Article(id=1193546749479453501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1717257600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-02, revisedDate=1719158400000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762493320101, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762493320101, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762493320101, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762493320101, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193543214067056904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762492477194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498203949, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=141, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193546749697557311, articleId=1193546749479453501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on abnormal heating mechanism and state monitoring of medium-voltage cable heat-shrinkage terminal based on electromagnetic-thermal coupling, columnId=1193543215723806988, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Advanced Cable Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Local abnormal heating often occurs in the heat-shrinkable terminals of medium-voltage cables, leading to localized overheating and accelerated ageing of cable insulation, which even causes premature insulation failure. To elucidate the causes of abnormal heating in medium-voltage cable heat-shrinkable terminals, the electric-thermal field of cable heat-shrinkable terminals under various typical fault conditions was simulated by electromagnetic-thermal coupling. The results show that during the long-term operation of the cable, the ageing of the stress control tube leads to localized temperature rise in the insulation. The more severe the ageing, the higher the temperature rise. Furthermore, when the outer surface of the terminal becomes contaminated due to dust accumulation and moisture, a significant hot spot forms near the break of the outer semiconductive layer; however, the hot spot diminishes when the contamination layer is far from the break. Further analysis on the thermal field distribution of the terminal with moisture on the stress control tube reveals that hotspots only appear when the inside of tube is moist. A thermal circuit model considering internal defect hotspots was built, and temperature inversion was implemented to monitor the highest temperature point at the internal insulation interface of heat-shrinkable terminal. It is verified that the method is effective.

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中压电缆热缩终端常出现局部异常发热现象,该现象会加速电缆绝缘老化,甚至导致电缆绝缘过早失效。为了揭示中压电缆热缩终端异常发热原因,本文基于电磁-热耦合对电缆热缩终端在各种典型故障条件下的电热场进行仿真。结果表明:在电缆长期运行过程中,当应力控制管发生老化,会导致绝缘局部温升现象,且老化越严重,温升数值越高。此外,当终端外表面因积尘受潮形成污秽且污秽层位于外半导电层断口附近时会形成明显热点,而当污秽层远离断口时,则热点衰退。进一步分析应力控制管内外部受潮下的终端热场分布发现,只有内部受潮时才会引起热点出现。根据所建立的考虑终端内部缺陷热点的热路模型,实施温度反演对热缩终端内部绝缘界面最高温度点进行监测,验证了该方法的有效性。

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李旭(1987-),男(汉族),天津人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运维检测技术的研究工作。
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唐庆华(1979-),男(汉族),广西桂林人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运行检测及高压绝缘试验的研究工作。

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唐庆华(1979-),男(汉族),广西桂林人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运行检测及高压绝缘试验的研究工作。

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唐庆华(1979-),男(汉族),广西桂林人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运行检测及高压绝缘试验的研究工作。

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Keyword(id=1195077162572194311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=abnormal heating), Keyword(id=1195077162647691784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=electromagnetic-thermal coupling), Keyword(id=1195077162739966473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=temperature inversion), Keyword(id=1195077162802881034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=中压电缆), Keyword(id=1195077162869989899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=热缩终端), Keyword(id=1195077162945487372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=异常发热), Keyword(id=1195077163004207629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=电磁-热耦合), Keyword(id=1195077163067122190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=温度反演)], refs=[Reference(id=1195077166233821752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=57, issue=3, pageStart=82, pageEnd=88, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈新岗, 李宁一, 马志鹏, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈新岗,李宁一,马志鹏,等.基于电应力损伤特征值的XLPE绝缘电压耐受指数评估方法研究[J].绝缘材料,2024,57(3):82-88., articleTitle=基于电应力损伤特征值的XLPE绝缘电压耐受指数评估方法研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1195077166317707833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193546749479453501, doi=null, 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电导率/(S/m) 相对介电常数 恒压热容/(J/(kg·K)) 密度/(kg/m³) 导热系数/(W/(m·K))
缆芯/铜屏蔽 5.99×107 1×105 385 8 920 400
外半导电层 1×10-4 100 1 470 1 350 0.32
XLPE 1×10-15 2.3 2 250 1 200 0.4
应力控制管 σ(E) 50 800 1 500 0.8
绝缘管 1×10-12 4.3 1 700 1 150 0.27
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仿真材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电导率/(S/m) 相对介电常数 恒压热容/(J/(kg·K)) 密度/(kg/m³) 导热系数/(W/(m·K))
缆芯/铜屏蔽 5.99×107 1×105 385 8 920 400
外半导电层 1×10-4 100 1 470 1 350 0.32
XLPE 1×10-15 2.3 2 250 1 200 0.4
应力控制管 σ(E) 50 800 1 500 0.8
绝缘管 1×10-12 4.3 1 700 1 150 0.27
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类别 相对介电常数 电导率/(S/m)
1(轻微老化) 32.8 1×10-6
2(中度老化) 24.3 1×10-4
3(严重老化) 11.3 1×10-3
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应力控制管老化参数设置

