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Article(id=1193230806253535454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1729094400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762417993367, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762417993367, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762417993367, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762417993367, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193230615618220608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762417947916, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762418457365, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=85, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193230806488416480, articleId=1193230806253535454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Detection technology of environment-friendly insulating gas heptafluoroisobutyronitrile for electrical equipment, columnId=1193230616230588994, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Eco-friendly Insulating Gas, runingTitle=null, highlight=

Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) has excellent insulation properties and low greenhouse effect, and is currently the mainstream environment-friendly gas used for electrical equipment insulation. Because of the large differences in physical and chemical properties between C4F7N and SF6, the current SF6 detection technology and equipment can not meet the application requirements of C4F7N gas mixture. In this paper, the detection method of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture was studied by referring to the live detection technology of SF6 gas in operating equipment. The field detection schemes were proposed, which included using gas chromatography to detect purity and composition of gas based on high-precision helium ionization detector, using thermal conductivity principle to detect C4F7N ratio, using resistance capacitance sensor method to monitor micro-water content, and using non-spectral infrared technology combined with Lambert-Bill rule to quantitatively monitor gas leakage fault, and the corresponding detection devices were developed to carry out the detection and verification test for gas state. The results show that all detection schemes have high detection accuracy and can support the operation and maintenance testing and field application of C4F7N environment-friendly electrical equipment.

, articleAbstract=

Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) has excellent insulation properties and low greenhouse effect, and is currently the mainstream environment-friendly gas used for electrical equipment insulation. Because of the large differences in physical and chemical properties between C4F7N and SF6, the current SF6 detection technology and equipment can not meet the application requirements of C4F7N gas mixture. In this paper, the detection method of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture was studied by referring to the live detection technology of SF6 gas in operating equipment. The field detection schemes were proposed, which included using gas chromatography to detect purity and composition of gas based on high-precision helium ionization detector, using thermal conductivity principle to detect C4F7N ratio, using resistance capacitance sensor method to monitor micro-water content, and using non-spectral infrared technology combined with Lambert-Bill rule to quantitatively monitor gas leakage fault, and the corresponding detection devices were developed to carry out the detection and verification test for gas state. The results show that all detection schemes have high detection accuracy and can support the operation and maintenance testing and field application of C4F7N environment-friendly electrical equipment.

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全氟异丁腈（C4F7N）具有优异的绝缘性能和较低的温室效应，是当前用于电气设备绝缘的主流环保气体。由于C4F7N与SF6的理化特性差异较大，现有SF6检测技术及设备无法满足C4F7N混合气体的应用需求。本文参考运行设备中SF6气体的带电检测技术，开展C4F7N/CO2气体的检测方法研究。提出了采用基于高精度氦离子化检测器的气相色谱检测气体纯度和组分、采用热导原理检测C4F7N占比和阻容传感器法监测微水含量、采用非分光红外技术结合朗伯-比尔定律定量监测漏气故障等现场检测方案，开发了相应的检测装置，并对气体状态开展检测和验证试验。结果表明：各项检测方案都具有较高的检测精度，可支撑C4F7N环保电气设备的运维检测和现场应用。

, articleAbstract=

全氟异丁腈（C4F7N）具有优异的绝缘性能和较低的温室效应，是当前用于电气设备绝缘的主流环保气体。由于C4F7N与SF6的理化特性差异较大，现有SF6检测技术及设备无法满足C4F7N混合气体的应用需求。本文参考运行设备中SF6气体的带电检测技术，开展C4F7N/CO2气体的检测方法研究。提出了采用基于高精度氦离子化检测器的气相色谱检测气体纯度和组分、采用热导原理检测C4F7N占比和阻容传感器法监测微水含量、采用非分光红外技术结合朗伯-比尔定律定量监测漏气故障等现场检测方案，开发了相应的检测装置，并对气体状态开展检测和验证试验。结果表明：各项检测方案都具有较高的检测精度，可支撑C4F7N环保电气设备的运维检测和现场应用。

