Article(id=1193245377357902123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1718035200000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-11, revisedDate=1721318400000, revisedDateStr=2024-07-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762421467388, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762421467388, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762421467388, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762421467388, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193230615618220608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762417947916, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762418457365, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193245378804937006, articleId=1193245377357902123, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Diagnostic method for moisture in 10 kV cable joints based on frequency domain reflectometry under thermal excitation, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=

To resolve the issue that the traditional frequency domain reflection (FDR) method is easy to misjudge when diagnosing the moisture defects of cable joints, the influence law of thermal excitation on the characteristic impedance of moistened cable joints was firstly analyzed in this paper, and a diagnostic method for moisture in cable joints was proposed based on the frequency domain reflection characteristics under thermal excitation. Then a moistened joint was set up on a 10 kV XLPE cable with a length of 58 m, the temperature of the moistened joint was changed using a heating belt, and the moisture defects were located and diagnosed. The results show that when applying the thermal excitation, the unit capacitance and characteristic impedance of the cable body and normal joint hardly change with the temperature, the unit capacitance of the moistened cable joint decreases with the increase of temperature, and the characteristic impedance increases with the increase of temperature. The simulation results show that the amplitude of the frequency domain reflection spectrum at the moistened joint increases with the increase of temperature, while the amplitude of the frequency domain reflection spectrum at the normal joint is basically unchanged. Based on the above research results, the amplitude changes of the true cable reflection coefficient spectrum at the joint under different temperatures were obtained through thermal excitation, achieving the localization diagnosis of moisture defects.

, articleAbstract=

To resolve the issue that the traditional frequency domain reflection (FDR) method is easy to misjudge when diagnosing the moisture defects of cable joints, the influence law of thermal excitation on the characteristic impedance of moistened cable joints was firstly analyzed in this paper, and a diagnostic method for moisture in cable joints was proposed based on the frequency domain reflection characteristics under thermal excitation. Then a moistened joint was set up on a 10 kV XLPE cable with a length of 58 m, the temperature of the moistened joint was changed using a heating belt, and the moisture defects were located and diagnosed. The results show that when applying the thermal excitation, the unit capacitance and characteristic impedance of the cable body and normal joint hardly change with the temperature, the unit capacitance of the moistened cable joint decreases with the increase of temperature, and the characteristic impedance increases with the increase of temperature. The simulation results show that the amplitude of the frequency domain reflection spectrum at the moistened joint increases with the increase of temperature, while the amplitude of the frequency domain reflection spectrum at the normal joint is basically unchanged. Based on the above research results, the amplitude changes of the true cable reflection coefficient spectrum at the joint under different temperatures were obtained through thermal excitation, achieving the localization diagnosis of moisture defects.

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为解决传统频域反射法(FDR)在诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷时易误判的问题,本文提出一种基于热激励下频域反射特性的受潮诊断方法。首先分析了热激励对受潮电缆接头特征阻抗的影响规律,提出了基于热激励下频域反射特性的电缆接头受潮诊断方法,然后在长度为58 m的10 kV XLPE电缆上设置受潮接头,用加热带改变受潮接头的温度,随即对受潮缺陷进行定位诊断。结果表明:施加热激励时,电缆本体、正常接头的单位电容和特征阻抗几乎不随温度变化而改变,受潮电缆接头的单位电容随温度升高而减小,特征阻抗随温度升高而增大;仿真结果表明,不同温度下的频域反射图谱在受潮接头处的幅值随温度升高而升高,在正常接头处的幅值基本不变。基于上述研究结果,通过热激励得到不同温度下真实电缆反射系数谱在接头处的幅值变化实现了受潮缺陷的定位诊断。