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类别 相对介电常数 电导率/(S/m)
1(轻微老化) 32.8 1×10-6
2(中度老化) 24.3 1×10-4
3(严重老化) 11.3 1×10-3
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T 2 / ( T c r - T c )/℃ β c '
0.013 49 0.006 21 1.172 41
0.026 97 0.012 42 1.172 41
0.040 46 0.018 62 1.172 41
0.053 95 0.024 83 1.172 41
0.067 43 0.031 04 1.172 41
0.080 92 0.037 25 1.172 41
0.094 41 0.043 46 1.172 41
0.107 89 0.049 67 1.172 41
0.121 38 0.055 87 1.172 41
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缺陷热源单独作用时的温度及 β c '

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T 2 / ( T c r - T c )/℃ β c '
0.013 49 0.006 21 1.172 41
0.026 97 0.012 42 1.172 41
0.040 46 0.018 62 1.172 41
0.053 95 0.024 83 1.172 41
0.067 43 0.031 04 1.172 41
0.080 92 0.037 25 1.172 41
0.094 41 0.043 46 1.172 41
0.107 89 0.049 67 1.172 41
0.121 38 0.055 87 1.172 41
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基于电磁-热耦合的中压电缆热缩终端异常发热机理及状态监测研究
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唐庆华 1 , 方静 2 , 李旭 1 , 宋鹏先 1 , 李季 2 , 于洋 1
绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025,58(3): 141-151
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绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025, 58(3): 141-151
基于电磁-热耦合的中压电缆热缩终端异常发热机理及状态监测研究
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唐庆华1, 方静2, 李旭1, 宋鹏先1, 李季2, 于洋1
作者信息
  • 1 国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院,天津 300384
  • 2 国网天津市电力公司,天津 300010
  • 唐庆华(1979-),男(汉族),广西桂林人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运行检测及高压绝缘试验的研究工作。

通讯作者:

李旭(1987-),男(汉族),天津人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运维检测技术的研究工作。
Research on abnormal heating mechanism and state monitoring of medium-voltage cable heat-shrinkage terminal based on electromagnetic-thermal coupling
Qinghua TANG1, Jing FANG2, Xu LI1, Pengxian SONG1, Ji LI2, Yang YU1
Affiliations
  • 1 Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300384, China
  • 2 State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300010, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.016
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中压电缆热缩终端常出现局部异常发热现象,该现象会加速电缆绝缘老化,甚至导致电缆绝缘过早失效。为了揭示中压电缆热缩终端异常发热原因,本文基于电磁-热耦合对电缆热缩终端在各种典型故障条件下的电热场进行仿真。结果表明:在电缆长期运行过程中,当应力控制管发生老化,会导致绝缘局部温升现象,且老化越严重,温升数值越高。此外,当终端外表面因积尘受潮形成污秽且污秽层位于外半导电层断口附近时会形成明显热点,而当污秽层远离断口时,则热点衰退。进一步分析应力控制管内外部受潮下的终端热场分布发现,只有内部受潮时才会引起热点出现。根据所建立的考虑终端内部缺陷热点的热路模型,实施温度反演对热缩终端内部绝缘界面最高温度点进行监测,验证了该方法的有效性。

