Article(id=1193543218173276693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1715270400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-10, revisedDate=1718121600000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762492478172, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762492478172, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762492478172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762492478172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193543214067056904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762492477194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498203949, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=117, endPage=124, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193543218412352022, articleId=1193543218173276693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=A cable defect assessment method based on high-voltage XLPE cable evolved gas and multi-scale convolutional features fusion, columnId=1193543215723806988, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Advanced Cable Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper proposed a defect assessment method for high-voltage XLPE cable based on a multi-scale correlation feature fusion convolutional neural network. On the basis of a data-driven approach, this method established the potential relationship model between characteristic gas concentration and defect type by training a convolutional neural network, thereby diagnosing the cable defects based on characteristic gas concentration. Firstly, simulated data were obtained using a data augmentation technique based on mean shift. Then, a 1D convolutional neural network based on multi-scale correlation feature fusion was designed. Finally, the training and defect identification were carried out on the basis of simulation data by using the convolutional neural network. The results show that the method on the synthetic data test set and the real basic data achieves defect recognition accuracies of 92% and 88%, respectively. It is indicated that the proposed method can effectively utilize characteristic gas concentration to diagnose cable defects.

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本文提出了一种基于多尺度相关特征融合卷积神经网络的高压XLPE电缆缺陷评估方法。该方法基于数据驱动,通过训练卷积神经网络,建立特征气体浓度与缺陷类型之间的潜在关系模型,从而根据特征气体浓度诊断电缆缺陷。首先采用基于均值漂移的数据增强技术获取模拟数据,接着设计一种基于多尺度相关特征融合的1D卷积神经网络,最后利用该卷积神经网络基于模拟数据进行训练并进行缺陷识别。结果表明:该方法在模拟数据测试集和真实基础数据上的缺陷识别准确率分别为92%和88%,表明该方法能够有效地利用特征气体浓度实现电缆缺陷的诊断。

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叶良鹏(1995-),男(汉族),安徽六安人,工程师,主要从事输电设备火灾防护的研究工作。
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孙韬(1993-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,工程师,主要从事电气设备火灾防护的研究。

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孙韬(1993-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,工程师,主要从事电气设备火灾防护的研究。

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孙韬(1993-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,工程师,主要从事电气设备火灾防护的研究。

