Article(id=1193543218542375447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724860800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-29, revisedDate=1730563200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-03, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762492478261, onlineDateStr=2025-11-07, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762492478261, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762492478261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762492478261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193543214067056904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='157', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762492477194, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762498203949, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193567233872982430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193543214067056904, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193543218764673560, articleId=1193543218542375447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Influence of extrusion temperature on mesoscopic morphology and properties of cable insulation materials, columnId=1193543215723806988, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Advanced Cable Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence and mechanism of extrusion temperature on the mesoscale crystalline morphology and comprehensive performance of high-voltage cable insulation materials, we prepared three types of insulation materials by controlling the extrusion temperature. Systematic characterization, electrical and mechanical performance testing, and simulation were employed to reveal the structure-property relationship between crystalline morphology and material performance. The results show that at an extrusion temperature of 120℃, the insulation material exhibits densely packed and uniform crystal configuration, and shows optimal crystallinity and crystal size, which is 42.28% and 15.15 μm, respectively. The improvement of crystal morphology can slightly enhance the dielectric constant of insulation materials and maintain extremely low dielectric loss, while can significantly increase the adhesive yield, volume resistivity, electric strength, and elongation at break of insulation materials. According to the mutual verification of simulation and experimental results, it is concluded that complete crystal configuration, larger crystal size and crystallinity can minimize the distortion degree of electric field in the amorphous region, suppressing the occurrence of partial discharge and breakdown, resulting in the electric strength reaching the optimal value (390 kV/mm).

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为研究挤出温度对高压电缆绝缘料介观尺度晶体形貌和综合性能的影响规律及其作用机理,本文通过控制挤出温度制备得到3种绝缘料,随后结合系统表征、电气与力学性能测试及仿真模拟,揭示绝缘料结晶形貌与综合性能的构效关系。结果表明:在挤出温度为120℃时,绝缘料呈现致密排布和均匀的晶体构型,结晶度和结晶尺寸达到最佳值,分别为42.28%和15.15 μm。结晶形貌的完善能够小幅提升绝缘料的介电常数并维持极低的介质损耗,同时大幅提升绝缘料的出胶量、体积电阻率、电气强度和断裂伸长率。依据仿真和试验结果相互验证可知,完整的晶体构型、较大的结晶尺寸和结晶度能够将无定型区域电场畸变程度降至最低,从而抑制局部放电和击穿的发生,此时绝缘料的电气强度达到最佳值(390 kV/mm)。

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张翀(1982-),男(汉族),山西运城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。
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李石琨(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

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李石琨(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

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李石琨(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193543218542375447, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Melting temperature and crystallinity of insulation materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
挤出温度/℃ T m/℃ X c/%
110 110.21 32.35
120 108.80 33.76
130 107.47 31.11
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绝缘料熔融温度和结晶度

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挤出温度/℃ T m/℃ X c/%
110 110.21 32.35
120 108.80 33.76
130 107.47 31.11
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挤出温度/℃ (110)晶面 (200)晶面 X c/%
2θ/(°) β/(°) D/nm 2θ/(°) β/(°) D/nm
110 21.60 0.66 12.06 23.93 0.79 10.16 39.63
120 21.56 0.54 14.80 23.84 0.76 10.56 42.28
130 21.52 0.56 14.27 23.79 0.78 10.29 40.59
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绝缘料结晶衍射峰的衍射角、半峰宽、晶粒尺寸和结晶度

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挤出温度/℃ (110)晶面 (200)晶面 X c/%
2θ/(°) β/(°) D/nm 2θ/(°) β/(°) D/nm
110 21.60 0.66 12.06 23.93 0.79 10.16 39.63
120 21.56 0.54 14.80 23.84 0.76 10.56 42.28
130 21.52 0.56 14.27 23.79 0.78 10.29 40.59
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挤出温度对电缆绝缘料介观形貌和性能的影响研究
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李石琨 1 , 李文鹏 1 , 史晓宁 1 , 毕舒馨 1 , 宋鹏先 2 , 唐庆华 2 , 张翀 1 , 陈新 1
绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025,58(3): 42-50
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绝缘材料 | 先进电缆绝缘专题 2025, 58(3): 42-50
挤出温度对电缆绝缘料介观形貌和性能的影响研究
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李石琨1, 李文鹏1, 史晓宁1, 毕舒馨1, 宋鹏先2, 唐庆华2, 张翀1, 陈新1
作者信息
  • 1 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 先进输电技术全国重点实验室,北京 100192
  • 2 国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院,天津 300384
  • 李石琨(1993-),男(汉族),河南平顶山人,工程师,博士,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。