中压电缆  /  热缩终端  /  异常发热  /  电磁-热耦合  /  温度反演

Local abnormal heating often occurs in the heat-shrinkable terminals of medium-voltage cables, leading to localized overheating and accelerated ageing of cable insulation, which even causes premature insulation failure. To elucidate the causes of abnormal heating in medium-voltage cable heat-shrinkable terminals, the electric-thermal field of cable heat-shrinkable terminals under various typical fault conditions was simulated by electromagnetic-thermal coupling. The results show that during the long-term operation of the cable, the ageing of the stress control tube leads to localized temperature rise in the insulation. The more severe the ageing, the higher the temperature rise. Furthermore, when the outer surface of the terminal becomes contaminated due to dust accumulation and moisture, a significant hot spot forms near the break of the outer semiconductive layer; however, the hot spot diminishes when the contamination layer is far from the break. Further analysis on the thermal field distribution of the terminal with moisture on the stress control tube reveals that hotspots only appear when the inside of tube is moist. A thermal circuit model considering internal defect hotspots was built, and temperature inversion was implemented to monitor the highest temperature point at the internal insulation interface of heat-shrinkable terminal. It is verified that the method is effective.

medium-voltage cable  /  heat-shrinkable terminal  /  abnormal heating  /  electromagnetic-thermal coupling  /  temperature inversion
唐庆华, 方静, 李旭, 宋鹏先, 李季, 于洋. 基于电磁-热耦合的中压电缆热缩终端异常发热机理及状态监测研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (3) : 141 -151 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.016