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何洁（1983-），女（白族），贵州毕节人，高级工程师，主要从事电气设备SF6环保替代及检测技术、高压开关设备的研究工作。

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何洁（1983-），女（白族），贵州毕节人，高级工程师，主要从事电气设备SF6环保替代及检测技术、高压开关设备的研究工作。

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何洁（1983-），女（白族），贵州毕节人，高级工程师，主要从事电气设备SF6环保替代及检测技术、高压开关设备的研究工作。

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journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230806253535454, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The peak time, separation degree, and detection limit of each component, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测器气体出峰时间/min分离度检测限/(μL/L)
1C3F89.96500.04
CHF5Cl12.71517.490.04
C3F613.1933.490.03
CH3F313.3821.550.04
CH2F416.97726.480.03
C2F5CN20.59523.510.04
C3HF721.1603.160.03
2N20.90300.03
CO1.0421.930.09
CF42.8179.040.06
C2F617.39323.660.06
), ArticleFig(id=1193616291207545266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230806253535454, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各组分的出峰时间、分离度和检测限

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测器气体出峰时间/min分离度检测限/(μL/L)
1C3F89.96500.04
CHF5Cl12.71517.490.04
C3F613.1933.490.03
CH3F313.3821.550.04
CH2F416.97726.480.03
C2F5CN20.59523.510.04
C3HF721.1603.160.03
2N20.90300.03
CO1.0421.930.09
CF42.8179.040.06
C2F617.39323.660.06
), ArticleFig(id=1193616291295625651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230806253535454, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Each component content of new C4F7N, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体组分含量/(μL/L)气体组分含量/(μL/L)
N2297CHF5CL—
CO1.42CH2F4343
CF40.006C4F8—
C2F6—C3F61.45
C3F80.19C2F5CN3025
C2H3F3—C3HF7—
), ArticleFig(id=1193616291358540212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230806253535454, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

C4F7N新气各组分含量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体组分含量/(μL/L)气体组分含量/(μL/L)
N2297CHF5CL—
CO1.42CH2F4343
CF40.006C4F8—
C2F6—C3F61.45
C3F80.19C2F5CN3025
C2H3F3—C3HF7—
), ArticleFig(id=1193616291429843381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230806253535454, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Test results of C4F7N gas concentration, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目浓度/(μL/L)
5.010.020.050.0100.0200.0
检测值/(μL/L)5.110.420.550.6102.1201.3
误差/%2.04.02.51.22.10.7
重复性/%0.25
检测限/(μL/L)0.65
响应时间/s28
), ArticleFig(id=1193616291509535158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230806253535454, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

C4F7N气体浓度检测结果

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项目浓度/(μL/L)
5.010.020.050.0100.0200.0
检测值/(μL/L)5.110.420.550.6102.1201.3
误差/%2.04.02.51.22.10.7
重复性/%0.25
检测限/(μL/L)0.65
响应时间/s28
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电气设备用全氟异丁腈环保绝缘气体检测技术
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何洁 1 , 颜湘莲 1 , 刘伟 2 , 黄印 1
绝缘材料 | 环保绝缘气体专题 2025,58(2): 85-91
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绝缘材料 | 环保绝缘气体专题 2025, 58(2): 85-91
电气设备用全氟异丁腈环保绝缘气体检测技术
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何洁1, 颜湘莲1, 刘伟2, 黄印1
作者信息
  • 1中国电力科学研究院有限公司，北京 100192
  • 2国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，安徽 合肥 230601