通讯作者:

张翀(1982-),男(汉族),山西运城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。
Influence of extrusion temperature on mesoscopic morphology and properties of cable insulation materials
Shikun LI1, Wenpeng LI1, Xiaoning SHI1, Shuxin BI1, Pengxian SONG2, Qinghua TANG2, Chong ZHANG1, Xin CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Power Transmission Technology, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
  • 2 Electric Power Research Institute, State Grid Tianjin Electric Power Company, Tianjin 300384, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.005
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为研究挤出温度对高压电缆绝缘料介观尺度晶体形貌和综合性能的影响规律及其作用机理,本文通过控制挤出温度制备得到3种绝缘料,随后结合系统表征、电气与力学性能测试及仿真模拟,揭示绝缘料结晶形貌与综合性能的构效关系。结果表明:在挤出温度为120℃时,绝缘料呈现致密排布和均匀的晶体构型,结晶度和结晶尺寸达到最佳值,分别为42.28%和15.15 μm。结晶形貌的完善能够小幅提升绝缘料的介电常数并维持极低的介质损耗,同时大幅提升绝缘料的出胶量、体积电阻率、电气强度和断裂伸长率。依据仿真和试验结果相互验证可知,完整的晶体构型、较大的结晶尺寸和结晶度能够将无定型区域电场畸变程度降至最低,从而抑制局部放电和击穿的发生,此时绝缘料的电气强度达到最佳值(390 kV/mm)。

介观尺度  /  绝缘料  /  挤出温度  /  结晶行为  /  仿真模拟

To investigate the influence and mechanism of extrusion temperature on the mesoscale crystalline morphology and comprehensive performance of high-voltage cable insulation materials, we prepared three types of insulation materials by controlling the extrusion temperature. Systematic characterization, electrical and mechanical performance testing, and simulation were employed to reveal the structure-property relationship between crystalline morphology and material performance. The results show that at an extrusion temperature of 120℃, the insulation material exhibits densely packed and uniform crystal configuration, and shows optimal crystallinity and crystal size, which is 42.28% and 15.15 μm, respectively. The improvement of crystal morphology can slightly enhance the dielectric constant of insulation materials and maintain extremely low dielectric loss, while can significantly increase the adhesive yield, volume resistivity, electric strength, and elongation at break of insulation materials. According to the mutual verification of simulation and experimental results, it is concluded that complete crystal configuration, larger crystal size and crystallinity can minimize the distortion degree of electric field in the amorphous region, suppressing the occurrence of partial discharge and breakdown, resulting in the electric strength reaching the optimal value (390 kV/mm).