, articleAbstract=

为解决传统频域反射法(FDR)在诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷时易误判的问题,本文提出一种基于热激励下频域反射特性的受潮诊断方法。首先分析了热激励对受潮电缆接头特征阻抗的影响规律,提出了基于热激励下频域反射特性的电缆接头受潮诊断方法,然后在长度为58 m的10 kV XLPE电缆上设置受潮接头,用加热带改变受潮接头的温度,随即对受潮缺陷进行定位诊断。结果表明:施加热激励时,电缆本体、正常接头的单位电容和特征阻抗几乎不随温度变化而改变,受潮电缆接头的单位电容随温度升高而减小,特征阻抗随温度升高而增大;仿真结果表明,不同温度下的频域反射图谱在受潮接头处的幅值随温度升高而升高,在正常接头处的幅值基本不变。基于上述研究结果,通过热激励得到不同温度下真实电缆反射系数谱在接头处的幅值变化实现了受潮缺陷的定位诊断。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨帆(1981-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级实验师,主要从事电缆绝缘状态监测技术的研究。
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徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级工程师,主要从事输电设备运维检修技术的研究。

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徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级工程师,主要从事输电设备运维检修技术的研究。

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徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级工程师,主要从事输电设备运维检修技术的研究。

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,1983,80:4575-4576., articleTitle=Dielectric constant of water at very high temperature and pressure, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1193616264514990162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, awardId=521904230003, language=CN, fundingSource=国网四川省电力公司科技项目(521904230003), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193616259242750924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616259251139533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, companyId=1193616259242750924, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Chengdu Power Supply Company, State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company, Chengdu 610041, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616259255333838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, companyId=1193616259242750924, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1国网四川省电力公司成都供电公司,四川 成都 610041)]), AuthorCompany(id=1193616259318248400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616259326637009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, companyId=1193616259318248400, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616259330831314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, companyId=1193616259318248400, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, 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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Equivalent distribution parameter model for cable, figureFileSmall=fUI4P2IgZh6vdRiVz2LFHg==, figureFileBig=qM1XPRZORkwXA6H5Bu3chg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616262728216612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=图1, caption=电缆等效分布参数模型, figureFileSmall=fUI4P2IgZh6vdRiVz2LFHg==, figureFileBig=qM1XPRZORkwXA6H5Bu3chg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616262824685606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Simulation model of cable and cable joint, figureFileSmall=UEW0Gp6zqf56yajb3o1MeA==, figureFileBig=PdKOFC3hhD+r22m8Mokbyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616262879211559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=图2, caption=电缆本体、接头仿真模型, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616263156035631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=图4, caption=不同温度下缺陷定位仿真结果, figureFileSmall=Kn/neCiUkabQ2iynS25hCw==, figureFileBig=Fd7R2TOymIaLN4eS/dYEYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616263256698929, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Schematic diagram of cable joint sample and experimental device connection, figureFileSmall=+SyevNgPeaK1kMEdEY+R9g==, figureFileBig=blh3il+4D3Ewn8XQKgbjrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616263328002099, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=图5, caption=电缆接头样本和实验装置连接原理图, figureFileSmall=+SyevNgPeaK1kMEdEY+R9g==, figureFileBig=blh3il+4D3Ewn8XQKgbjrA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616263395110965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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figureFileSmall=3441l29uGinpnFbWBHNUcA==, figureFileBig=k5nf61vd0sB3bk1FhToQHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616263709683773, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Simulation parameters of materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置对象相对介电常数电导率σ/(S/m)厚度/mm
铝芯10 0003.774×1075.5
铜屏蔽层10 0005.99×1070.3
XLPE绝缘层2.31×10-174.5
内/外半导电层1001×10-41
应力锥251×1031
绝缘管3.51×10-134
绝缘自粘带31×10-35.5
815.5×10-60.1
空气12.3×10-14
外导电屏蔽管1001×10-41.5
), ArticleFig(id=1193616263797764159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