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IEEE Intelligent Systems and Their Applications,1998,13(4):18-28., articleTitle=Support vector machines, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1195076733532639762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, awardId=52120523 001C, language=CN, fundingSource=国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(52120523 001C), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1195076733650080275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, awardId=2208085UD13, language=CN, fundingSource=安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2208085UD13), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1195076726024835533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195076726033224142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, companyId=1195076726024835533, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230601, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195076726058389967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, companyId=1195076726024835533, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601)]), AuthorCompany(id=1195076726117110224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195076726125498833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, companyId=1195076726117110224, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1195076726184219090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, companyId=1195076726117110224, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1195076729866818050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Sectional schematic diagram of high voltage cable, figureFileSmall=URB1Yau/2ax164SMnf+99Q==, figureFileBig=Br/9/85SrjKYFjVbAqagmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076729933926915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=图1, caption=高压XLPE电缆切面示意图, figureFileSmall=URB1Yau/2ax164SMnf+99Q==, figureFileBig=Br/9/85SrjKYFjVbAqagmA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730026201604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Convolutional neural network based on multi-scale correlation feature fusion, figureFileSmall=128d0U6t0ph8h59ICAC63w==, figureFileBig=vZ9sdOsFc+cq9fLwmlDF/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730089116165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于多尺度相关特征融合的卷积神经网络, figureFileSmall=128d0U6t0ph8h59ICAC63w==, figureFileBig=vZ9sdOsFc+cq9fLwmlDF/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730189779462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Schematic diagram of sampling locations for 1D deformable convolution, figureFileSmall=eOLIC1ofkVDYSfuLSLNhjg==, figureFileBig=b/ztxlcxN9DBCVe97AC46Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730256888327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=图3, caption=1D可变形卷积的采样位置示意图, figureFileSmall=eOLIC1ofkVDYSfuLSLNhjg==, figureFileBig=b/ztxlcxN9DBCVe97AC46Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730332385800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Loss curves of training and validation set for simulated data, figureFileSmall=l6V72NC5tOgy5rEw/6FuQA==, figureFileBig=1lwzORmuMXGzuf048QnLZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730420466185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=图4, caption=模拟数据的训练集和验证集损失曲线, figureFileSmall=l6V72NC5tOgy5rEw/6FuQA==, figureFileBig=1lwzORmuMXGzuf048QnLZQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730508546570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=The number of accurate diagnoses for each type of defects in the test set, figureFileSmall=id8zMEG1T2AQz6kDJ/htow==, figureFileBig=rzfRcf7gYtpwomGMvsUT7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730563072523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=图5, caption=模拟数据测试集每种缺陷的准确诊断数量, figureFileSmall=id8zMEG1T2AQz6kDJ/htow==, figureFileBig=rzfRcf7gYtpwomGMvsUT7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1195076730772787724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The causes of different cable defects and types of characteristic gas, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
缺陷类型 成因 特征气体
缓冲层热解 缓冲层内热点温度高于373.17℃ CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2
半导体层低温热解 半导体层内热点温度为340~420℃ CO2, CH4
半导体层高温热解 半导体层内热点温度为493.59~600℃ CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2
绝缘层低温热解 绝缘层内热点温度为220~300℃ CO
绝缘层高温热解 绝缘层内热点温度为493.93~600℃ CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2
低能放电 绝缘层局部放电 CO, CO2
高能放电 介电击穿或闪络,可能导致XLPE碳化 CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, H2
缓冲层的电化学腐蚀 缓冲层中水分侵入,在电流作用下引起电化学腐蚀 H2
), ArticleFig(id=1195076730839896589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同电缆缺陷的成因与特征气体类型

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缺陷类型 成因 特征气体
缓冲层热解 缓冲层内热点温度高于373.17℃ CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2
半导体层低温热解 半导体层内热点温度为340~420℃ CO2, CH4
半导体层高温热解 半导体层内热点温度为493.59~600℃ CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2
绝缘层低温热解 绝缘层内热点温度为220~300℃ CO
绝缘层高温热解 绝缘层内热点温度为493.93~600℃ CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2
低能放电 绝缘层局部放电 CO, CO2
高能放电 介电击穿或闪络,可能导致XLPE碳化 CO, CO2, CH4, C2H6, C2H2, C2H4, H2
缓冲层的电化学腐蚀 缓冲层中水分侵入,在电流作用下引起电化学腐蚀 H2
), ArticleFig(id=1195076730953142798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The number of each fault type in the basic and simulated data, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障类型 基础数据数量 模拟数据数量
缓冲层热解 22 110
半导体层低温热解 17 85
半导体层高温热解 11 55
绝缘层低温热解 13 65
绝缘层高温热解 21 105
低能放电 19 95
高能放电 5 25
缓冲层的电化学腐蚀 10 50
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基础数据和模拟数据中每种故障类型的数量

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故障类型 基础数据数量 模拟数据数量
缓冲层热解 22 110
半导体层低温热解 17 85
半导体层高温热解 11 55
绝缘层低温热解 13 65
绝缘层高温热解 21 105
低能放电 19 95
高能放电 5 25
缓冲层的电化学腐蚀 10 50
), ArticleFig(id=1195076732987380240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption= K-fold cross-validation results on the test dataset, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
折次 1 2 3 4 5 平均
准确率/% 92 89 93 91 92 91.4
), ArticleFig(id=1195076733192901137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218173276693, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