mesoscale  /  insulation material  /  extrusion temperature  /  crystallization behavior  /  simulation
李石琨, 李文鹏, 史晓宁, 毕舒馨, 宋鹏先, 唐庆华, 张翀, 陈新. 挤出温度对电缆绝缘料介观形貌和性能的影响研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (3) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.005
Shikun LI, Wenpeng LI, Xiaoning SHI, Shuxin BI, Pengxian SONG, Qinghua TANG, Chong ZHANG, Xin CHEN. Influence of extrusion temperature on mesoscopic morphology and properties of cable insulation materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (3) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.005
高压交联聚乙烯(XLPE)电缆凭借过氧化物交联工艺,能够构筑稳固的三维分子网络结构,从而具备优良的热稳定性和介电性能,已逐渐成为大城市电网及新型电力系统的关键输变电装备[1-4]
在XLPE电缆生产过程中,核心工艺主要有大厚度三层共挤成缆工艺、三维网络交联热处理、电缆冷却脱气去除杂质等[5-7]。XLPE电缆绝缘料的挤出成型与挤出温度的设定密切相关[8-9]。为实现国产绝缘料的充分熔融挤出,迫切需要明确挤出工艺,尤其是螺杆挤出机的挤出温度对绝缘料挤出成型及性能稳定性的影响规律,以保证电缆生产的稳定性[10-13]
然而,目前国内企业高压XLPE电缆挤出设备基本依赖进口,规模化生产挤出工艺受制于国外公司产品经验,难以自主设计调控[14-15]。因此,对国产XLPE绝缘料的挤出温度等关键工艺进行系统研究,能够为国产绝缘料电缆挤出提供技术支撑,对国产电缆的推广产生积极的作用。曾浩等[16]研究了较高的加工温度(140、160、220℃)对电缆绝缘料性能的影响规律,发现较高的加工温度使直流电缆绝缘料中存在更多的介观尺度焦烧晶点,同时明显削弱了电气性能,如体积电阻率降低一个数量级。周远翔等[17]在140、150、160℃的挤出温度下对绝缘料进行性能研究,发现绝缘料中过氧化物的预交联会阻碍其后续的高温交联,导致绝缘料内部杂质分子残留、介观尺度结晶度下降,引发内部同极性与异极性电荷的积聚,导致电场严重畸变。K M JAGER等[18]探索了较低温段(125~140℃)对电缆材料性能的影响规律,发现当温度高于125℃时,材料的焦烧含量随温度呈线性增加趋势,从而加速破坏材料的绝缘性能。在实际电缆生产过程中,国外绝缘料的经验挤出温度通常在120℃左右,而目前针对低温段(110~130℃)挤出对电缆绝缘材料性能影响规律的研究还相对较少,缺乏针对此区间挤出温度对绝缘料介观尺度晶体结构及综合电气与力学性能的系统研究。
本文控制螺杆挤出机其他挤出工艺参数不变,设定出口挤出温度分别为110、120、130℃,首先开展电缆绝缘料的长时挤出形貌观测和出胶量对比研究,随后对挤出的绝缘料进行介观尺度晶体结构表征分析,并系统对比研究绝缘料的电气性能和力学性能。在此基础上,结合试验结果与仿真模拟的对比分析,得到不同挤出温度下绝缘料结晶行为对电气击穿性能的影响机理,以及绝缘材料介观尺度晶体形貌与其综合性能之间的构效关系。
试验原材料为国产新型220 kV超净绝缘料,以低密度聚乙烯为基料,加入抗氧化剂等助剂经高温混炼过滤得到超净中间粒料,然后使用过氧化物与超净中间粒料混合吸收得到绝缘料,产品密度约为0.916 g/cm3,具体挤出试验步骤如下:
(1)选用110、120、130℃作为挤出温度,控制螺杆转速为20 r/min,出口滤网为300目。
(2)每个温度段下绝缘料长时(1 h)挤出,压力波动稳定后,取未充分冷却试样于平板硫化机中快速热压固化,施加压力为15 MPa,时间为10 min,然后室温冷却,绝缘料试样厚度分别为0.2 mm和1.0 mm。