Qinghua TANG, Jing FANG, Xu LI, Pengxian SONG, Ji LI, Yang YU. Research on abnormal heating mechanism and state monitoring of medium-voltage cable heat-shrinkage terminal based on electromagnetic-thermal coupling[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (3) : 141 -151 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.016
电力电缆因其优良的电气、力学、热稳定性能,广泛应用于城市输配电网中,成为电力网络重要组成部分[1]。其中,电缆附件是电缆系统的薄弱点[2]。在电缆的长期运行过程中,受电、热、机械等多应力作用,电缆附件绝缘会逐渐产生缺陷[3-4]。局部缺陷的发展可能会引起异常温升,造成局部绝缘过热现象,从而降低绝缘性能[5]。近年来,中压电缆热缩终端异常发热问题引起了运维人员的注意[6]。2022年,国网天津市公司在度夏检测期间发现多个220 kV主变35 kV侧热缩电缆终端异常发热,目前对热缩终端发热原因以及发热对附件绝缘影响规律的认知不足,导致运维人员难以做出科学的运维决策,给电网供电可靠性带来很大风险。因此研究电缆终端异常发热机理,对电网供电可靠性具有重要意义。
针对电缆异常发热问题,目前国内外研究学者已经开展了相关研究。赵庆杰等[7]研究了高频谐波对机车电缆终端异常发热的影响,发现高频谐波作用下热缩终端出现明显升温现象,这与应力控制管的非线性介电特性相关。陈新岗等[8]仿真分析了电缆典型缺陷下的热场分布,发现缺陷的产生会升高局部温度,且金属尖端缺陷处温度大于气隙缺陷与划痕缺陷处的温度。刘海龙等[9]发现应力控制管安装工艺不合格会导致热缩电缆终端异常发热。徐涛[10]与ZHOU L J等[11]分别发现瓷套式电缆终端与冷缩电缆终端异常发热原因可能与终端受潮有关。然而,35 kV中压电缆热缩终端运行工况不同于机车电缆终端,且结构与冷缩终端和瓷套式终端有所区别,在内置应力控制管的特殊情况下,热缩终端发热机理及终端内部温度监测技术需要进一步研究。
因此,本文首先基于有限元分析,结合电磁-热耦合,研究35 kV热缩电缆终端在不同运行状况下的热场分布,揭示热缩终端异常发热的可能原因,其次基于温度反演对电缆终端内部异常热点进行监测,最后通过实验验证方法的可行性。
电气设备的绝缘性能与运行温度密切相关[12],电磁损耗的增大可能会导致设备异常热点的出现。COMSOL多物理场仿真软件内置有电磁-热耦合接口,能够计算焦耳热、感应加热等多种电磁热源热量。电缆终端异常发热故障主要与焦耳热有关。COMSOL焦耳热物理场耦合接口涵盖了固体传热与电流接口,可以计算导体或绝缘介质内部的传导电流与介质损耗产生的热量[8]。电缆终端内部热源主要有线芯产生的电流焦耳热Q c与电场作用下绝缘材料产生的介质损耗热量Q iQ c与线芯导热系数h、负荷电流i有关,如式(1)所示。
Q c = h i 2
电缆终端绝缘材料在交流电场下的介质损耗热量计算如式(2)所示。
Q i = J E
式(2)中: E为电场强度; J为总电流密度,包括电导电流密度 J C与位移电流密度 J D,相应计算公式如式(3)~(5)所示。
J C = σ E
J D = D t
D = ε E
式(3)~(5)中:σ为绝缘的电导率; D为电位移矢量;t为时间;ε为绝缘的介电常数。
为了分析电缆终端异常发热原因,首先进行中压电缆热缩终端模型搭建。由于电缆热缩终端是轴对称结构,几何建模过程使用二维轴对称模型。考虑到实际中压热缩终端热点分布位于外半导电层断口附近,因此建立仿真模型如图1所示,即图中局部放大区域。模型尺寸参照YJLV-26/35 kV-3×95 mm2型终端1∶1搭建,考虑到应力控制管电导率与电场强度之间存在非线性关系(抑制外半导电层断口处的电场畸变),仿真过程中需设置应力控制管电导率随场强变化,变化规律如式(6)所示。
σ E = σ 0   e x p K E
式(6)中:σ 0是初始电导率;K为常数。参考文献[13],设置σ 0为3.154 94×10-13 S/m,K为7.701 98 ×10-5。其余各部分材料参数如表1所示[14]。仿真模型中,省略了伞裙结构。
考虑到实际电缆缆芯一般不会有长时间幅值较大的负荷电流,且负荷电流产生的焦耳热只会导致绝缘整体温度上升,不会出现异常热点情况,因此本文设置负荷电流为0,只考虑其他电缆终端故障条件在电场的作用下可能导致的异常发热状况。