测试集上的K折交叉验证结果

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折次 1 2 3 4 5 平均
准确率/% 92 89 93 91 92 91.4
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基于高压XLPE电缆逸出气体与多尺度卷积特征融合的电缆缺陷评估方法研究
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孙韬 1 , 叶良鹏 1 , 张帆 2 , 张佳庆 1 , 过羿 1 , 周凯 2 , 缪煦扬 1
绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025,58(3): 117-124
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绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025, 58(3): 117-124
基于高压XLPE电缆逸出气体与多尺度卷积特征融合的电缆缺陷评估方法研究
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孙韬1, 叶良鹏1, 张帆2, 张佳庆1, 过羿1, 周凯2, 缪煦扬1
作者信息
  • 1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
  • 2 四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065
  • 孙韬(1993-),男(汉族),安徽安庆人,工程师,主要从事电气设备火灾防护的研究。

通讯作者:

叶良鹏(1995-),男(汉族),安徽六安人,工程师,主要从事输电设备火灾防护的研究工作。
A cable defect assessment method based on high-voltage XLPE cable evolved gas and multi-scale convolutional features fusion
Tao SUN1, Liangpeng YE1, Fan ZHANG2, Jiaqing ZHANG1, Yi GUO1, Kai ZHOU2, Xuyang MIAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd. Electric Power Research Institute, Hefei 230601, China
  • 2 College of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.013
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本文提出了一种基于多尺度相关特征融合卷积神经网络的高压XLPE电缆缺陷评估方法。该方法基于数据驱动,通过训练卷积神经网络,建立特征气体浓度与缺陷类型之间的潜在关系模型,从而根据特征气体浓度诊断电缆缺陷。首先采用基于均值漂移的数据增强技术获取模拟数据,接着设计一种基于多尺度相关特征融合的1D卷积神经网络,最后利用该卷积神经网络基于模拟数据进行训练并进行缺陷识别。结果表明:该方法在模拟数据测试集和真实基础数据上的缺陷识别准确率分别为92%和88%,表明该方法能够有效地利用特征气体浓度实现电缆缺陷的诊断。

电缆早期故障诊断  /  特征气体分析  /  卷积神经网络  /  数据驱动  /  均值漂移

This paper proposed a defect assessment method for high-voltage XLPE cable based on a multi-scale correlation feature fusion convolutional neural network. On the basis of a data-driven approach, this method established the potential relationship model between characteristic gas concentration and defect type by training a convolutional neural network, thereby diagnosing the cable defects based on characteristic gas concentration. Firstly, simulated data were obtained using a data augmentation technique based on mean shift. Then, a 1D convolutional neural network based on multi-scale correlation feature fusion was designed. Finally, the training and defect identification were carried out on the basis of simulation data by using the convolutional neural network. The results show that the method on the synthetic data test set and the real basic data achieves defect recognition accuracies of 92% and 88%, respectively. It is indicated that the proposed method can effectively utilize characteristic gas concentration to diagnose cable defects.