使用差示扫描量热仪(DSC,Q2000型,美国TA公司)对不同挤出温度下的绝缘料进行热力学测试。温升范围设定为40~150℃,升温速率为15℃/min,降温速率为20℃/min。为保证测试结果的准确性,同一组试样取样两次进行重复的DSC测试。
使用X射线衍射仪(XRD,D8 Advance型,德国Bruker公司)对不同挤出温度下的绝缘料进行晶体结构扫描测试。扫描范围为2°~50°,扫描速率为3°/min。为保障结果的准确性,同一组试样重复扫描两次。
使用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,S-4800型,日本Hitachi公司)对不同挤出温度下的绝缘料进行晶体形貌观测。为便于观测结晶形貌,按20∶1的质量比混合浓度为98%的浓硫酸与高锰酸钾来制备混合液,用其刻蚀厚度为0.2 mm的绝缘料试样,浸泡 12 h后干燥处理,随后对绝缘料进行表面喷金,最终在电镜下进行结构观测。
使用固体介质直流电导仪(HY-HFC1型,上海荷仪电气有限公司)测试试样的体积电阻率,测试温度分别设定为环境温度(25℃)和高温工况温度(90℃)。
使用绝缘介质损耗测量仪(Tettex2830型,瑞士哈弗莱公司)测试试样(厚度为1.0 mm)的相对介电常数与介质损耗因数,试验温度分别为25℃和90℃,每组至少测试5个样品。
使用击穿系统在室温绝缘油环境下测试试样的电气强度。测试温度为环境温度(25℃),升压速率为1 kV/s。每个试样不同位置共测试10次,并绘制Weibull分布图。
使用电子万能试验机(Instron 5982型,美国英斯特朗公司)在室温下对不同挤出温度下的绝缘料试样进行拉伸试验,拉伸速度为100 mm/min。为保障测试结果的准确性,每个温度至少制备3组哑铃状试样进行重复拉伸试验验证。
采用有限元仿真软件Comsol对不同挤出温度下的绝缘料的内部电场分布进行数值模拟。依据制备样品的SEM晶体结构分布图,建立介观尺度有限元模型,从结晶度(X c)和结晶尺寸角度,以及各试验结果进行模型尺寸优化,随后结合Comsol软件得到试样内部的电场分布图及最大电场畸变值等关键数据,从介观尺度晶体结构分布角度分析挤出温度对绝缘材料介观结构及宏观性能的影响规律。
图1为不同挤出温度下绝缘料的出口形貌图。
图1可以看出,当挤出温度为110℃时,出口处的绝缘料整体透明度不高,表面较为浑浊粗糙,存在熔融与均化不佳的现象;随着挤出温度升高到120℃,出口处绝缘料整体透明度提升明显,同时材料表面光滑均匀,说明其内部结构呈均一性;当温度升高到130℃时,出口处绝缘料仍然保持良好的透明度,但绝缘料存在下垂拉伸形变现象,产品难以定型。在3种挤出温度下,120℃挤出绝缘料的塑化程度和挤出成型效果均为最佳,这可能是由于绝缘料的熔点通常为110℃左右[6],较高的温度(120℃)挤出时,绝缘料能够塑化充分且不存在过度熔融行为。
图2为长时(1 h)挤出稳定后不同挤出温度下绝缘料的出胶量。从图2可以看出,随着挤出温度的升高,绝缘料的出胶量先增大后减小,在挤出温度为120℃时达到最高值,出胶量为9.12 g/min。这是因为当挤出温度较低(110℃)时,绝缘料在螺杆中熔融不充分,绝缘料表面粗糙,导致其与管道壁面的摩擦力和反推力较大,阻碍绝缘料挤出,因此出胶量最低,仅为8.20 g/min;当温度达到120℃时,绝缘料可以充分在管道内熔融和挤出,具有较高的出胶量;当挤出温度为130℃时,可能会导致绝缘料过度熔融[17-18],绝缘料与螺杆及内壁的黏度增加,降低绝缘料的流动性,从而导致出胶量较低(8.73 g/min)。
图3表1分别为不同挤出温度下绝缘料的DSC曲线与结晶特征参数。从图3可以看出,不同挤出温度下绝缘料都只有一个熔融峰,该峰值温度基本在110℃左右。随着挤出温度的增加,绝缘料的熔融峰有轻微的向左偏移趋势。从表1可以看出,随着挤出温度的升高,绝缘料的熔融温度(T m)从110.21℃逐步下降到107.47℃,对应了图3中熔融峰偏移的变化趋势。从表1还可以看出,随着挤出温度的升高,绝缘料的结晶度(X c)先提升后降低,这可能是因为当挤出温度较低时,绝缘料塑化不充分,导致挤出后材料中存在非均匀的结晶和非晶态区域,阻碍均匀结晶,表现出较低的结晶度;而当挤出温度较高时,绝缘料可能会过度热塑化,导致分子链的部分断裂或者化学分解,如焦烧等[17],使结晶度降低。