材料仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设置对象相对介电常数电导率σ/(S/m)厚度/mm
铝芯10 0003.774×1075.5
铜屏蔽层10 0005.99×1070.3
XLPE绝缘层2.31×10-174.5
内/外半导电层1001×10-41
应力锥251×1031
绝缘管3.51×10-134
绝缘自粘带31×10-35.5
815.5×10-60.1
空气12.3×10-14
外导电屏蔽管1001×10-41.5
), ArticleFig(id=1193616263902621761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Unit capacitance simulation calculation values of cable body and intermediate joint at 18℃, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象单位电容/(pF/m)电容变化倍数
电缆本体216.67
正常接头183.730.848
受潮接头211.250.975
), ArticleFig(id=1193616263957147715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

18℃下电缆本体、中间接头的单位电容仿真计算值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对象单位电容/(pF/m)电容变化倍数
电缆本体216.67
正常接头183.730.848
受潮接头211.250.975
), ArticleFig(id=1193616264020062277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The unit capacitance values of damp joints at different temperature, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃水的相对介电常数单位电容/(pF/m)电容变化倍数
2080.22210.980.975
3076.63209.770.968
4073.32208.640.963
5069.91207.480.958
6066.77206.420.953
7063.77205.400.948
8060.90204.420.943
9058.15203.490.939
), ArticleFig(id=1193616264078782535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同温度下受潮接头的单位电容值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度/℃水的相对介电常数单位电容/(pF/m)电容变化倍数
2080.22210.980.975
3076.63209.770.968
4073.32208.640.963
5069.91207.480.958
6066.77206.420.953
7063.77205.400.948
8060.90204.420.943
9058.15203.490.939
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温度T/℃电缆本体正常接头A受潮接头B正常接头C受潮接头D
3010.8340.9550.8480.968
5010.8340.9460.8480.958
7010.8340.9370.8480.948
9010.8340.9290.8480.939
), ArticleFig(id=1193616264250749003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193245377357902123, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

仿真平台单位电容变化倍数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
温度T/℃电缆本体正常接头A受潮接头B正常接头C受潮接头D
3010.8340.9550.8480.968
5010.8340.9460.8480.958
7010.8340.9370.8480.948
9010.8340.9290.8480.939
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温度/℃接头A接头B接头C接头D
300.6870.5200.6290.434
500.6870.5400.6290.463
700.6870.5560.6290.486
900.6870.5690.6290.503
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不同温度下缺陷定位曲线在接头处的归一化幅值仿真结果

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温度/℃接头A接头B接头C接头D
300.6870.5200.6290.434
500.6870.5400.6290.463
700.6870.5560.6290.486
900.6870.5690.6290.503
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基于热激励下频域反射特性的10 kV电缆接头受潮诊断方法
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徐忠林 1 , 冯阳 1 , 丁玉琴 1 , 饶显杰 1 , 周凯 2 , 杨帆 2 , 刘凤莲 3
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025,58(2): 121-128
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2025, 58(2): 121-128
基于热激励下频域反射特性的10 kV电缆接头受潮诊断方法
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徐忠林1, 冯阳1, 丁玉琴1, 饶显杰1, 周凯2, 杨帆2, 刘凤莲3
作者信息
  • 1国网四川省电力公司成都供电公司,四川 成都 610041
  • 2四川大学 电气工程学院, 四川 成都 610065
  • 3国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院,四川 成都 610072
  • 徐忠林(1968-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级工程师,主要从事输电设备运维检修技术的研究。

通讯作者:

杨帆(1981-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级实验师,主要从事电缆绝缘状态监测技术的研究。
Diagnostic method for moisture in 10 kV cable joints based on frequency domain reflectometry under thermal excitation
Zhonglin XU1, Yang FENG1, Yuqin DING1, Xianjie RAO1, Kai ZHOU2, Fan YANG2, Fenglian LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1Chengdu Power Supply Company, State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Company, Chengdu 610041, China
  • 2School of Electrical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
  • 3State Grid Sichuan Electric Power Research Institute, Chengdu 610072, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.016
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为解决传统频域反射法(FDR)在诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷时易误判的问题,本文提出一种基于热激励下频域反射特性的受潮诊断方法。首先分析了热激励对受潮电缆接头特征阻抗的影响规律,提出了基于热激励下频域反射特性的电缆接头受潮诊断方法,然后在长度为58 m的10 kV XLPE电缆上设置受潮接头,用加热带改变受潮接头的温度,随即对受潮缺陷进行定位诊断。结果表明:施加热激励时,电缆本体、正常接头的单位电容和特征阻抗几乎不随温度变化而改变,受潮电缆接头的单位电容随温度升高而减小,特征阻抗随温度升高而增大;仿真结果表明,不同温度下的频域反射图谱在受潮接头处的幅值随温度升高而升高,在正常接头处的幅值基本不变。基于上述研究结果,通过热激励得到不同温度下真实电缆反射系数谱在接头处的幅值变化实现了受潮缺陷的定位诊断。