cable early fault diagnosis  /  characteristic gas analysis  /  convolutional neural network  /  data-driven  /  mean shift
孙韬, 叶良鹏, 张帆, 张佳庆, 过羿, 周凯, 缪煦扬. 基于高压XLPE电缆逸出气体与多尺度卷积特征融合的电缆缺陷评估方法研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (3) : 117 -124 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.013
Tao SUN, Liangpeng YE, Fan ZHANG, Jiaqing ZHANG, Yi GUO, Kai ZHOU, Xuyang MIAO. A cable defect assessment method based on high-voltage XLPE cable evolved gas and multi-scale convolutional features fusion[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (3) : 117 -124 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.013
电缆作为电力系统最基本的组成部分,其安全状态直接关系到整个电力系统的稳定性。诸如材料老化、安装不当、环境温湿度变化等因素都可能导致电缆材料发生局部放电、发热等现象,甚至引发击穿事故造成电缆损坏。这不仅影响了城市电力线路的正常运行,还存在重大火灾隐患[1-2]。及时发现电缆缺陷可以有效避免电缆故障的发生,提高电力系统稳定性,规避事故风险和降低系统运维成本,以保障电网安全运行。因此,开发有效、灵敏的电缆缺陷状态评估技术,实现电缆故障预警,对于确保电力系统的安全稳定运行具有重要意义。
目前,对于高压XLPE电缆的缺陷状态检测技术仍存在通用性较差、灵敏度较低等缺点。例如,局部放电检测法[3]易受环境电磁噪声干扰,检测灵敏度不高,且可靠性和通用性较差;极化/去极化电流法[4-5]和超低频介损法[6]等技术适用于引起电缆介电参数产生较大变化的故障检测,但对于绝缘微弱局部缺陷和非绝缘类故障不敏感;红外测温[7]、光纤测温[8]等非电量检测手段受测温手段限制,通常只能检测电缆表面或护层温度,无法准确探测绝缘内部的温度分布,导致其灵敏度较低[9]
图1展示了高压XLPE电缆的结构。在电力线路运行过程中,受到复杂的电、热、机械应力和化学反应的作用,电缆中的非金属固体绝缘材料可能会发生化学反应、衰变和降解,并释放出各种气体[6,10-12]。电缆在早期故障中的产气较为明显,其中包含大量可燃气体,如甲烷(CH4)、乙烯(C2H4)、乙烷(C2H6)、氢气(H2[11-13]等。电缆腐蚀、降解逸出的气体是引起火灾事故的潜在诱因。因此,研究人员开始关注管廊中电缆系统的产气现象[14-17]
在过去的几十年里,利用电气设备在早期故障中产生的各种特征反应气体进行设备的健康状态评估与故障预测,已经广泛应用于变压器的设备状态检测中,并已被证实能够及时发现设备的各种早期故障[18-22]。通过在线监测电缆释放的气体成分和含量[11,15],并开发一种有效的高压电缆早期状态评估技术,可以准确、及时地识别潜在的故障和火灾隐患。
溶解气体分析(DGA)[17,23-26]是诊断油浸式变压器早期故障的一种有效技术,具体的有IEC三比值法[27]、Doernenburg四比值法[28]、Duval三角法[29]等。这些方法将某些特征气体的浓度与指定的水平进行比较,以评估变压器的健康状况。然而,这些方法目前还难以直接应用于电缆故障诊断。这是因为,一方面,这些方法主要依靠长期积累的测量数据和实验室变压器溶解气体数据来建立和分析故障与特征气体水平之间的关联,不能直接应用于电缆故障诊断;另一方面,在变压器故障诊断中,这些方法在诊断精度、抗干扰能力、适用性等方面也存在不同程度的不足。因此,需要探索新的电缆逸出气体诊断方法来评估电缆状态。