    • 何洁（1983-），女（白族），贵州毕节人，高级工程师，主要从事电气设备SF6环保替代及检测技术、高压开关设备的研究工作。

Detection technology of environment-friendly insulating gas heptafluoroisobutyronitrile for electrical equipment
Jie HE1, Xianglian YAN1, Wei LIU2, Yin HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
  • 2Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Anhui Electric Power Co., Ltd., Hefei 230601, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.012
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摘要
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全氟异丁腈（C4F7N）具有优异的绝缘性能和较低的温室效应，是当前用于电气设备绝缘的主流环保气体。由于C4F7N与SF6的理化特性差异较大，现有SF6检测技术及设备无法满足C4F7N混合气体的应用需求。本文参考运行设备中SF6气体的带电检测技术，开展C4F7N/CO2气体的检测方法研究。提出了采用基于高精度氦离子化检测器的气相色谱检测气体纯度和组分、采用热导原理检测C4F7N占比和阻容传感器法监测微水含量、采用非分光红外技术结合朗伯-比尔定律定量监测漏气故障等现场检测方案，开发了相应的检测装置，并对气体状态开展检测和验证试验。结果表明：各项检测方案都具有较高的检测精度，可支撑C4F7N环保电气设备的运维检测和现场应用。

全氟异丁腈  /  环保电气设备  /  纯度  /  混合比  /  泄漏

Heptafluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) has excellent insulation properties and low greenhouse effect, and is currently the mainstream environment-friendly gas used for electrical equipment insulation. Because of the large differences in physical and chemical properties between C4F7N and SF6, the current SF6 detection technology and equipment can not meet the application requirements of C4F7N gas mixture. In this paper, the detection method of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture was studied by referring to the live detection technology of SF6 gas in operating equipment. The field detection schemes were proposed, which included using gas chromatography to detect purity and composition of gas based on high-precision helium ionization detector, using thermal conductivity principle to detect C4F7N ratio, using resistance capacitance sensor method to monitor micro-water content, and using non-spectral infrared technology combined with Lambert-Bill rule to quantitatively monitor gas leakage fault, and the corresponding detection devices were developed to carry out the detection and verification test for gas state. The results show that all detection schemes have high detection accuracy and can support the operation and maintenance testing and field application of C4F7N environment-friendly electrical equipment.