图4为不同挤出温度下绝缘料的XRD曲线。图中绝缘料在衍射角(2θ)为19.5°附近的弥散衍射峰Peak1代表绝缘料无定型区域,衍射峰Peak2和Peak3则分别代表绝缘料结晶区域的两个晶面(110)和(200)。通过对图4中数据进行分析可以得到绝缘料的结晶衍射峰衍射角、半峰宽、晶粒尺寸和结晶度等参数,如表2所示。其中晶粒尺寸通过Scherrer公式计算得到,如式(1)所示。
D = k λ β c o s θ
式(1)中:k为Scherrer常数,k=0.89;λ为入射X射线波长,λ=0.154 18 nm;θ为入射角,°;β为半峰宽,rad;D为晶粒尺寸,nm。
对比表1表2可以看出,XRD测试的结晶度普遍高于DSC的测量结果,这是因为XRD是基于X射线衍射通过测量晶体结构的存在和相对比例来测定结晶度,因此对于已形成的晶体或晶粒结构更为敏感。而DSC是通过测量绝缘料在升温过程中的热行为来评估结晶度,故测定的结晶度可能受到样品不均匀性、热历史等因素的影响,导致测得的结晶度偏低。此外,从表2还可以看出,随着挤出温度的升高,绝缘料结晶度先增大后减小,在挤出温度为120℃时达到最大值(42.28%),这与DSC测试得到的结晶度(表1)变化趋势相一致,进一步说明此温度下绝缘料结晶更为充分均匀,这也与绝缘料塑化充分且快速固化成型的挤出形貌(图1(b))相对应。对于聚烯烃材料而言,结晶度高意味着分子链将更加有序地排列成晶体结构,晶粒尺寸也会随着结晶度的增加而增大。因此在挤出温度为120℃时,绝缘料的晶粒尺寸最大,达到14.80 nm。
为了直观地观测挤出温度对绝缘料结晶形貌的影响规律,测得不同挤出温度下绝缘料的SEM图及对应的晶体粒径分布如图5所示。从图5(a)(c)可以看出,刻蚀完成后,材料表面凹陷的沟壑区域为刻蚀掉的无定型区域,可以清晰地看到完整的结晶区域及边界。图5(d)为结合Nano Measurer软件统计分析绝缘料介观尺寸结晶粒径尺寸的结果。从图5(d)可以看出,当挤出温度从110℃升高到120℃时,绝缘料的结晶尺寸明显增加,平均粒径从11.98 μm提升到15.15 μm,同时结晶区域显著增加,晶体更为紧密地排列组合;当挤出温度从120℃升高到130℃时,结晶尺寸有轻微减小的趋势,减小至14.06 μm,结合图5(c)可知,结晶区域的均匀性和完整性有明显的下降,晶体表面存在明显的缺陷,这可能会影响材料的结晶行为和整体性能。显然,从介观尺度晶体结构形貌角度来看,120℃挤出的绝缘料晶体尺寸大且分布均匀紧密,具有较好的晶体构型。且120℃挤出的绝缘料平均粒径最大且粒径尺寸的正态分布最为集中,进一步说明此温度下绝缘料结晶的均匀和完整性。此外,XRD测得的晶粒尺寸(表2)变化趋势与SEM测量结果相一致,阐明了晶体表征测试结果的准确性。但XRD得到的是平均晶粒尺寸,即不同晶面上各衍射方向晶粒度大小的平均值,因此计算结果往往远小于SEM的测量结果。
图6是不同挤出温度下绝缘料在室温(25℃)和高温(90℃)下的体积电阻率。从图6(a)可以看出,随着挤出温度的升高,绝缘料的体积电阻率先增大后减小,在挤出温度为120℃时,绝缘料的体积电阻率达到最大值,为7.85×1017 Ω·cm。这是因为在120℃挤出时,绝缘料在保证充分塑化的同时,结晶均匀且结晶度高(图5),自由电子在更加有序和紧密的结晶区域难以自由移动,从而导致材料整体的体积电阻率达到最佳值。
图6(b)可以看出,在高温测试环境下,绝缘料的体积电阻率变化趋势与低温测试环境下的保持一致,在挤出温度为120℃时,绝缘料的体积电阻率达到最大值,为6.01×1016 Ω·cm,比低温测试环境下低一个数量级。这是因为高温可以提供足够的能量,使得分子间距增加或者分子排列松散,导致绝缘材料中的电荷载流子(例如自由电子或空穴)从价带跃迁到导带,或者从导带跃迁到价带,使电导率增加,体积电阻率减小。交联聚乙烯绝缘料的理论设计最高使用工况温度为90℃,因此120℃挤出温度是绝缘料具有最优体积电阻率时的最佳挤出温度。