通过在实验室开展的一系列电缆过热和放电产气实验,发现从电缆故障逃逸的特征气体成分复杂,特征气体成分所占比例具有高度不确定性,基于关键气体比值法的检测方法准确率较低[11,30]。而采用数据驱动的方法,利用神经网络自主提取和融合特征气体之间的关联特征进行缺陷诊断,可以提高对不同缺陷类型的检测精度和抗干扰能力。
本文提出一种结合均值漂移和1D卷积神经网络的缺陷评估方法。首先提出一种基于均值漂移的数据增强方法,为后续算法研究提供模拟数据;然后利用基于多尺度相关特征融合的1D卷积神经网络方法自适应地提取和学习不同特征气体浓度数据之间的相关关系,实现电缆缺陷类型的分类。同时,将所开发的1D神经网络与K近邻算法(KNN)、支持向量机(SVM)等机器学习方法进行对比,并在模拟数据集上进行5折交叉验证。此外,在实验室的真实测试数据上评估预训练模型的性能。
电缆内异常的热应力或电应力会导致电缆材料劣化,电气强度下降和使用寿命缩短。典型电缆缺陷的演化气体特征表明,不同的电缆缺陷会释放不同的气体[11-13]
阻水缓冲层广泛应用于褶皱铝护套电力电缆中,以防止水分沿电缆外围纵向扩散并提供机械应力缓冲。然而,缓冲材料易吸收水分,在径向电流作用下会引发电化学腐蚀,生成白色粉末(白斑)和H2,这一过程的本质是金属材料与周围环境发生了电化学反应[30-34]。随着电缆受潮,铝护套表面依附一层水膜,为电化学反应提供电解质[10-11,13],铝护套与水之间的反应如式(1)~(3)所示。
$\text { 阳极: } \mathrm{Al} \rightarrow \mathrm{Al}^{3+}+3 \mathrm{e}^{-}$
$\text { 阴极: } \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}+\mathrm{e}^{-} \rightarrow \mathrm{OH}^{-}+\frac{1}{2} \mathrm{H}_{2}$
$\text { 总反应: } 2 \mathrm{Al}+6 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O} \rightarrow 2 \mathrm{Al}(\mathrm{HO})_{3} \downarrow+3 \mathrm{H}_{2} \uparrow$
在电缆制造过程中可能存在绝缘缺陷,如气泡和杂质。电缆在运输和安装中受到机械外力作用可能导致绝缘内部产生微裂纹。在电缆投入运行后,绝缘可能遭受电、热、机械等应力,导致电树老化和水树老化。上述过程可能会在绝缘内部形成气体空腔,气体空腔的介电常数低于XLPE绝缘,导致内部电场强度较高,但其电气强度却较低。同时,拥有尖端的气体空腔结构,如电树、水树、微裂纹等,可能引发电场畸变。当局部电场强度高于气体电气强度时,可能发生局部放电(PD)。随着局部放电的发展和绝缘材料的劣化,甚至可能发生电弧放电。局部放电产生的能量较低,通常不会产生高温,被称为低能放电故障;电弧放电产生的能量巨大,可能导致高温,因此被称为高能放电故障。在绝缘发生局部放电和电弧放电故障时,XLPE分子链在高能电子和高温的影响下会发生裂解,通常伴随气体产物的生成[11,30,34-35]
当电缆承受过高负荷或存在高电导率杂质、阻水缓冲层烧蚀等问题时,可能导致电缆整体温度升高甚至局部高温。这种异常温度远超电缆正常运行时的温度,在热应力的作用下,材料化学键会逐渐发生断裂,引发电缆材料的热分解并释放气体[11,36-37]。KONG J M等[11]通过对高压XLPE电缆组成材料的热解进行热重-质谱联合分析,研究电缆材料(绝缘层、半导体层和缓冲层)在不同温度下的热解产气现象,结果表明:①绝缘层低温(220~300℃)热解仅产生CO,而高温(493.93~600℃)热解产生CO、CO2、CH4、C2H6和C2H2;②半导体层低温(340~420℃)热解产生CO2和CH4,高温(493.59~600℃)热解产生CO、CO2、CH4、C2H6和C2H2;③缓冲层在起始温度(373.17℃)开始热解并产生CO、CO2、CH4、C2H6和C2H2
