Article(id=1193230902722523753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1732032000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-20, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762418016366, onlineDateStr=2025-11-06, pubDate=1739980800000, pubDateStr=2025-02-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762418016366, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-06, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762418016366, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762418016366, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1193230615618220608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='138', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762417947916, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762418457365, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1193232752444145867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1193230615618220608, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1193230903913706091, articleId=1193230902722523753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on application of new eco-friendly insulating gas in high-voltage electrical equipment, columnId=1193230616230588994, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on Eco-friendly Insulating Gas, runingTitle=null, highlight=

In this paper, the research progress on new eco-friendly insulating gases at home and abroad was reviewed, and the international mainstream promotion of perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) gas and its application in electrical equipment were expounded emphatically. The gap and surface insulation characteristics of C4F7N gas mixture were summarized, and the design criteria of the related equipment insulation was proposed. The decomposition characteristics and gas-solid compatibility evaluation indices of C4F7N gas mixture under different operating conditions were analyzed. Additionally, the research progress on arc-quenching performance of C4F7N and its gas mixture and the development and application of a series of eco-friendly equipment were introduced, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the environmental protection upgrade of SF6 electrical equipment in the current stage. Meanwhile, it was noted that the research and development efforts on new eco-friendly insulating gases with superior performance were still ongoing at home and abroad, which can provide technical support for the construction of a green and low-carbon power grid.

, articleAbstract=

In this paper, the research progress on new eco-friendly insulating gases at home and abroad was reviewed, and the international mainstream promotion of perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) gas and its application in electrical equipment were expounded emphatically. The gap and surface insulation characteristics of C4F7N gas mixture were summarized, and the design criteria of the related equipment insulation was proposed. The decomposition characteristics and gas-solid compatibility evaluation indices of C4F7N gas mixture under different operating conditions were analyzed. Additionally, the research progress on arc-quenching performance of C4F7N and its gas mixture and the development and application of a series of eco-friendly equipment were introduced, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the environmental protection upgrade of SF6 electrical equipment in the current stage. Meanwhile, it was noted that the research and development efforts on new eco-friendly insulating gases with superior performance were still ongoing at home and abroad, which can provide technical support for the construction of a green and low-carbon power grid.

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本文综述了国内外关于新环保绝缘气体的研究进展,重点围绕国际主流推广的全氟异丁腈(C4F7N)气体及其在电气设备中的应用,总结了C4F7N混合气体的间隙、沿面绝缘特性并提出了相关设备绝缘的设计依据,分析了其在不同工况下的分解特性与气-固相容性评价指标,介绍了C4F7N及其混合气体灭弧性能的研究进展和系列环保设备的研发及应用情况,为当前阶段SF6电气设备环保化升级提供理论参考。同时指出目前国内外仍在开展性能优异的新环保绝缘气体研发攻关,为绿色低碳电网建设提供技术支撑。

, articleAbstract=

本文综述了国内外关于新环保绝缘气体的研究进展,重点围绕国际主流推广的全氟异丁腈(C4F7N)气体及其在电气设备中的应用,总结了C4F7N混合气体的间隙、沿面绝缘特性并提出了相关设备绝缘的设计依据,分析了其在不同工况下的分解特性与气-固相容性评价指标,介绍了C4F7N及其混合气体灭弧性能的研究进展和系列环保设备的研发及应用情况,为当前阶段SF6电气设备环保化升级提供理论参考。同时指出目前国内外仍在开展性能优异的新环保绝缘气体研发攻关,为绿色低碳电网建设提供技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
高克利(1966-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事SF6环保替代技术与装备、高压设备运行技术等研究工作。
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颜湘莲(1977-),女(汉族),湖南郴州人,教授级高级工程师,博士,主要从事SF6环保替代气体及输变电设备、高压开关设备等研究工作。

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颜湘莲(1977-),女(汉族),湖南郴州人,教授级高级工程师,博士,主要从事SF6环保替代气体及输变电设备、高压开关设备等研究工作。

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颜湘莲(1977-),女(汉族),湖南郴州人,教授级高级工程师,博士,主要从事SF6环保替代气体及输变电设备、高压开关设备等研究工作。