近年来,随着安装人员的素质上升,电缆终端安装过程引入的人工缺陷已经越来越少,因此本文重点关注电缆运行过程常出现的电缆终端故障问题,并进行温度仿真分析。随着电缆运行年限增长,电缆终端可能出现的问题有:应力控制管老化(XLPE主绝缘整体老化不会导致热点发生)、终端外表面脏污与受潮、终端内部受潮,如图2所示。因此,本文针对以上几种情况开展中压电缆热缩终端异常发热研究。仿真过程中,环境温度设为30℃,终端与外界接触面设置为自然对流,缆芯电压设为额定电压26 kV。针对应力控制管老化缺陷,分别设置老化参数如表2所示。
电缆热缩终端无缺陷时的电热场分布如图3所示。从图3(a)可以看出,最大场强位于靠近缆芯处的XLPE绝缘内部,且在外半导电层断口处存在局部电场畸变。从图3(b)可以看出,电缆热缩终端无缺陷时最高温度与最低温度相差极小,没有明显热点出现。
在长期电热应力作用下,应力控制管发生热老化。老化使得应力控制管相对介电常数与电导率发生改变。应力控制管相对介电常数随老化程度增加而减小,电导率随老化程度增加而增加[15],如表2所示。仿真得到电缆终端应力控制管老化时的电热场分布如图46所示。
图46可以看出,随着应力控制管相对介电常数的减小、电导率的增加,电场分布变化相对较小,最高场强略有降低;但应力控制管处温度变化幅度较大,随着老化程度加深,温度明显升高,类别2较类别1局部热点增加约14℃,类别3较类别1增加约23℃。因此,应力控制管老化对电缆热缩终端温度分布的影响较大。
在电缆终端长期运行期间,环境中的灰尘长期依附在终端外表面,容易吸附水分形成脏污层。仿真中在外半导电层断口处的终端外表面设置一层厚度为0.2 mm、长度为2.5 cm的脏污层,其相对介电常数设为83,电导率设为1×10-5 S/m,仿真得到的电场与温度分布如图7所示。从图7可以看出,最大电场畸变值较正常电缆终端没有明显变化,但最高温度点转移至外层脏污层,形成明显异常热点。当设置脏污层远离半导电层截断处时,所得仿真结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,温度畸变率明显降低,最高温度与最低温度仅差0.1℃,并无明显热点出现。
通过设置水膜来模拟终端内部受潮,依据水膜分布位置,分别设置应力控制管内外受潮两种状况,如图9所示。通过在应力控制管内部设置长度为1 cm、宽度为0.035 cm的矩形区域为水膜,仿真得到应力控制管内部受潮时的电热场分布如图10所示。从图10可以看出,应力控制管内部受潮时电场畸变幅值变化不大,但会导致内部温升,最高温度点位于水膜内部,可达34℃。通过在应力控制管外设置长度为1 cm、宽度为0.17 cm的矩形区域为水膜,仿真得到应力控制管外部受潮时的电热场分布如图11所示。从图11可以看出,电场与热场变化都较小。
电缆热缩终端的主要热源是缆芯,当电缆处于运行状态时,缆芯中的电流产生焦耳热。为了简化分析过程,将电缆热缩终端多层结构中较薄、热容和热阻较小的层与相近层进行合并。此外,电缆热缩终端表面的温度受外部环境温度影响,令环境温度热容取较大值,因此在热路模型中可以将环境温度的影响等效为热动势,热动势的值取决于外界环境温度,可由红外温度监测设备测量得到[15]
电缆热缩终端热路模型如图12所示,图中, W 1为电缆缆芯导体电阻产生的热流; C 1为以绝缘层为主的电缆导体到绝缘层表面之间各层热容的总和; C 2为以护套层为主的绝缘层表面到外界环境之间的热容; R 1为以绝缘层为主的电缆导体到绝缘层表面之间的热阻; R 2为以护套层为主的绝缘层表面到外界环境之间的热阻; T 1为导体处的温度; T 2为绝缘层与护套层之间的界面温度; T 3为外界环境的温度。
求解图12中的热路模型。由于环境温度在短时间内的变化幅值有限且变化速度缓慢,可以利用环境温度 T 3为基准来衡量导体层和绝缘界面的温升,如式(7)~(8)所示。
$T_{1}=T_{3}+\Delta T_{1}$
$T_{2}=T_{3}+\Delta T_{2}$
式(7)~(8)中: T 1 T 2分别为电缆在运行时缆芯和绝缘界面的温升。
考虑电缆载流量变化时的暂态温升过程,为了简化分析,将连续变化的电缆电流近似为阶跃变化,假设变化起始时刻为 t 0,将图12电流进行拉普拉斯变换,得到图13所示的暂态热路模型。
图13电路进行求解,可得式(9)~(11)。