值得注意的是,不同缺陷产生的特征气体种类可能相同,但气体浓度存在差异。在DGA中,通常利用特征气体浓度之间的比值确定缺陷类型,但这些判断依据都依靠大量实测和实验室分析数据得到。而对于电缆缺陷,目前尚缺乏大量的特征气体浓度数据用于建立准确的判断依据,仅依靠少量实验或测量数据建立的气体浓度比例关系可能无法适用于实际复杂的电缆缺陷诊断。因此,本文旨在基于数据驱动的深度学习方法,利用少量现场和实验室缺陷案例的气体浓度数据,训练专门设计的神经网络,建模不同特征气体浓度数据之间的相关性,以更好地实现电缆缺陷类型的预测。
本文主要参考了文献[11]中不同电缆缺陷的成因与特征气体种类,该研究通过对电缆组成材料的热解进行热重-质谱联合分析,以研究不同热解温度下的产气现象;并通过实验模拟相应的放电条件研究电气故障引起的产气现象,以及多种不同缺陷的产气情况与机理,包括半导体、绝缘层和缓冲层材料的低温和高温热解,绝缘材料的低能和高能放电以及缓冲材料的电化学腐蚀,如表1所示[14]
根据实验分析,不同故障发生时产生的特征气体浓度存在差异,可以利用各特征气体浓度数据之间、两种(或多种)特征气体浓度数据之间的显性或隐性相关来对故障类型进行诊断。神经网络对于非线性和高维的问题具有强大的解决能力,可以利用神经网络来学习各特征气体浓度之间的相关性(显性或隐性),然后对故障进行诊断。基于神经网络的方法相比于比值和图形表示方法,不完全依赖于专家经验,具有更强的鲁棒性。
为了能够让网络自主地学习特征气体浓度之间的相关性,设计了一种基于多尺度相关特征融合的1D卷积神经网络,其结构如图2所示,其中, V in表示网络输入; V l V g分别表示局部特征和全局特征向量; V ic表示隐相关特征向量; V f表示融合特征向量。
网络由多尺度相关特征融合模块与多层感知机组成,首先利用多尺度相关特征融合模块提取多尺度相关特征,然后通过多层感知机对特征进行分类,实现电缆缺陷的预测。网络的输入为特征气体浓度向量,输出为缺陷类型的概率,最终预测结果为概率最大的缺陷类型。
多尺度特征融合模块分别利用1×1卷积和1×7卷积提取局部特征( V l)和全局特征( V g)。局部特征可以表示单个特征气体的浓度对缺陷分类的权重,而全局特征表示所有特征气体的相关性权重。为了进一步考虑局部变量之间的相关性,即部分特征气体对缺陷分类的权重大小,提出了一种1D可变形卷积来提取局部隐相关特征。
以1×2卷积为例,其标准形式和可变形卷积的采样位置如图3所示。其中(a)为1×2卷积的标准形式,圆点表示标准卷积的采样位置;(b)、(c)、(d)分别为几种具有不同偏移量(箭头所示)的变形采样位置,实心圆点表示可变形卷积中的采样位置。
对于输入特征向量中的元素p 0,1D可变形卷积公式为式(4)
y p 0 = p n R w p n x p 0 + p n + p n  
式(4)中:p n代表卷积核中每一个点相对于中心点的偏移量; R表示实数集; w(p n)表示卷积核对应位置的权重; y(p 0)为输出特征向量p 0位置的元素值; x(p 0+p np n)表示输入特征向量(p 0+p np n)位置处的特征元素,其中Δp n为可学习的偏移量。由于Δp n可能为小数,则(p 0+p np n)无法对应输入特征向量中实际的元素,因此通过线性插值计算偏移后对应的亚元素,具体公式如式(5)所示。
x p = q g q x ,   p x x q             = q m a x   ( 0 ,   1 - | q x - p x | ) x q
式(5)中: m a x ( 0 ,   1 - | q x - p x | )限制了插值点与临近点距离小于1;x(p)表示在位置p处的插值结果;x(q)表示已知位置q处的数据值;qxpx分别是位置qp的坐标值。
分别采用一个1×2和1×3可变形卷积层实现部分特征气体浓度之间的相关性的建模,将两者的输出展平后拼接到一起,得到隐相关特征向量 V ic。为了实现最终的分类,将局部特征向量 V l和全局特征向量 V g展平后与隐相关特征向量 V ic拼接起来,得到融合特征向量 V f。接着,将 V f输入到多层感知机中进一步提取、融合特征信息,并预测对应的缺陷类型。
考虑到现有数据中可能存在样本不平衡问题,因此设计了一种交叉熵损失(L CE)和焦点损失(L FL)联合的加权损失函数。L FL可以增加难分样本在损失函数的权重,使得损失函数倾向于难分的样本,有助于提高难分样本的准确度。L CEL FL分别如式(6)式(7)所示。
L C E = - Y t l g   Y p - ( 1 - Y t ) l g   1 - Y p  