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Simulation study on interruption performance of SF6 alternative gas in disconnector, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1193616255702758301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, awardId=5108-202218280A-2-219-XG, language=CN, fundingSource=国家电网公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-219-XG), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1193616255765672862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, awardId=2017YFB0902500, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0902500), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193616251294544744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616251302933353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, companyId=1193616251294544744, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616251307127658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, companyId=1193616251294544744, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1中国电力科学研究院有限公司 电网环境保护全国重点实验室,北京 100192)]), AuthorCompany(id=1193616251374236523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616251428762476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, companyId=1193616251374236523, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430015, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193616251495871341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, companyId=1193616251374236523, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,湖北 武汉 430015)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1193616255195247511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The electric field strength of gap discharge varying with pressure and the volume fraction of C4F7N, figureFileSmall=R9KyA6TnOsbHQmGBR+FnvA==, figureFileBig=rdvM6nPedLFLJCrb03H4Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616255291716504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, language=CN, label=图1, caption=间隙放电场强随气压和C4F7N体积分数的变化, figureFileSmall=R9KyA6TnOsbHQmGBR+FnvA==, figureFileBig=rdvM6nPedLFLJCrb03H4Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1193616255383991193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Key parameter comparison between new eco-friendly insulating gases and SF6, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体相对绝缘强度沸点/℃GWP值大气寿命
SF61.0-63.824 3003 000年
CF3I1.2-22.512天
c-C4F81.3-6.08 7001 400年
C4F7N2.2-4.72 75030年
C5F10O2.026.5<116天
C6F12O2.749.015天
HFO-1234ze(E)0.8-19610天
HFO-1336mzz(E)1.87.518/
), ArticleFig(id=1193616255446905754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新环保绝缘气体与SF6气体的关键参数比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体相对绝缘强度沸点/℃GWP值大气寿命
SF61.0-63.824 3003 000年
CF3I1.2-22.512天
c-C4F81.3-6.08 7001 400年
C4F7N2.2-4.72 75030年
C5F10O2.026.5<116天
C6F12O2.749.015天
HFO-1234ze(E)0.8-19610天
HFO-1336mzz(E)1.87.518/
), ArticleFig(id=1193616255518208923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Evaluation indicators for gas-solid material compatibility of C4F7N/CO2 gas mixture, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价对象相容性良好指标相容性不足指标
绝缘气体气体主成分无变化:C4F7N体积占比减少≤1%产生分解气体(如CF4、C2F6等),含量具有明显增长趋势
固体材料金属

表面形貌和元素成分无明显变化

沿面闪络电压降幅≤10%

随温度变化压缩永久变形率≤1%

材料性能变化较大,不满足设备现场运行要求
环氧树脂
橡胶
), ArticleFig(id=1193616255576929180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1193230902722523753, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

C4F7N/CO2混合气体的气-固材料相容性评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
评价对象相容性良好指标相容性不足指标
绝缘气体气体主成分无变化:C4F7N体积占比减少≤1%产生分解气体(如CF4、C2F6等),含量具有明显增长趋势
固体材料金属

表面形貌和元素成分无明显变化

沿面闪络电压降幅≤10%

随温度变化压缩永久变形率≤1%

材料性能变化较大,不满足设备现场运行要求
环氧树脂
橡胶
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新环保绝缘气体应用于高压电气设备的研究进展
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颜湘莲 1 , 高克利 1 , 王雯 1 , 黄印 1 , 王浩 1 , 姚尧 2
绝缘材料 | 环保绝缘气体专题 2025,58(2): 1-8
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绝缘材料 | 环保绝缘气体专题 2025, 58(2): 1-8
新环保绝缘气体应用于高压电气设备的研究进展
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颜湘莲1, 高克利1, 王雯1, 黄印1, 王浩1, 姚尧2
作者信息
  • 1中国电力科学研究院有限公司 电网环境保护全国重点实验室,北京 100192
  • 2国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,湖北 武汉 430015
  • 颜湘莲(1977-),女(汉族),湖南郴州人,教授级高级工程师,博士,主要从事SF6环保替代气体及输变电设备、高压开关设备等研究工作。