热激励  /  电缆接头  /  受潮缺陷  /  定位诊断

To resolve the issue that the traditional frequency domain reflection (FDR) method is easy to misjudge when diagnosing the moisture defects of cable joints, the influence law of thermal excitation on the characteristic impedance of moistened cable joints was firstly analyzed in this paper, and a diagnostic method for moisture in cable joints was proposed based on the frequency domain reflection characteristics under thermal excitation. Then a moistened joint was set up on a 10 kV XLPE cable with a length of 58 m, the temperature of the moistened joint was changed using a heating belt, and the moisture defects were located and diagnosed. The results show that when applying the thermal excitation, the unit capacitance and characteristic impedance of the cable body and normal joint hardly change with the temperature, the unit capacitance of the moistened cable joint decreases with the increase of temperature, and the characteristic impedance increases with the increase of temperature. The simulation results show that the amplitude of the frequency domain reflection spectrum at the moistened joint increases with the increase of temperature, while the amplitude of the frequency domain reflection spectrum at the normal joint is basically unchanged. Based on the above research results, the amplitude changes of the true cable reflection coefficient spectrum at the joint under different temperatures were obtained through thermal excitation, achieving the localization diagnosis of moisture defects.

thermal excitation  /  cable joints  /  moisture defects  /  positioning diagnosis
徐忠林, 冯阳, 丁玉琴, 饶显杰, 周凯, 杨帆, 刘凤莲. 基于热激励下频域反射特性的10 kV电缆接头受潮诊断方法. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (2) : 121 -128 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.016