heptafluoroisobutyronitrile  /  environment-friendly electrical equipment  /  purity  /  mixing ratio  /  leakage
何洁, 颜湘莲, 刘伟, 黄印. 电气设备用全氟异丁腈环保绝缘气体检测技术. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (2) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.012
Jie HE, Xianglian YAN, Wei LIU, Yin HUANG. Detection technology of environment-friendly insulating gas heptafluoroisobutyronitrile for electrical equipment[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (2) : 85 -91 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.012
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0 引言
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自20世纪50年代以来，SF6气体因具有优异性能被作为灭弧和绝缘介质广泛应用于电气设备中。但SF6是一种强温室效应气体，其全球升温潜势（GWP）达到CO2的24 300倍，且大气寿命约为3 200年，SF6的排放对大气环境可能带来永久性的破坏，因此在1997年通过的《京都议定书》中其被列为限制排放的温室气体之一，在使用过程中需要严格加以控制[1-2]。随着国际上对低碳、减排等环保要求的提高，化工行业、电力行业相继制定了削减甚至禁止使用SF6的计划[3-5]。我国的SF6气体绝缘设备规模高居世界第一，SF6气体用量占全球的40%以上，而随着输、变、配电系统的高速发展，尤其是超/特高压电气设备的应用，SF6的使用量仍在持续增长，因此开发应用基于环保绝缘气体的电气设备成为电力行业关注的热点。
近年研究表明，全氟异丁腈（C4F7N）气体是最具潜力的SF6替代环保气体，其绝缘强度达到SF6的2倍以上，GWP为SF6的10%以下[6-8]。将C4F7N与CO2的混合气体用于电气设备的可行性已被充分论证，国外GE公司和ABB公司研发了采用C4F7N混合气体的145/170 kV气体绝缘开关设备（GIS）和断路器、245 kV电流互感器、420 kV气体绝缘金属封闭输电线路（GIL）和充气柜（环网柜），均投入了工程应用[9-10]。2017年以来，国内多家科研院所、高校和设备制造企业陆续完成了C4F7N混合气体绝缘电气设备的设计研发、生产制造、示范应用和推广落地，先后研制成功C4F7N混合气体绝缘的1 100 kV环保输电管道、12 kV环保环网柜、12 kV开关柜、10 kV气体绝缘变压器、126 kV GIS母线等设备并实现工程应用，目前正积极开展110～500 kV变电站用C4F7N气体绝缘环保断路器、GIS和GIL的研制和应用研究[11-13]。
为了全面支撑C4F7N环保电气设备的工程应用，提供运维检测技术方案和现场应用依据，本文开展C4F7N/CO2气体的带电检测方法研究，包括气体的纯度及组分检测、C4F7N混合比及微水检测和泄漏检测，研制出相应的检测装置并对气体状态开展检测和验证试验。
1 气体纯度及组分检测
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1.1 技术原理及方案
C4F7N气体纯度决定其绝缘性能，应用于电气设备前应对气体成分进行检测，确定气体纯度。电气设备在运行中若发生放电、过热等故障时，C4F7N混合气体会分解产生气体，对分解气体的组分进行检测有助于判别故障类型和严重程度。目前SF6气体纯度及组分的检测方法有化学检测管法、传感器法、气相色谱法、光声光谱法和红外光谱法等[14]。对于C4F7N的组分检测，目前常用的检测方法有热导检测器法、红外光谱法等，但不能检测其分解产物的特征组分，而且检测效率较低、检出限不理想。
参考SF6气体纯度及组分的检测，选择气相色谱法检测C4F7N纯度及其混合气体的分解产物组分，一次进样就可以完成C4F7N混合气体中各种杂质的分析，避免多次进样引入的仪器和人为误差，具有耗气量少、检测限低、准确性高、分析时间短等优点。