通讯作者:

高克利(1966-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事SF6环保替代技术与装备、高压设备运行技术等研究工作。
Research progress on application of new eco-friendly insulating gas in high-voltage electrical equipment
Xianglian YAN1, Keli GAO1, Wen WANG1, Yin HUANG1, Hao WANG1, Yao YAO2
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
  • 2Electric Power Research Institute of State Grid Hubei Electric Power Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430015, China
出版时间: 2025-02-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.001
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本文综述了国内外关于新环保绝缘气体的研究进展,重点围绕国际主流推广的全氟异丁腈(C4F7N)气体及其在电气设备中的应用,总结了C4F7N混合气体的间隙、沿面绝缘特性并提出了相关设备绝缘的设计依据,分析了其在不同工况下的分解特性与气-固相容性评价指标,介绍了C4F7N及其混合气体灭弧性能的研究进展和系列环保设备的研发及应用情况,为当前阶段SF6电气设备环保化升级提供理论参考。同时指出目前国内外仍在开展性能优异的新环保绝缘气体研发攻关,为绿色低碳电网建设提供技术支撑。

新环保绝缘气体  /  高压电气设备  /  C4F7N环保气体  /  绝缘设计  /  气-固相容性评价

In this paper, the research progress on new eco-friendly insulating gases at home and abroad was reviewed, and the international mainstream promotion of perfluoroisobutyronitrile (C4F7N) gas and its application in electrical equipment were expounded emphatically. The gap and surface insulation characteristics of C4F7N gas mixture were summarized, and the design criteria of the related equipment insulation was proposed. The decomposition characteristics and gas-solid compatibility evaluation indices of C4F7N gas mixture under different operating conditions were analyzed. Additionally, the research progress on arc-quenching performance of C4F7N and its gas mixture and the development and application of a series of eco-friendly equipment were introduced, so as to provide a theoretical reference for the environmental protection upgrade of SF6 electrical equipment in the current stage. Meanwhile, it was noted that the research and development efforts on new eco-friendly insulating gases with superior performance were still ongoing at home and abroad, which can provide technical support for the construction of a green and low-carbon power grid.