T 2 = W 1 R 2 + T 2 t 0 p 1 C 1 C 2 R 2 R 1 - C 2 R 2 p 1 - p 2 e - p 1 t - T 1 t 0 C 1 R 2 + p 2 W 1 R 2 p 1 - p 2 e - p 1 t + T 2 t 0 C 2 R 2 - p 2 C 1 C 2 R 1 R 2 p 1 - p 2 e - p 2 t + T 1 t 0 C 1 R 2 - p 2 W 1 R 2 p 1 - p 2 e - p 2 t
T 1 = W 1 R 2 + R 1 + T 1 t 0 p 1 C 1 C 2 R 2 R 1 - C 1 R 2 - C 1 R 1 p 1 - p 2 - T 2 t 0 C 2 R 2 + p 2 W 1 p 1 C 2 R 2 R 1 + R 2 + R 1 p 1 - p 2 e - p 1 t + ( T 2 t 0 C 2 R 2 + T 1 t 0 C 1 R 2 + C 1 R 1 - p 2 C 1 C 2 R 2 R 1 p 1 - p 2 - p 1 W 1 ( p 2 C 2 R 2 R 1 + R 2 + R 1 ) p 1 - p 2 ) e - p 2 t
p 2 C 1 C 2 R 1 R 2 + p C 1 R 1 + R 2 + C 2 R 2 + 1 = 0
式(9)~(10)中: t代表任意时候的时间, t = t - t 0 p 1 p 2式(11)特征方程的两个根。
式(9)式(10)可知,当 t 时,即电缆接头温度分布进入稳态,可得式(12)式(13)
T 2 = W 1 R 2
T 1 = W 1 R 2 + R 1 = ( 1 + β 1 ) T 2
式(13)中, β 1 = R 1 / R 2
由此可以发现当电缆线路中载流量稳定时,缆芯的温度变化与绝缘层表面温度变化成比例关系,同理,电缆终端中不同层表面之间的温度变化也应当成比例关系。
当电缆终端内部存在缺陷时,缺陷在电场作用下会产生损耗,导致缺陷点处形成局部热点,此时热路模型如图14所示。图14 W 2为界面缺陷处损耗的等效热流,由于实际中仅能测到护套层外表面温度,这里引入了护套层外表面温度 T c C 2 '为以护套层为主的绝缘层表面到护套层表面之间的热容; R 2 '为以护套层为主的绝缘层表面到护套层表面之间的热阻; C c为以护套层为主的护套层表面温度检测点到外界环境之间的热容; R c为以护套层为主的护套层表面到环境的热阻。由电路叠加定理[16]可知,温度结果是热流 W 1和热流 W 2单独作用时结果的叠加,因此含缺陷时的温度结果可以看作终端正常时的温度与缺陷单独作用时的温度叠加。终端正常时的温度可由仿真得到,由前文分析可得,终端正常时绝缘层表面温度和护套层表面温度关系为式(14)
$\Delta T_{2}=\left(1+\beta_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \Delta T_{\mathrm{c}}$
式(14)中: T c为护套层表面相对于环境温度的变化量; β c为绝缘层温度变化与护套层温度变化的比例系数。
因此含缺陷的电缆终端绝缘表面温度可由式(15)求得。
$\Delta T_{2}=\left(1+\beta_{\mathrm{c}}\right) \Delta T_{\mathrm{c}}+\left(1+\beta_{\mathrm{c}}\right)\left(\Delta T_{\mathrm{cr}}-\Delta T_{\mathrm{c}}\right)$
式(15)中: T c r为实际测量的护套层表面温度; β c '为缺陷单独作用时的比例系数。在已知电缆终端载流量和外界环境温度时,可利用仿真求得 T c的值。
中压电缆热缩终端异常发热会导致绝缘过热老化,因此监测绝缘最高温度点至关重要。对于外部发热故障,发热点位于外表面,容易进行观测与缺陷处理,故重点应关注内部热点缺陷。由第二节缺陷异常发热分析可知,对于因应力控制管老化与内部受潮引起的内部热点,应重点关注XLPE主绝缘侧最高温度点(耐热性能差)。
在已知护套层外表面温度以及温度比例系数的情况下,利用式(15)可以求得电缆绝缘层表面相对于环境的温度差,从而实现对电缆绝缘层表面异常热点温度进行检测,为求取式(15)中的比例系数,进行了仿真。在实际工况下,电缆终端内部热源主要由缆芯焦耳热与内部异常热点主导,如图15(a)所示。其中,将缺陷等效为一热点,分布于电缆终端绝缘界面(热点出现最多),以简化分析。设置缆芯热源热流量为5 000 W/m3,缺陷点热源热流量为50~500 W/m3,环境温度为10℃,得到终端径向温度分布如图15(b)所示,由终端正常时温度分布数据可求得比例系数 β c=0.060 6。将缆芯热源与缺陷热源共同作用下引起的温度分布数据减去终端正常时温度分布数据,即可得到缺陷热源单独作用下的温度分布如图16所示,图16中绝缘层表面温度与护套层表面温度如表3所示,可求得比例系数 β c ' =1.172 41,说明温度变化幅度极小,与前文分析一致。