图7是不同挤出温度下绝缘料在25℃和90℃下的介电常数(ε)和介质损耗因数(tanδ)。从图7(a)可以看出,在不同测试温度下,120℃挤出的绝缘料介电常数均比110℃和130℃挤出的绝缘料有小幅提升,在室温下约为2.17,在高温下约为2.02。尽管不同挤出温度下绝缘料的介电常数变化并不明显,但整体还是和体积电阻率具有相似的变化趋势。从SEM和XRD的结果可知,合适的挤出温度可以改善绝缘料的结晶形貌与结构,提高结晶度和结晶尺寸。当绝缘料的结晶度增加时,结晶区域相对于混乱的无定型区域具有更规整紧密的分子链结构,因此分子链提供的偶极子极化率(P)也更高,导致其介电常数相应增加[19]。从图7(b)可以看出,随着挤出温度的升高,尤其是当挤出温度达到130℃时,绝缘料的介质损耗因数明显增加,这一现象在高温测试环境中更为显著,绝缘料的介质损耗因数从2.2×10-4增加到3.2×10-4。这是因为在较高的挤出温度下,材料内部发生分子链段解体行为,导致材料晶体区域出现明显缺陷和不均匀的块体结构,如图5(c)所示。
图8为不同挤出温度下绝缘料的电气强度Weibull分布图。从图8可以看出,绝缘料的特征电气强度与绝缘料的挤出温度有直接关系。随着挤出温度的升高,绝缘料的电气强度先增大后减小。同时,从击穿分散性角度来看,120℃下挤出时,绝缘料的击穿离散度明显减小,进一步说明材料结构的均匀性和完整性。
图9为不同挤出温度下绝缘料的击穿参数,主要包括尺寸参数α和形状参数β。其中β与产生击穿的缺陷种类、绝缘的劣化程度及实验条件等有关,β数值越大,表明绝缘料的电气强度均一性越好,击穿点数据越集中,材料结晶均匀性和结构稳定性越好。
图9可以看出,当挤出温度为120℃时,绝缘料的尺寸参数α达到最大值,为390 kV/mm,同时,形状参数β达到最大值,为8,说明此时绝缘料的结构稳定性最佳,这与介观尺度下绝缘料的SEM观测结果相一致。事实上,结晶规整度和结晶度的增加导致绝缘料电气强度提升和击穿点集中的原因可能有两点:①规整的结晶区域代表更为有序的分子结构,这种有序性可以有效减少内部缺陷和杂质,从而提高电绝缘性能[20-21];②当结晶度下降时,无定型区域会明显增加,其限制电荷自由迁移的能力要低于结晶区域,导致无定型区域介质内部电场发生畸变过程,增大了材料在该区域发生击穿的概率[22]。因此,合适的挤出温度所带来的绝缘料结晶结构的完善,能够有效减小局部放电的发生概率与频率,从而使绝缘料的电气强度得到显著提升。
材料晶体结构的改变除了能够影响电气性能外,其力学性能也会展现出明显的不同。图10为不同挤出温度下绝缘料的应力-应变曲线。
图10可以看出,曲线整体变化趋势是明显的半结晶聚合物绝缘料应力-应变行为,包含以下过程:弹性形变、屈服、应变软化、冷拉以及应变强化[5]。OA段为材料弹性形变阶段,在最高点A处受力范围内,材料经拉伸后可完全恢复初始形态。外力拉伸持续超过A点以后,绝缘料开始出现形变演化,此时撤销外力后绝缘料不能完全恢复,即出现永久形变。在AB段,结晶区域开始出现分子间的折叠滑动,损失部分链段间的作用力,拉伸强度有轻微的降低。随后拉伸过程进入BC段,此时无定型区域无规缠绕开始出现分子链段的取向和重排,这一长距离的形变主要是无定型区域链段的解缠结行为。当继续拉动时,绝缘料的拉伸形变将达到CD段,此时无定型区域的拉伸形变达到极限,破坏的是结晶区域,而结晶区域在达到极限拉伸滑移点D时,局部分子量将发生断裂,导致绝缘料失效。CD段的斜率为应变硬化强度,代表材料抵抗继续形变的能力,应变硬化强度值越高,表明材料依靠硬化均匀形变的能力越强。因此,结合上述不同拉伸段绝缘料应力-应变行为分析可知,120℃挤出的绝缘料具有最大的拉伸应力、屈服应力、杨氏模量及断裂伸长率。
图11给出了不同挤出温度下绝缘料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。从图11可以看出,120℃挤出温度下绝缘料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率都达到最大值,分别为17.1 MPa和675%。可结合绝缘料的介观尺度晶体形貌(图5)来解释拉伸过程的差异化:120℃下挤出的绝缘料具有更为规整和紧密分布的结晶区域,以及面积更小的无定型区域,使得绝缘料在拉伸过程中能够承受更大的载荷,不容易出现塑性形变,因此具有更高的拉伸强度(屈服点A);随着拉力逐步增加,在CD段应变强化阶段,结晶区域的滑移承受和抵消更大的拉力,因此能够显著延长绝缘料的拉断过程,获得更高的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率。