new eco-friendly insulating gas  /  high-voltage electrical equipment  /  C4F7N eco-friendly gas  /  insulation design  /  gas-solid compatibility evaluation
颜湘莲, 高克利, 王雯, 黄印, 王浩, 姚尧. 新环保绝缘气体应用于高压电气设备的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (2) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.001
Xianglian YAN, Keli GAO, Wen WANG, Yin HUANG, Hao WANG, Yao YAO. Research progress on application of new eco-friendly insulating gas in high-voltage electrical equipment[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (2) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.001
SF6是高压电气设备中应用最广泛的绝缘气体,但其全球增温潜势(GWP)为CO2的24 300倍,大气寿命长达3 000年以上,已被《京都议定书》明确限制使用和排放[1-2]。美国海洋与环境保护局(NOAA)统计显示,2015年全球SF6气体泄漏排放等效为CO2当量达到1.93亿吨。近年来,英美等发达国家陆续制定了SF6退出计划,从2026年起将逐步禁止新增设备使用SF6气体。我国SF6设备规模高居世界第一,每年新增用量超1万吨[3],SF6环保替代势在必行。
自20世纪80年代以来,SF6替代技术一直是国际环保气体领域的研究热点。CO2、N2和空气等自然气体成为SF6替代的首选,但其绝缘和灭弧性能难以满足设备运行要求。21世纪以来,随着国际降碳减排力度的不断增大,研究人员开展了CF3I、 c-C4F8等新环保气体应用于电气设备中的研究,但一直未取得技术突破,大多停留于实验室研究阶段。2020年我国提出了“双碳”战略和建设新型电力系统目标,国内外相继开发了C4F7N、C5F10O、HFO等系列新环保绝缘气体[4],攻克了这些气体在设备中应用的技术难题,研发了系列环保电工装备并实现工程应用。
C4F7N气体是目前国际上主流推广的应用于高压电气设备的工程化SF6环保替代气体[5]。本文立足于新环保绝缘气体在设备中应用的现状,对C4F7N环保气体的应用技术及其装备研究进展进行综述,并分析面临的技术挑战和取得的研究成果,为研发性能更优异的新环保绝缘气体提供技术参考。
传统环保气体CO2、空气、N2主要来源于自然界,而新环保绝缘气体大多由人工合成。自然气体的环保性能优异(GWP值≤1)、液化温度低(沸点低于SF6),但其绝缘性能仅为SF6气体的30%~50%,且灭弧性能差,应用于电气设备时可能改变设备结构并增大尺寸,从而导致经济性差和可靠性低等问题,增加了工程应用的难度。
早期国内外关于新环保绝缘气体的研究主要集中于CF3I和c-C4F8,近年主要有C4F7N、C5F10O、C6F12O、HFO-1234ze(E)/1336mzz(E)[4-11],这些气体与SF6气体的关键参数对比列于表1中。其中CF3I环保性能优异,但其放电后会析出碘单质污染电极,可靠性不足;c-C4F8的稳定性稍差,长期运行中会出现碳沉积现象,采用这两种气体研发的电气设备均未实现工程应用。对于应用较多的新环保绝缘气体,全氟酮类气体(C5F10O、C6F12O)的环保性能优异,但液化温度较高,限制了其在高电压等级设备中的应用;氢氟烯烃(HFO-1234ze(E)/1336mzz(E))具有易燃性,绝缘强度低或液化温度高,主要适用于中压设备;而C4F7N的综合性能优异,绝缘强度高,GWP值和大气寿命均较SF6气体显著降低,可应用于10~1 000 kV全电压等级设备。
由于C4F7N气体液化温度(-4.7℃)较高,需与CO2、N2等低液化温度的自然气体(称为缓冲气体)混合使用,以满足设备的使用环境温度要求。国内外开展了大量关于C4F7N及其混合气体在电气设备与装备中应用技术的研究,主要包括绝缘特性和设计依据、分解特性与气-固相容性评价、灭弧性能及系列环保设备方面取得的研究进展。
标准气压下C4F7N气体的绝缘强度是SF6的2.2倍。电气设备设计主要涉及间隙绝缘特性和沿面绝缘特性,C4F7N混合气体的绝缘特性与缓冲气体、电场分布、电压波形等因素密切相关,需要综合考虑这些因素从而提出设备绝缘设计依据。