L F L = - 1 - Y p γ l g   Y p ,     i f   Y t = 1 - Y p γ l g   1 - Y p ,      o t h e r w i s e  
式(6)~(7)中:Y t为标签,即真实的缺陷类型;Y p为网络预测的缺陷类别;γ为调节因子,通常设置为2。
总损失L total式(8)所示。
L t o t a l = α L C E + β L F L  
式(8)中,αβ分别为L CEL FL的权重,本文实验中设置α=1,β=1。
由于电缆气体浓度数据采集周期长,难以获得大量数据。目前,有关电缆缺陷与产气现象的公开数据也很少,意味着任何方法都仅能基于有限的案例开展研究。为了提高分析的准确性,本文引入基于均值漂移的数据增广方法生成模拟数据。模拟数据可以用来更高效、更准确地训练神经网络,而稀缺的真实数据可以全部用于测试过程。
均值漂移算法[38-40]是一种非参数聚类算法,利用核密度估计函数和均值漂移向量来确定聚类中心,并通过迭代更新元素的位置实现自适应的漂移过程,能够适应不同形状和密度的聚类。设N个元素的数据集 D = { x 1 ,   x 2 ,   x 3 ,   ,   x N },每个元素 x i是一个d维向量( x i R d)。通过核函数 K ( x )度量元素之间的相似度。常用的核函数有高斯核函数(Gaussian kernel)等,高斯核函数的定义如式(9)所示。
K x = e - x 2 2 σ 2    
式(9)中://x//表示 x的L2范数(即欧氏距离);σ为高斯核函数的带宽参数。
核密度通过式(10)进行估计。
f ( x ) = 1 N K [ x - x i h ]   
式(10)中,h为带宽参数; N表示N个元素的数据集。
信息熵用于衡量数据的不确定性,通过计算信息熵 H x来确定 x i的核密度估计值,如式(11)所示。
H x = - f x i l g   f x i  
迭代过程中,簇中心会沿着一定的路径逐渐向数据密度最大的方向漂移,靠近簇中心路径上的区域元素与最终的簇中心具有相似的属性。考虑到这一点,可以通过恢复中间迭代点并将其用作生成的仿真元素来制作故障类型诊断的训练数据集。
在KONG J M等[11]的研究基础上,利用自研的实验装置获取了118组不同缺陷类型的气体浓度基础数据。基于实验室获得的基础数据,利用均值漂移的数据增广算法进行处理,获得了590组模拟数据。每组数据包括7种特征气体CO、CO2、CH4、C2H6、C2H2、C2H4、H2的浓度。数据包括8种故障类型:缓冲层热解、半导体层低温热解、半导体层高温热解、绝缘层低温热解、绝缘层高温热解、低能放电、高能放电、缓冲层的电化学腐蚀。基础数据和模拟数据中每种故障类型的数量如表2所示。
为了验证算法的性能,首先将模拟数据集按照7∶1.5∶1.5的比例划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,训练集和验证集用于模型训练,测试集用于测试模型,并将所提算法的分类精度与K近邻算法(KNN)[41]、支持向量机(SVM)[42]进行对比。接着,重新按照8∶2的比例将模拟数据划分为训练集和测试集,通过K折交叉验证(K-Fold cross-validation)证明模型的泛化能力和稳定性。最终,为了进一步证明模型的性能,将所有的模拟数据用于模型训练,然后在基础数据上进行测试。
模拟数据被划分为训练集、验证集和测试集,训练过程中,通过观察训练集和验证集的损失可以反映模型的收敛情况。模型训练时学习率设置为0.001,迭代次数设置为400。
图4展示了模拟数据的训练集和验证集损失曲线。从图4可以看出,训练集损失很快趋于平稳,尽管验证集损失在前85次迭代中存在细微的震荡,但整体的收敛趋势与训练集损失十分接近。这表示模型表现稳定,没有出现过拟合或欠拟合的情况。
在相同的硬件条件下,对KNN和SVM进行测试。对于KNN,通过设置邻域数3~15进行网格搜索,确定最优邻域数为5;对于SVM,使用高斯核函数,惩罚系数设置为1。在模拟数据测试集上,KNN和SVM的分类准确率分别为58%和68%,而本文算法的准确率达到了92%,具有明显的优越性。