Zhonglin XU, Yang FENG, Yuqin DING, Xianjie RAO, Kai ZHOU, Fan YANG, Fenglian LIU. Diagnostic method for moisture in 10 kV cable joints based on frequency domain reflectometry under thermal excitation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (2) : 121 -128 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.016
随着我国电力行业的快速发展,交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆因其优异的电气性能、耐热性和耐老化性在输配电系统中应用愈发广泛,成为电力系统的重要组成部分[1-2]。电力电缆运行环境恶劣,长期受到高温、潮湿、腐蚀、机械应力等因素的影响,其薄弱环节——中间接头易受到水分侵入[3-6],导致电力系统发生故障和停运,并对人身和设备安全造成严重威胁。因此,开展电力电缆接头受潮缺陷的诊断定位研究,对于保障输配电网络的正常运行意义重大。
目前,针对电力电缆接头受潮缺陷的诊断和定位方法,国内外学者开展了大量研究。较为有效的是基于行波法的时域反射(time domain reflectometry,TDR)法和频域反射(frequency domain reflectometry,FDR)法。其中,TDR法[7-11]是通过向传输线路注入脉冲信号,然后监测信号的反射情况来分析传输线路的特性。因其注入信号中高频分量占比少,同时高频信号沿电缆传输过程中衰减严重,该方法难以诊断和定位微弱缺陷。FDR法向传输线路注入的则是扫频正弦信号,因信号中包含丰富的高频分量,对微弱缺陷的诊断定位更精确[12-17]。文献[18]提出了一种基于时、频域转换对接头受潮缺陷进行联合诊断的方法,首先采用FDR法定位接头位置,然后利用时域波形恢复技术对冷缩接头的受潮情况进行诊断,取得了较好的效果。文献[19]分析了电缆接头受潮前后电容发生变化的原因,并提出了基于FDR的诊断方法和诊断函数,然后对不同受潮程度的中间接头进行缺陷定位和受潮评估,取得了较好的效果。上述方法本质上是利用电缆接头进水后特征阻抗发生变化,继而导致缺陷定位曲线在正常接头和受潮接头间波形、幅值、变化趋势不一致的特性来对电缆接头的受潮缺陷进行诊断。然而这些方法未充分考虑电缆接头在制作过程中可能因不同的工艺或流程造成其特征阻抗存在的差异。当信号注入效率不高或现场存在干扰时,仅根据接头处反射系数的突变特征,或对比不同接头处缺陷定位曲线的波形或幅值进行受潮诊断,极易产生误判。
基于此,本研究提出基于热激励下频域反射特性的受潮诊断方法,首先通过热激励改变受潮接头的特征阻抗,检测得到不同温度下的频域反射缺陷定位图谱,然后对比同一接头在不同温度下其缺陷定位曲线图谱中幅值的变化特性,从而诊断接头是否存在受潮缺陷或故障。
根据传输线理论[16],当电缆线路长度远大于高频信号的电磁波波长时,电缆可通过如图1所示的分布参数模型来表征。其中RcLcGcCc分别为单位长度电缆的电阻、电感、电导和电容特征值;x表示某一位置x处;△x表示单位长度。
考虑到集肤效应和邻近效应的影响,分布参数可近似表示为式(1)~(4[13]
Rc12πμ0ω21rcρc+1rsρs
Lcμ02πlnrsrc+14π2μ0ω1rcρc+1rsρs
Cc=2πεln(rs/rc)
Gc=2πσln(rs/rc)
式(1)~(4)中:μ0是真空磁导率;ω是信号的角频率;rc是缆芯的半径;rs是屏蔽层的内半径;ρc是缆芯的电阻率;ρs是屏蔽层的电阻率;σ是绝缘材料的电导率;ε是绝缘材料的介电常数。
根据图1的电缆等效分布参数模型,电缆的特征阻抗(Zc)可由式(5)表示。
Zc=(Rc+jωLc)(Gc+jωCc)
式(5)中,j是虚数单位。
由于高频信号下,ωLc>>RcωCc>>Gc式(5)可近似表示为式(6)[14]。由式(6)可知,高频信号下电缆的特征阻抗与单位长度的特征电感和特征电容有关。