(1)间隙绝缘特性
在均匀和稍不均匀电场中,工频电压作用时,0.88 MPa、1.04 MPa下3.7%C4F7N/96.3%CO2的放电电压分别与0.55 MPa、0.65 MPa下SF6的放电电压接近[12];与3种典型缓冲气体混合时,C4F7N混合气体绝缘协同效应从高到低依次为C4F7N/Air、C4F7N/CO2、C4F7N/N2[13]。雷电(LI)冲击电压作用时,9%C4F7N/91%CO2的放电电压约为相同气压下SF6的80%[14]。直流电压作用时,0.7 MPa下4%C4F7N/96%CO2的放电电压约为0.5 MPa下SF6的81.2%[15]
在极不均匀电场中雷电冲击电压作用时,0.7 MPa下9%C4F7N/91%CO2的放电电压约为0.4 MPa下SF6的80%[14]。与提高气压相比,增加C4F7N体积占比对C4F7N/N2混合气体的工频放电电压提升更明显。
(2)沿面绝缘特性
大量的试验结果表明,与间隙绝缘特性相比,气-固界面绝缘强度在设备设计中处于决定性作用。对于10 mm沿面绝缘,工频电压作用下,5%C4F7N/95%CO2的闪络电压约为相同气压下SF6的70.5%,而当C4F7N体积分数为13%时,混合气体的闪络电压提高到SF6的87.5%。LI冲击电压作用下,C4F7N/CO2与SF6的相对绝缘强度增大,C4F7N 体积分数为13%的C4F7N/CO2混合气体闪络电压 约为SF6的93%[16]。直流电压作用下,0.7 MPa下4%C4F7N/96%CO2的闪络电压为0.5 MPa下SF6的96%[15]
采用252 kV盆式绝缘子开展沿面放电真型试验,工频电压作用下,0.6 MPa下9%C4F7N/95%CO2的放电电压与0.5 MPa下SF6的接近。LI冲击电压作用下,0.7 MPa下C4F7N体积分数为5%、9%的C4F7N/CO2混合气体放电电压分别为0.5 MPa下SF6的92%、98%[17-18]
(3)绝缘设计依据
综合C4F7N/CO2混合气体间隙和沿面绝缘特性,发现放电电压随气压、C4F7N体积分数的增加逐渐趋于饱和,其中间隙场强随气压和C4F7N体积分数的变化如图1所示。结合设备使用环境温度不高于-15℃或-25℃的要求,参考SF6高压电器内绝缘设计原则[19],提出C4F7N/CO2设备的绝缘设计依据,即在0.7 MPa气压下,C4F7N/CO2混合气体的间隙、沿面场强控制值分别为26.4 kV/mm和12.5 kV/mm。
电气设备运行中需经受电、热等应力作用,C4F7N气体的稳定性稍弱于SF6,其在不同工况下的分解特性及与设备常用固体材料的兼容性对设备设计和长期可靠运行具有重要意义。
(1)不同工况下的分解特性
分子反应动力学计算结果表明,局部过热时,C4F7N在高温下可能先分解成C2F6、CF3C(F)CN及少量的CF4与C2N2。放电过程中,H2O解离生成的OH·和H·自由基会加速C4F7N的分解,进一步生成CF3H、CF2O、C3F7H、C3F6等产物[20-21]
C4F7N混合气体在不同工况下的分解特性试验结果表明,工频放电时,C4F7N/CO2会分解产生CO、CF4、C2F4、C2F6、C3F6、C3F8、C4F6、C4F10、C2N2、CF3CN、C2F5CN和HF,且试验后在气室和电极表面发现了固体产物,主要元素为氟、氮、硅和铜(电极材料)[22]。C4F7N/N2放电后在电极表面析出了棕色固体物质,如加入体积分数为4%~6%的O2可抑制固体产物的产生,加入2%~8%的O2可降低气体产物含量[23]。局部过热条件下,C4F7N/CO2的初始热分解温度约为650℃,在880℃左右C4F7N完全分解,其中在650℃时检测到CO,700℃时检测到C2F6和HF,800℃以上检测到COF2、CF3CN和C2F5CN[24]
(2)气-固材料相容性及评价
采用热加速和电热联合试验方法,开展了C4F7N混合气体与设备常用金属导体、环氧树脂和密封橡胶的相容性试验。在温度120~220℃下,10%C4F7N/90%CO2与纯铜、铝和铜镀银作用40 h后,铝和铜镀银表面颜色保持稳定,纯铜在120℃下颜色未发生显著变化,但随着金属界面温度上升,纯铜颜色明显加深,说明铜表面受到腐蚀[25-26],需引起关注。
C4F7N/CO2与环氧树脂在90~160℃下进行热加速试验后,环氧树脂的沿面闪络电压稳定,表面未检测到晶体析出或明显断层,当温度升至160℃时,9%C4F7N/91%CO2发生分解。5%C4F7N/95%CO2在环氧树脂沿面局放缺陷下会产生CF4、C3F8、C6F14、C3F6、C4F6、CF3CN、C12F7H17O2[27]。在10%C4F7N/90%CO2与双酚A型环氧树脂的热加速试验中,环氧树脂表面被轻微腐蚀,表面电阻率变化较小,二者相容性良好[28]