为直观观测不同挤出温度下绝缘料在交变电场下的内部电场分布,在Comsol软件中建立了随机分布的晶体填充介观尺度有限元模型,如图12所示。设置晶体模型为椭圆形结构,其长轴尺寸来源于图5计算得到的平均粒径,同时椭圆晶粒的填充面积与图5计算得到的绝缘料的结晶面积对应。依据文献[6]可知结晶区域和无定型区域的介电常数分别为2.37和2.22。将介电常数分别代入到绝缘料介观尺度有限元模型中对应的晶体区域和无定型区域并进行交流电场计算,得到绝缘料的内部电场分布图,如图12所示。从图12可以看出,绝缘料的内部场强并非均匀分布,高电场强度区域主要分布在无定型区域。这是因为无定型区域电子极化能力较差,介电常数低,从而在电场作用下产生更大的电场畸变。
通过对比不同挤出温度下绝缘料的内部电场分布情况,可以发现由于低温挤出(图12(a))时绝缘料塑化不完全,内部结晶不充分,小尺寸和低含量的晶体引入更多无定型区域和晶体界面,导致内部存在大量的电场畸变区域,最大畸变电场强度约为156.99 kV/mm;随着挤出温度的升高(图12(b)),绝缘料内部的结晶尺寸和结晶度逐步增大,无定型区域和晶体界面明显减小,整体呈现致密均匀的晶体结构,因此内部的电场畸变程度明显降低,最大畸变电场强度约为153.06 kV/mm;随着挤出温度的进一步升高(图12(c)),绝缘料的结晶度和结晶尺寸相对减小,无定型区域和晶体界面又出现增长,导致内部电场畸变的面积增大,故最大畸变电场强度增大,为155.60 kV/mm。
结合仿真结果与图89的击穿数据可知,在最佳的挤出温度下(120℃),绝缘料内部结晶度和结晶尺寸达到最大,呈现均匀致密的晶体形貌,可以最大化减小无定型区域的电场畸变,降低绝缘料在外加电场下的局部放电击穿概率和频率,使绝缘料的电气强度得到显著提升。仿真结果与试验值相互验证,证明试验与仿真的有效性。
(1)在120℃挤出温度下,绝缘料具有最大的结晶度(42.28%)和结晶尺度(15.15 μm),且介观尺度晶体形貌最为完整和均匀,表现出光滑的挤出形貌和最大的出胶量(9.12 g/min)。
(2)过高(130℃)或过低(110℃)的挤出温度均会导致绝缘料结晶度下降、结晶尺寸减小和晶体缺陷,引发分子链段不规则排布,这是导致绝缘料电气性能与力学性能降低的关键因素。
(3)依据仿真结果可知,绝缘料大尺寸晶体结构和优异的晶区占比率能够有效减小无定型区域和晶体界面,从而降低绝缘料内部畸变电场强度,降低局部放电发生的概率,使得绝缘料击穿尺寸参数达到最大值390 kV/mm。
(4)综合试验结果和仿真计算结果得出,120℃挤出温度下,绝缘料致密均匀的晶体结构是有效改善其综合性能的关键因素。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5500-202312187A-1-1-ZN)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第58卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.03.005
  • 接收时间:2024-08-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-07
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-29
  • 修回日期:2024-11-03
基金
国家电网公司总部科技项目(5500-202312187A-1-1-ZN)
作者信息
    1 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 先进输电技术全国重点实验室,北京 100192
    2 国网天津市电力公司电力科学研究院,天津 300384

通讯作者:

张翀(1982-),男(汉族),山西运城人,正高级工程师,主要从事电工绝缘材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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