Zc=jωLcjωCc=LcCc
式(3)可知,电缆单位长度的特征电容与相对介电常数ε成正比。XLPE的相对介电常数约为2.3,而水的相对介电常数约为81,电缆本体或接头进水后,其单位长度特征电容Cc会发生改变。
为了分析受潮对电缆接头特征阻抗的影响,使用COMSOL Multiphysics 4.2多物理场仿真软件对电缆本体和中间接头分别建模,如图2(a)(b)所示,并在AC/DC模块、电流(EC)场、工频(50 Hz)下对电缆本体及中间接头受潮前后的电容值进行仿真计算[19-23]。其中,仿真所涉及材料的相对介电常数、电导率及几何参数如表1所示。
根据文献[19]仿真设定长度为0.8 m的YJLV 8.7/15-3×95型电缆本体,长度为0.8 m的JSY-10/3.2(70-120)型热缩式中间接头,水层(厚度为0.1 mm)同时存在于铜屏蔽层内侧、热缩管内侧、缆芯外侧。根据仿真,电缆本体及接头的单位电容C可按式(7)计算[19,23]
C=2WU2W=12εE2dV=12ε0εrE2dV
式(7)中:U为缆芯电压,其值为8 700 V;W为总电能;ε0为真空介电常数,其值为8.85×10-12 F/m;εr为电缆接头的相对介电常数;E为电场强度;V为缆芯和铜屏蔽之间形成电容的体积。
对电缆本体及接头在18℃下进行单位电容仿真计算,结果如表2所示,其中电容变化倍数为中间接头单位电容值相对于电缆本体单位电容值的倍数。由表2可知,因结构不同,电缆本体的单位电容值大于电缆接头。同时,受潮电缆接头的单位电容值大于正常电缆接头。
温度升高会加快水分子的热运动,使水分子之间的相互作用减弱,从而降低水的极化程度,进而使其相对介电常数降低。因此,水的相对介电常数随着温度的升高而减小。
式(7)可知,电缆接头的单位电容与其相对介电常数εr成正比,则不同温度下电缆接头的单位电容可由式(8)近似得到。
CTC0+(C18-C0)εrTεr18
式(8)中:C0为正常接头的单位电容;CTC18分别为T℃和18℃下受潮接头的单位电容;εrTεr18分别为T℃和18℃下水的相对介电常数。
水在不同温度下的介电常数(ε)可由式(9)所示柯克伍德方程[24]计算得到。
((2ε+1)(ε-1)9ε)=4πN0d3M(α+μ2g3kT)
式(9)中:N0为阿伏伽德罗数;d为密度;M为分子量;k为玻尔兹曼常数;α为分子极化率;μ为分子偶极矩;g为解释相邻分子的非随机取向的柯克伍德相关因子。
由式(8)~(9)计算得到不同温度下受潮电缆接头的单位电容如表3所示。由表3可知,随温度升高,电缆接头中水的介电常数逐渐减小,单位电容C也逐渐减小。
根据计算和分析结果,结合式(6)可知,由于电缆本体和正常接头内没有水层,而受潮接头内存在水层,在热激励作用下,仅受潮接头的单位电容会随温度升高而减小,而正常接头与电缆本体的单位电容则几乎不变,同时单位长度电缆的特征电感基本不变[14]。因此,可利用受潮电缆接头在热激励下单位电容改变而导致其特征阻抗改变的特性,通过反射系数法来诊断和定位受潮电缆接头。
当长度为l的电缆处于正弦稳态条件下时,在距首端x处的电压U(x)和电流I(x)可由式(10)表示[18]
U(x)=Uiseγ(l-x)+Urse-γ(l-x)I(x)=UisZceγ(l-x)-UrsZce-γ(l-x)
式(10)中:UisUrs分别是入射和反射信号的电压;Zc是电缆的特性阻抗;γ是电缆的传播常数,可由式(11)表示。
γ(ω)=(R+jωL)(G+jωC)γ=α+jβ
式(11)中:α是信号在电缆传播的衰减常数;β是相位常数,可由式(12)表示。
β=ωv=2πfv
式(12)中:f为信号频率;v是信号在电缆中的传播速度。
因此,对于长度为l的无缺陷电缆,其首端反射系数(Г)可定义为式(13)[11]
Γ=UrsUise-2γ(ω)l=ZL-ZcZL+Zce-2γ(ω)l
式(13)中,ZL为末端负载阻抗。
当电缆末端开路,即ZL=∞时,可得到式(14)
Γ=e-2γ(ω)l=e-2α(ω)le-j2β(ω)l
利用欧拉公式展开式(14)式得到式(15)
Γ(x)=e-2α(ω)l[cos(2β(ω)l)-jsin(2β(ω)l)]