C4F7N/CO2与非金属材料在75~220℃下进行热加速试验后,其与弹性体反应生成了C3F7H,而与干燥剂反应生成了C3F7H和C3F6[29]。C4F7N与三元乙丙橡胶(EPDM)在130℃下老化42 d后,检测到CO2、C3F6、C2H4和C2H6等,EPDM的力学性能显著下降,微观形貌显示EPDM出现多层断面裂痕并析出亚硫酸盐晶体。10%C4F7N/90%CO2与EPDM在80℃下作用90 h后,检测到C3F6、CF3H、C2F5N, EPDM表面析出大量颗粒状晶体并伴有氟元素沉积[30]。以上结果说明C4F7N混合气体与EPDM的相容性不满足要求。
基于上述研究结果,提出了C4F7N/CO2混合气体与设备材料的相容性评价指标,列于表2中,确定了C4F7N环保设备工程化的材料选型方案:推荐采用氟橡胶替换EPDM,采用4A或5A分子筛作为吸附剂。
由于气体固有性能的限制,C4F7N的恢复能力较差,C4F7N及其混合气体的灭弧性能与大容量开断技术面临较大挑战。国外关于这方面的公开文献报道较少,现有研究主要采用磁流体动力学(MHD)方法仿真计算气体在不同电压等级、开断电流下的灭弧性能,试验研究集中于小电流开合场景,大容量开断技术正在攻关中。
MHD仿真结果表明,在12 kV负荷开关中,C4F7N/CO2表现出较好的熄弧能力,电弧电流过零前的熄弧尖峰较高[31],通过外加磁场或加深绝缘栅槽,可提高混合气体的电弧电压和电弧稳定性[32]。对于126 kV隔离开关,5%C4F7N/95%CO2具有开合1 600 A母线转移电流的能力[33]。在大电流开断场景中[34-36],C4F7N/CO2混合气体的熄弧性能出现明显下降趋势,充入少量O2有助于提高弧后热开断能力。对CO2/O2混合气体的燃弧过程进行MHD仿真,研究表明,在CO2/O2中混入C4F7N后,C4F7N/CO2/O2混合气体的绝缘恢复速度得到显著提升,其绝缘恢复能力优于C5F10O/CO2/O2混合气体和CO2/O2混合气体,当击穿延时<100 μs时,C4F7O/CO2/O2的绝缘恢复能力较CO2/O2提高了40%~100%[37-39]
C4F7N/CO2混合气体的灭弧性能模拟实验结果表明[37],自由燃弧期间其电弧能量累积量减小,电流过零前的能量耗散系数降低,增加气吹和拉弧可显著提升小电流阶段的弧后热开断能力。对于12 kV环网柜,0.14 MPa C4F7N混合气体的开断能力满足IEC标准要求,通过优化灭弧结构,可进一步提高开断能力[40]。与磁吹式、金属去离子栅式灭弧负荷开关相比,压气式灭弧负荷开关的开断性能最优,可多次开合12 kV/650 A有功负载电流,提高C4F7N体积占比可提升混合气体的灭弧性能。在126 kV、420 kV隔离开关中,对比测试C4F7N/CO2与SF6的灭弧性能,通过100次1 600 A母线转移电流试验结果表明,0.55 MPa下5%C4F7N/95%CO2的平均燃弧时间更短,较SF6燃弧时间减少3 ms,尽管混合气体隔离开关的开断性能弱于SF6,但均通过试验。5%C4F7N/89%CO2/6%O2混合气体可通过25 kA短路电流下单分、重合闸和合分完整循环试验,具备大电流灭弧能力[41]
上述仿真与试验结果表明,C4F7N混合气体具有开合数kA及以下小电流的灭弧性能,对SF6设备结构影响较小[42-44];但对于大容量开断场景,需开展设备灭弧结构优化、机械特性与气体参数适配及性能调控技术攻关,以满足断路器短路开断要求。
C4F7N气体以其优异的综合性能,代替SF6在高压电气设备中得到了推广应用。美国GE公司、日立能源(原ABB高压公司)等国际设备厂商基于C4F7N气体技术路线,研发了断路器、GIS、GIL、PT等系列设备并实现工程应用,国内科研机构与设备厂家联合研发了12 kV至特高压的全电压等级环保设备[45-53],正在开展示范应用。
2017年,美国GE公司率先研发了采用C4F7N/CO2混合气体的420 kV环保GIL,并在英国曼宁变电站投运,GIL工程应用超过10 km;随后推出了采用6%C4F7N/89%CO2/5%O2混合气体的145 kV GIS,其在欧洲应用的电压等级覆盖50~145 kV,运行最低环境温度为-25℃,目前该设备在全球应用超过500个间隔,另外420 kV GIS也正在开发中。2020年,C4F7N被欧盟推荐为不改变高压开关设备结构前提下SF6的最优替代气体。日立能源与GE公司采用C4F7N混合气体技术路线,联合研发了170 kV GIS,并于2023年在上海宁国站投运,另外还推出了采用3.5%C4F7N/86.5%CO2/10%O2混合气体的420 kV/63 kA罐式断路器及GIS,运行环境温度为-30℃,在美国已应用10余个间隔。此外,2024年日立能源在CIGRE大会上发布了采用C4F7N/CO2/O2混合气体的550 kV GIS。同年,韩国晓星研发了采用C4F7N/CO2混合气体的170 kV/50 kA GIS。
