复合材料表面施加电场小于临界电场时的电导率(7.85×10-16 S/m);E 0为临界电场(0.80 kV/mm);α为非线性系数(5.21)。
图11可以看出,表面施加电场超过非线性的阈值电场后,环氧复合材料表面电场幅值相较于纯EP材料的电场明显减小,且在固体内部电场分布更均匀。图12为环氧复合材料表面电场分布特性。从图12可以看出,在拇指电极处施加相同电压,随着环氧复合材料电导率的增大,阴极三结点处的电场畸变程度减小,由2.11 kV/mm减小至1.19 kV/mm,电场最大减小了43.6%。
SF6/N2混合气体中直流沿面闪络发展过程如图13所示。从图13可以看出,在SF6/N2气氛中,直流闪络发展的主要过程包括:表面电荷积聚、由电场畸变引发的种子电荷引发碰撞电离、电子倍增、等离子放电通道[40]
本文通过涂覆EP/ZnO涂层来改变环氧复合材料表面的电荷输运参数,通过调控陷阱参数、改变涂料的非线性特征、加速表面电荷消散来提升环氧复合材料的直流沿面闪络性能。在ZnO质量分数为0%~7%时,EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料整体没有表现出电导率的非线性特征,主要通过调控浅陷阱影响直流沿面闪络性能。阴极三结点处的电子注入到固体表面层中,在切向电场作用下,电子向阳极运动。ZnO粉体的添加会使浅陷阱能级下降,同时使浅陷阱密度增加,载流子脱陷所需能量减少,整体的迁移率也会增加,表面电导增大。阴极三结点处的空间电荷不易积聚,表面电场畸变程度减小,从而使电子倍增过程被抑制,不易产生连贯的等离子体放电通道,直流沿面闪络电压得到提高。当添加ZnO质量分数为15%~20%时,在达到阈值电场后,EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料整体体现出电导率的非线性特征,阴极三结点处的电场畸变程度变得更小,阴极处的电导率发生突变,有利于载流子的迁移。通过图12可知,从距离阴极0.2 mm处开始,电场强度几乎不发生改变。同时由于浅陷阱参数的变化,载流子的迁移率进一步提高,导致两电极间的空间电荷不易产生积聚,电子倍增过程减弱。由于非线性电导和浅陷阱的共同作用,使初始电子发射和电子倍增过程都得到抑制,从而提高了直流沿面闪络电压。
(1)随着ZnO含量的增加,EP/ZnO涂层中形成大量浅陷阱,浅陷阱能级减小同时浅陷阱密度增加,载流子迁移率增加,有利于电荷消散。
(2)在EP表面涂覆质量分数为20%ZnO的EP/ZnO涂层,环氧复合材料表面电导率会呈现出非线性特征,使整体电场分布更加均匀,同时减少阴极三结点处的电场畸变。
(3)随着ZnO含量的增加,EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的直流沿面闪络电压不断提升。当ZnO质量分数为20%时,EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的直流沿面闪络电压提升了15.42%。这主要是由于随着ZnO含量的增加,EP/ZnO涂层涂覆环氧复合材料的浅陷阱能级和非线性电导特性增强。
  • 国家电网超/特高压GIS绝缘可靠性提升专项研究框架项目(5500-202316791A-3-8-KJ)
  • 国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52307166)
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2025年第58卷第4期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.04.013
  • 接收时间:2024-05-19
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-04-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-19
  • 修回日期:2024-07-12
基金
国家电网超/特高压GIS绝缘可靠性提升专项研究框架项目(5500-202316791A-3-8-KJ)
国家自然科学基金青年基金资助项目(52307166)
作者信息
    1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2 哈尔滨理工大学 工程电介质及其应用教育部重点实验室,黑龙江 哈尔滨 150080

通讯作者:

李枕(1992-),男(汉族),陕西西安人,副教授,博士,主要从事聚合物电介质电荷输运特性、绝缘失效机理及性能调控技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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