式(12)代入式(15)并取其实部得到式(16)
Real(Γ)=e-2α(ω)lcos(22πfvl)
式(16)中,若将频率f作为自变量,则该函数可认为是频率值为2l/v的周期振荡信号。若电缆线路在距首端x处存在接头、缺陷或故障等阻抗不连续点时,电缆的反射系数实部会出现频率为2x/v的等效分量[13,15]。当电缆中存在多个阻抗不连续点时,反射系数实部中会出现多个与其位置对应的频率等效分量。因此,对电缆首端反射系数谱的实部做离散傅里叶变换(discrete Fourier transform,DFT)分析,即可得到电缆线路中阻抗不连续的位置。需要说明的是,若直接对数据做DFT分析,频谱泄露和栅栏效应将导致微弱缺陷的分辨率不足,易造成误判。为解决该问题,本研究使用凯塞窗[13]对数据做预处理。
根据反射系数谱定位原理可知,当电缆线路中存在阻抗不连续点时,对反射系数谱的实部做DFT分析得到的缺陷定位曲线在该处会产生波峰。阻抗不连续程度越高,该处的波峰值越大。但相对于本体来说,电缆接头本就是一个阻抗不连续点,缺陷定位曲线会在电缆接头处出现明显的波峰,波峰的幅值大小由阻抗变化量决定。因为制作工艺不同,无法保证每个中间接头的特征阻抗相等,而受潮造成的特征阻抗值变化又很小,所以难以直接通过缺陷定位曲线中间接头处的波峰值大小定量分析接头是否存在受潮缺陷。
因接头内的水分随温度升高逐渐蒸发,同时水的介电常数随温度升高逐渐减小,由表3可知,受潮接头单位电容随温度升高而逐渐减小,结合式(6)可知,受潮接头的特征阻抗随温度升高而增大。而正常接头内没有水层,在对其做热激励时,其特征阻抗几乎不变。因此,可采用热激励下的频域反射方法来诊断接头的受潮缺陷,具体步骤如下:
(1)使用传统频域反射法对电缆进行检测,找到疑似受潮电缆接头的位置[19]
(2)对疑似受潮电缆接头进行热激励。在对接头加热的过程中,得到不同温度下的缺陷定位曲线图谱。对比不同温度下定位曲线在疑似受潮接头处波峰值的变化情况。若随着温度升高,波峰值逐渐增大,则该接头为受潮电缆接头;若波峰值基本不变,则该接头为正常接头。
为验证所提方法的可行性,设置如图3所示的仿真平台,其中仿真电缆长度为500 m,在距首端100 m处设置0.8 m的正常接头A,200 m处设置 0.8 m的受潮接头B,300 m处设置0.8 m的正常接头C,400 m处设置0.8 m的受潮接头D。利用前文所述频域反射法根据电缆本体、正常接头及受潮接头的单位长度特征电容进行仿真,得到不同温度下的缺陷定位仿真曲线。考虑到真实情况下不同电缆接头的单位电容存在偏差,设置18℃下电缆本体的单位电容为216.67 pF/m,接头A的单位电容为180.73 pF/m,接头C的单位电容为183.73 pF/m,接头B的单位电容为208.25 pF/m,接头D的单位电容为211.25 pF/m。不同温度下电缆本体、正常接头及受潮接头的电容变化倍数设置如表4所示。
在30、50、70、90℃下对电缆缺陷定位进行仿真,得到缺陷定位曲线图谱。为便于分析,以缺陷定位图谱中曲线的最大幅值为1对该图谱做归一化处理[13,15,19],仿真结果如图4表5所示。
分析图4表5可知:
(1)正常接头A、受潮接头B、正常接头C、受潮接头D以及电缆末端处因存在明显的阻抗不连续,所以在缺陷定位曲线上出现明显的波峰。
(2)根据表4的设置,相对于电缆本体,正常接头A、C的电容变化倍数低于受潮接头B、D。因此,接头A、C处幅值高于接头B、D处的幅值。
(3)在温度从30℃逐步上升到90℃的过程中,设置正常接头A、C的电容变化倍数保持为0.834和0.848不变,则缺陷定位曲线在这两接头处的幅值不变;设置受潮接头B的电容变化倍数从0.955随温度逐步减小至0.929,得到缺陷定位曲线在该处的幅值从0.520逐渐增大到0.569;设置受潮接头D的电容变化倍数从0.968逐步减小至0.939,得到缺陷定位曲线在该处的幅值从0.434逐渐增大到0.503。
仿真结果表明,若温度变化造成受潮接头处的单位电容变化,则缺陷定位曲线在该处的幅值随温度升高而增大。正常接头的单位电容不变,则定位曲线在该处的幅值不变。