2017年,中国电力科学研究院牵头的团队承担了国家重点研发计划项目“环保型管道输电关键技术”,掀起了国内研究C4F7N等新环保绝缘气体及其在设备中的应用研究热潮。该项目团队研制了国际首台采用C4F7N/CO2的1 100 kV特高压环保GIL,于2020年在特高压交流基地开展了带电运行试验;还研发了采用C4F7N混合气体的绝缘环网柜、126~252 kV GIS母线和隔离/接地开关、550 kV GIL和10 kV变压器等系列装备[54-63]。南方电网公司等其他团队开展了大量的C4F7N及其设备技术与安全应用研究,研发了采用C4F7N混合气体的12 kV柱上开关、负荷开关柜、40.5 kV GIS等中压开关设备及126~252 kV环保GIS[64-68]。目前,这些环保设备已陆续在安徽、河南、河北、湖北、广东和云南等地的多个电网工程示范应用,促进了电网的绿色低碳转型。
国外厂商研发的C4F7N环保设备解决了灭弧和开断技术难题,国内仍在加紧开展大容量开断技术攻关,目前126 kV C4F7N气体断路器已通过关键性能试验考核。
本文总结了替代SF6用于高压电气设备的新环保绝缘气体研究进展,重点围绕C4F7N环保气体的应用技术和装备开展了详述,主要结论和展望如下:
(1)工程化应用的新环保绝缘气体主要有C4F7N、C5F10O、C6F12O及HFO-1234ze(E),其中后3种气体及探索中的HFO-136mzz(E)仅适用于10~35 kV电压等级,C4F7N混合气体则可覆盖10~1 000 kV全电压等级。
(2)C4F7N及其混合气体在电气设备中应用的绝缘设计、分解特性与气-固相容性等技术研究已取得突破,研发的电气装备覆盖10~1 000 kV绝缘应用场景,550 kV及以下设备实现了示范运行,国内正开展灭弧和开断技术攻关,加快研发126 kV断路器及GIS并实现工程应用。
(3)新环保绝缘气体的研发及应用是一个长期探索的过程,韩国提出了全氟甲基乙烯基醚(C3F6O,K6)气体,国内有团队开发了双氟甲基甲硫醚(CF3SCF3)气体,本项目团队开发了三氟甲基磺酰氟(CF3SO2F)气体,这些气体的关键性能及在设备中的应用技术仍在测试和开发中,有望提出性能更优异的电气设备用新环保气体。
  • 国家电网公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-219-XG)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0902500)
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2025年第58卷第2期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.02.001
  • 接收时间:2024-11-20
  • 首发时间:2025-11-06
  • 出版时间:2025-02-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-20
  • 修回日期:2024-11-26
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国家电网公司总部科技项目(5108-202218280A-2-219-XG)
国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFB0902500)
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    1中国电力科学研究院有限公司 电网环境保护全国重点实验室,北京 100192
    2国网湖北省电力有限公司电力科学研究院,湖北 武汉 430015

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高克利(1966-),男(汉族),河北沧州人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事SF6环保替代技术与装备、高压设备运行技术等研究工作。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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