在实际运行中,已知参数有电缆负载电流i cable,环境温度T 3,终端外表面最高温度T outmax,需要求解内部XLPE绝缘最高异常温度点。本文借助于有限元分析进行内部温度反演,主要流程如下:
(1)有限元仿真模型构建:构建电缆热缩终端COMSOL有限元仿真模型,输入实际缆芯电流i cable,设置环境温度 T 3,使用电磁-热耦合模块求解电缆终端温度分布,得到无缺陷下的外护层温度 T c。将 T c减去环境温度 T 3便可得到温升 T c,并利用模拟热源的方式求得比例系数 β c β c '
(2)测量实际外护层表面温度 T c r并减去环境温度 T 3,得到外护层温升 T c r,将求得的 T c r T c β c β c '代入式(14)~(15),便可求得此时缺陷热点位置的温升 T 2
(3)将温升 T 2加上环境温度 T 3便可得到此时缺陷点的温度,实现对热缩终端异常发热的温度监测。
为了验证该方法有效性,在热缩终端内放置一个可调温度电阻加热片,如图17(a)所示,考虑到施加电压可能会击穿加热片,因此本文实验过程只考虑缺陷热源引起的发热。实验中设置热源温度为93℃。通过红外测温得到外表面最高温度为53.1℃,环境温度为19.9℃,如图17(b)所示。由于此时缆芯未施加电流, T c = 0,代入式(15)可得式(16)
$T_{2}=\left(1+\beta_{\mathrm{c}}{ }^{\prime}\right) \Delta T_{\mathrm{cr}}+T_{3}=95.3437^{\circ} \mathrm{C}$
使用上述温度反演法,得到的绝缘层表面温度与实际设置温度相近,误差为2.343 7℃,具有较高的准确度,验证了本文方法的有效性。
(1)中压电缆热缩终端内部的应力控制管能抑制外半导电层断口处的电场畸变,因此应力控制管老化极大影响着终端绝缘性能。随着应力控制管老化程度的加深,容易导致终端内部热点出现,且热点温度与应力控制管老化程度呈正相关。
(2)受外半导电层断口处电场畸变的影响,当终端外表面污秽层靠近断口时会引起污秽层发热,而远离则不会导致热点产生。同样现象发生在应力控制管内外部受潮时,当应力控制管内部受潮时,由于水分靠近断口会引起明显绝缘局部温升现象,而当外部应力控制管受潮时,由于水分远离断口热点消失。
(3)本文完善了电缆热缩终端内部绝缘界面存在缺陷热点时的热路模型理论推导与温度反演思路,并基于有限元仿真与实验验证了该方法的可行性,可以作为电缆异常发热监测手段。
  • 国网天津市电力公司科技项目(电科-研发2023-37)
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2025年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.016
  • 接收时间:2024-06-02
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-02
  • 修回日期:2024-06-24
基金
国网天津市电力公司科技项目(电科-研发2023-37)
作者信息
    1 国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院,天津 300384
    2 国网天津市电力公司,天津 300010

通讯作者:

李旭(1987-),男(汉族),天津人,高级工程师,主要从事电力电缆运维检测技术的研究工作。
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/jycl/CN/10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.016
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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