利用气体作为流动相的气相色谱法，要求载气和被测物不发生作用，一般采用氢、氦等惰性气体来载送试样进入色谱柱中。被测气体进入色谱柱后，由于不同气体在流动相和固定相间的分配系数不同，在两相间的溶解、吸附等作用力不同，通过反复多次吸附和脱附的分配过程，使原来分配系数差异微小的各组分产生较大的分离效果进而实现分离，并按照被分离的时间顺序流入检测器中检测并形成色谱流出曲线，实现定量检测。
1.2 检测装置研制及测试
首先，针对特定的杂质组分选择合适的色谱柱进行分离，避免杂质之间的干扰。一方面要考虑采用不同的合成技术路线生产C4F7N时产生的杂质；另一方面要考虑在电气设备发生内部放电或过热故障时C4F7N混合气体的分解产物，大致可分为两类：一类是与缓冲气体CO2相关的产物，如CO、CO2、C2O3F6；另一类是与C4F7N自身相关的产物，如全氟烷烃（CF4、C2F6、C3F8、C3F6、C2F4、C4F6、C4F8、 i-C4F10）和腈类物质（CF3CN、C2F5CN、CNCN）。
其次，针对C4F7N气体中较低含量的杂质选择合适的检测器，以满足更高的检出限要求。常用的检测器包括热导检测器（TCD）、电子捕获检测器（ECD）、氦离子化检测器（HID）、脉冲放电氦离子化检测器（PDHID）、质谱检测器（MSD）、火焰光度检测器（FPD）和氢火焰离子化检测器（FID）[15]等。其中PDHID是基于潘宁效应（Penning effect），利用β射线、高压直流放电、脉冲放电、光辐射等能量将被测组分电离，再收集电离后的微离子流并放大形成电流信号，对电流信号进行记录并分析，获得不同组分的检测结果。选用PDHID替代常用的热导检测器可提高检测灵敏度和检测限。
最后，通过对各个切换阀进行合理切换，简化色谱分析流程，缩短色谱分析时间，提高色谱分析的工作效率。
本研究基于PDHID的气相色谱原理研发了C4F7N/CO2气体成分检测装置，采用了4个切换阀和2个PDHID，第一色谱柱为C4F7N专用分析预柱，第二色谱柱为C4F7N专用分析柱、第三色谱柱为氟碳化合物分析毛细柱。
气相色谱检测流程如图1所示，图中1～4为切换阀，5～7为色谱柱，8～12为载气，13～14为定量管，15是样品进气口，16是样品出口，17～20为针阀，21为三通，22为检测器1，23为检测器2。切换阀1采用自动进样方式，经过定量管13的C4F7N/CO2混合气体中氟碳化合物利用色谱柱7来分离，进入检测器1分析，此时C4F7N和CO2被放空。切换阀3为十通反吹进样方式，经过定量管14的C4F7N/CO2混合气体，先通过色谱柱5实现样品的预分离，放空CO2气体，使得N2、CO、CF4、CO2、C2F6先进入色谱柱6进行分离再由检测器2分析。最终可实现10余种气体组分的检测分析。
1.3 典型色谱图
采用外标法（峰面积归一法）对气体成分进行定量检测，配置的主要标气包括N2、CO、CF4（R14）、C2F6（R116）、C3F8（八氟丙烷）、CHF5Cl（R125）、CH3F3（R143a）、CH2F4（R134a）、C3F6（六氟丙烯）、C2F5CN（五氟丙腈）、C3HF7等，气体浓度为5～50 μL/L。检测器1可检测分析7种气体：C3F8、CHF5Cl、C3F6、CH3F3、CH2F4、C2F5CN、C3HF7，检测器2可检测分析4种气体：N2、CO、CF4、C2F6，相应的典型色谱图如图2所示，各组分的出峰时间、分离度和检测限如表1所示。从表1可以看出，本研究的C4F7N/CO2气体成分检测装置可实现上述气体组分的分离检测，检测限均低于0.10 μL/L。
1.4 试验验证
用C4F7N/CO2气体成分检测装置分析某制造厂的C4F7N新气，得到色谱图如图3所示。从图3可以看出，C4F7N新气中杂质组分主要有N2、CO、CF4、C3F8、C3F6、C2F5CN、CH2F4等，各组分含量列于表2中，得到C4F7N气体的纯度为99.63%。
2 气体混合比及湿度检测
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2.1 气体混合比检测原理
C4F7N/CO2气体的混合比是指C4F7N与CO2的体积比，与检测组分相比，检测C4F7N/CO2混合比仅需要对C4F7N和CO2两种气体含量进行标定，且对检测限要求较低，因此可选择热导法进行检测。
热导法是一种基于热传导原理的检测方法。各种气体具有不同的导热系数即不同的热传导速度，因此可以基于被测气体与纯净空气导热性的差异，利用电路将其转化为电阻的变化从而得到被测气体的含量。热导气体传感器检测示意图如图4所示，将被测气体送入图4(a)所示的检测气室后，对气室中央的热导传感器进行加热，达到一定温度后，如果被测气体的导热系数较高，就会散发热量使其电阻变小，输出电流通过图4(b)所示的信号调理与转换电路转变为不平衡电压的输出，通过电压的变化体现被测气体导热系数的变化，从而实现被测气体体积含量的检测[16-17]。