为验证本研究方法对受潮电缆接头诊断和定位的有效性,在实验室设置总长为58 m的10 kV XLPE电力电缆,在其37 m处设置热缩型中间接头。为了模拟受潮电缆接头,采用针管注射法,分两次对电缆接头注射水介质,时间间隔为30 min,每次10 mL。然后,在电缆接头处缠绕橙色加热带,并在接头外表面设置温度传感器,用以实时监测电缆接头的温度。电缆接头样本如图5(a)所示,实验装置连接原理如图5(b)所示。
实验过程中,首先在24℃下,采用图6所示的FDR检测装置在150 kHz~60 MHz范围内检测实验电缆样本的首端反射系数谱数据,并得到缺陷定位图谱。然后使用加热带给受潮接头样本均匀加热,加热过程中应加热、保温交替进行,以保证接头样本内外均匀受热,并通过温度传感器实时监测样本温度。接着,在保证接头样本温度分别达到30、50、70、90℃时进行相同检测操作。
对实验得到的缺陷定位图谱,同样以曲线的最大幅值为1做归一化处理,结果如图7所示。图7中定位曲线上出现一些伪峰,这是因为频谱泄露,根据传输线理论,随着信号在电缆中传播的衰减,这些伪峰会以如图7所示的趋势衰减,不会对分析结果产生影响。当线缆中出现阻抗不连续点时,定位曲线在该处的幅值会远高于衰减趋势线。
分析图7中的定位曲线可知:
(1)电缆线路中共有3个明显的阻抗不连续点,分别在距测试仪器接口约1、37、58 m处。其中1 m处因检测装置通过1 m长的鳄鱼夹分叉线与电缆相连,鳄鱼夹连接处阻抗不连续;37 m处为制作的受潮接头样本,阻抗不连续;58 m处为电缆末端。检测结果与设置的实验样本一致。
(2)无热激励情况时,相同温度下两次测试的定位曲线中首端、受潮接头、末端3个阻抗不连续点的位置和幅值几乎重合,其中幅值仅变化了0.004。
(3)热激励下,首端、受潮接头、末端3个阻抗不连续点处的定位曲线幅值呈不同的变化趋势。其中,缺陷定位曲线在首端、末端两处的幅值几乎不变;定位曲线在37 m受潮接头样本处的幅值随温度升高而逐渐增大,从0.485逐渐升高到0.571,变化明显。
实验结果表明,无热激励情况下,根据频域反射法测得的缺陷定位曲线在受潮电缆接头处的幅值不变;热激励下受潮接头处的幅值随接头温度升高明显增大,通过本研究方法可以实现受潮电缆接头的缺陷定位。
本文提出一种基于热激励下频域反射特性的电力电缆中间接头受潮缺陷定位诊断方法,并对该方法的有效性进行了仿真和实验验证,主要得到以下结论:
(1)电缆本体、正常接头的单位电容和特征阻抗几乎不随温度变化而变化。受潮电缆接头的单位电容随温度升高而减小,特征阻抗随温度升高而增大。
(2)仿真结果表明,不同温度下的频域反射图谱在受潮接头处的幅值随温度升高而增大,在正常接头处的幅值基本不变,证明了热激励下频域反射方法的可行性。
(3)真实电缆中,不同温度下的频域反射缺陷定位图谱在受潮接头处的幅值随温度升高而增大,首端、末端处的幅值几乎不变。证明了基于热激励下频域反射特性的电缆接头受潮诊断方法在真实的10 kV电缆上诊断电缆接头受潮缺陷的有效性。
  • 国网四川省电力公司科技项目(521904230003)
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2025年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.016
  • 接收时间:2024-06-11
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-11
  • 修回日期:2024-07-19
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国网四川省电力公司科技项目(521904230003)
作者信息
    1国网四川省电力公司成都供电公司,四川 成都 610041
    2四川大学 电气工程学院, 四川 成都 610065
    3国网四川省电力公司电力科学研究院,四川 成都 610072

通讯作者:

杨帆(1981-),男(汉族),四川成都人,高级实验师,主要从事电缆绝缘状态监测技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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