图5给出了模拟数据测试集中每种缺陷的数量与准确分类的数量。从图5可以看出,由于半导体层低温热解、绝缘层低温热解、低能放电、缓冲层的电化学腐蚀缺陷的特征气体种类具有特异性,在测试集中都被模型准确地识别。模型对缓冲层热解、半导体层高温热解、绝缘层高温热解缺陷都存在少量诊断错误的样本,这是因为它们的特征气体种类相同,区分难度较大。值得注意的是,高能放电的特征气体种类也是特异性的,但模型对该类缺陷的同样存在错误识别的样本,可能是因为该类缺陷的样本数量较少,对该类缺陷提供特征的先验信息较少。
为了进一步评估模型的泛化性和稳定性,在模拟数据上进行K折交叉验证。K折交叉验证将模拟数据集分成K个数量相等的子集,使用其中(K-1)个子集进行训练,然后对剩下的一个子集进行测试。重复K次,每个子集都会被用作测试集一次,最终将结果进行平均以更可靠地估计模型的性能。表3展示了K折交叉验证的结果,在本研究中K=5。从表3可以看出,K折交叉验证的平均准确率为91.4%,且每次K折交叉验证的准确率相对稳定,表明本文算法具有很好的泛化能力和稳定性。
为了探究模型能否推广到真实数据的缺陷识别,使用所有的模拟数据训练模型,然后在基础数据上进行测试,得到KNN和SVM的准确率分别为38%和68%,而本文算法的缺陷诊断准确率为88%,远高于两种经典的机器学习方法。传统的KNN方法适用于求解小型数据集和特征空间维度不高的问题,对于挖掘气体浓度数据之间相关性能力较差,可能是导致其准确率最差的主要原因。而SVM虽然相比于KNN具有更好的性能,但其特征学习能力不如神经网络,因此其检测精度相对本文提出的方法更低。通过以上实验证明了本文所提算法的有效性和泛化性,表明了本研究提出的基于多尺度相关特征融合的卷积神经网络方法能够自动提取和学习各特征气体浓度数据之间的相关性特征,并用于缺陷类型的准确诊断和分类。
利用特征气体浓度进行缺陷识别是电缆早期故障诊断的一种可行方法。本文首先对基于实验获取的不同缺陷下的气体浓度数据采用基于均值漂移的数据增强技术获取有效的模拟数据,然后利用模拟数据训练提出的多尺度相关特征融合卷积神经网络对缺陷类型进行识别,得到结论如下:
(1)基于多尺度相关特征融合的卷积神经网络方法在识别准确率上优于传统的KNN、SVM等机器学习分类算法。
(2)相比于传统的特征气体比值法,本文算法不仅依靠特定的特征气体浓度比值,还利用了神经网络方法挖掘气体浓度数据中的的显式或隐式相关性,提高了对不同缺陷诊断的准确性。针对现有的实验或实测的不同缺陷下的气体浓度数据无法提供精度高、适用性强的气体浓度分布-缺陷关联模式,本文基于数据驱动的深度学习方法提供了一种实现电缆缺陷检测的有效思路。
  • 国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(52120523 001C)
  • 安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2208085UD13)
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2025年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.013
  • 接收时间:2024-05-10
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-10
  • 修回日期:2024-06-12
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国网安徽省电力有限公司科技项目资助(52120523 001C)
安徽省自然科学基金资助项目(2208085UD13)
作者信息
    1 国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,安徽 合肥 230601
    2 四川大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 610065

通讯作者:

叶良鹏(1995-),男(汉族),安徽六安人,工程师,主要从事输电设备火灾防护的研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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