2.2 微水检测原理
目前，现场检测SF6气体中微水含量普遍应用的方法主要包括露点法（冷镜法）和阻容传感器法。冷镜法是通过制冷对镜面进行降温，使镜面达到水汽冷凝结露需要的温度，即气体的露点温度，然后测得冷凝水含量。由于C4F7N气体的液化温度为-4.7℃，与微水的露点温度较为接近，该方法不适合用于C4F7N及其混合气体的微水检测。
阻容传感器的基本结构如图5所示，由上电极、阻容式湿敏电容、下电极、玻璃底球组成，其中阻容式湿敏电容是由高分子薄膜制成的元件。当环境的相对湿度发生改变时，湿敏电容的高分子薄膜介电常数和电阻率发生变化，使其电容量和电阻值也发生变化，电容变化量与相对湿度成正比，电阻变化量与相对湿度成反比，通过电容和电阻的变化可实现微水含量的检测。
2.3 联合检测装置研制及测试
基于热导原理检测气体混合比和传感器检测微水的特点，可将二者集成于同一个仪器内。本研究研制了C4F7N/CO2气体的混合比和微水联合检测装置，可检测C4F7N/CO2气体中C4F7N、CO2、混入的空气及微水含量。
采用O2传感器检测设备中的空气含量。基于电化学原理，采用模糊控制技术进行精确控温来实现恒温。采用高精度带温度补偿的热导传感器，结合双重恒温绝热系统，最大限度地保证测量过程不受气体温度和环境温度影响，快速获取稳定可靠的C4F7N体积占比。CO2含量为气体总量（100%）减去C4F7N和空气的含量得到。采用外标法标定，使用已知混合比的系列标准物质（C4F7N/CO2气体）对输出信号进行标定校准，得到相应的标定曲线，用于测量待测C4F7N/CO2气体的混合比。
通过上述恒温绝热系统，不同温度的被测气体可快速升温到高于环境温度的特定温度，再用特殊的绝热材料将传感器与环境隔离，可最大限度地减少热辐射，消除环境温度变化引起的误差。采用高分子膜湿度传感器及零点自动校准、增益回归技术，可准确测量微水含量。
采用该检测装置对出厂的C4F7N/CO2气体（标示的C4F7N体积分数为10%、微水浓度<100 μL/L）进行检测，检测结果如图6所示。从图6可知，所测C4F7N/CO2混合气体中C4F7N体积分数为9.9%，微水浓度为90.98 μL/L，与气体出厂标示的结果接近。
对开展绝缘试验前后的12 kV C4F7N/CO2混合气体绝缘负荷开关环网柜的气体混合比和微水含量进行检测。首先向环网柜中充入6%C4F7N/94%CO2混合气体至气体压强为0.14 MPa，用装置检测到C4F7N的体积分数为5.7%，微水浓度为111.0 μL/L，然后对环网柜进行工频耐压和雷电冲击耐压试验，再次检测得到C4F7N的体积分数为5.8%，微水浓度为571.4 μL/L，结果如图7所示。可以看出气体混合比检测结果在装置的检测误差范围内，未发生改变；由于试验未放置吸附剂，微水浓度检测结果有所提高。
3 泄漏检测
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3.1 技术原理
当电气设备中C4F7N/CO2气体出现泄漏，设备的绝缘性能会降低从而引起其内部缺陷或故障，因此需定期对C4F7N/CO2气体电气设备进行泄漏检测。传统的SF6电气设备泄漏检测方法包括抽真空检漏法、皂水法、包扎法、压力降法、“卤素效应”检漏法、热导检测器法等。这些传统检测方法虽然成本低，但其共同的缺点在于精度较低且需要测试人员接近设备进行检测。近年来，国内外开发了超声检测法、激光成像法、红外成像检测法、红外吸收检测法等非接触式光学泄漏检测方法。其中红外吸收检测法具有测试设备寿命长、体积小、易于集成、可定量检测等优点，在SF6气体设备泄漏检测中得到了广泛应用[18]，本研究选择该技术对C4F7N/CO2气体设备进行泄漏检测。
红外吸收检测法是利用中红外滤光片结合宽带红外光源获取C4F7N/CO2气体特定波段的红外光，从而实现对两种气体的定量检测。当红外光源发出宽波长范围的红外光穿过被测气体时，C4F7N气体会对红外光进行选择性吸收导致光强度衰减，而光强度的衰减程度与被测气体的浓度成正比，通过测量光强度的衰减量就可以计算得到被测气体中C4F7N的含量。根据朗伯-比尔定律，假设入射光是平行光，其强度为I0，出射光的强度为I，L为入射点到出射点的光路距离，则待测气体浓度c满足式（3）。
c=- 1kLlnII0
式（3）中，k为摩尔吸光系数，与吸收气体的性质及入射光的波长λ有关。
由式（3）可知，在波长为λ的入射光下，若测得气体的吸光系数k，则可求得C4F7N的浓度。
3.2 检测装置研制及测试
研制基于红外吸收检测技术的检测装置除了需要确定合适的探测器、红外吸收波段外，还应解决光源和光路的不稳定、探测器的噪声、电路器件的零漂以及环境的变化对检测灵敏度影响的问题。
目前常用的气体探测器分为分光型和非分光型。分光型气体探测器是通过分光系统分离出单色光之后将光线导入气室内，再由探测器进行光强度检测，其检测精度高，可以分离出波段很窄的单色光，但是由于分光系统复杂、体积大，通常用于实验室的光谱分析仪器中；非分光型气体探测器是在光源直接把具有连续光谱的红外光输入气室后，通过探测器上所安装的滤光片对所需要的波段进行选择性吸收，其系统简单，对红外光源没有要求。考虑到现场检测小型化、便携性的应用需求，采用非分光型气体探测器，滤光片选择对应气体的吸收波段。
C4F7N气体的红外光谱（IR）如图8所示。由图8可知，C4F7N的主要吸收谱带位于980～1 400 cm-1，为了与C2F6、CF3CN及其他分解产物的主要吸收谱带基本无重叠，选取1 240～1 290 cm-1波段作为C4F7N/CO2气体泄漏的检测波段。
在实际应用中，C4F7N气体在红外波段吸收的光强度很小，只占红外光源光强度的几千分之一，要克服外界的干扰并精确地检测C4F7N气体的浓度非常困难。本研究采用差分吸收检测技术将光源发出的光分成信号信息和参考信息来解决上述问题，前者包含待测气体的特征吸收波长，后者包含待测气体未被吸收的波长。另外由于光源光路的不稳定性及电路器件零漂等对各路信息的影响相同，通过对比消除它们的影响，可获取比较准确的气体浓度信息。
综上，选取1 263 cm-1作为红外光检测波数，采用非分光型气体探测器和差分吸收检测技术研制了用于检测电气设备中C4F7N气体泄漏量的气体泄漏检测装置，该装置对于C4F7N气体泄漏的浓度检测范围为0～200 μL/L。
通过动态配气仪配制不同C4F7N浓度（5、10、20、50、100、200 μL/L）的C4F7N/CO2混合气体，设置标准泄漏源，然后采用C4F7N气体泄漏装置进行检测，检测结果如表3所示，可以看出检测误差低于5%，检测限小于1 μL/L，检测效果较好。
4 结论
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（1）综合考虑C4F7N气体杂质及电气设备发生内部放电或过热故障时C4F7N/CO2混合气体的分解产物选择合适的色谱柱，采用具有高灵敏度的脉冲放电氦离子化检测器，通过合理地对各个切换阀进行切换，研制了C4F7N/CO2气相色谱检测装置，一次进样就可以完成对各种杂质的分析，避免多次进样引入的仪器和人为误差，且耗气量少、检测限低，提高了C4F7N混合气体组分分析的准确性。
（2）基于热导法和阻容传感器法研制电气设备中C4F7N与CO2气体混合比及微水联合检测装置，采用高精度带温度补偿的热导传感器并通过模糊控制技术精确控温，最大限度地保证测量过程不受气体温度和环境温度影响，提高了检测精度。通过对绝缘试验前后的环网柜进行气体混合比及微水含量检测，初步验证了检测装置良好的检测效果。
（3）排除主要分解物的吸收谱带重叠，选取1 240～1 290 cm-1波段红外光作为C4F7N气体检测波段。综合考虑便携、易于集成及精度等因素，采用非分光型气体探测器和差分吸收检测技术研制了C4F7N气体泄漏检测装置，对不同浓度的混合气体进行检测，实现了低于1 μL/L的检测限且检测误差低于5%。
基金
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  • 国家电网有限公司科技项目(GY7122007)
文献
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2025年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.012
  • 接收时间：2024-08-14
  • 首发时间：2025-11-06
  • 出版时间：2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-14
  • 修回日期：2024-10-17
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国家电网有限公司科技项目(GY7122007)
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    1中国电力科学研究院有限公司，北京 100192
    2国网安徽省电力有限公司电力科学研究院，安徽 合肥 230601
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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