Article(id=1192878363946664263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701360000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-01, revisedDate=1705420800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333964572, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333964572, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333964572, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333964572, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=91, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878364152185162, articleId=1192878363946664263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on electric field characteristics of GIS basin insulator with air gap defects and dielectric functionally graded materials, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Air gap defect is one of the common internal defects in GIS, which can cause electric field distortion. The introduction of dielectric functional graded materials can optimize the local electric field of basin insulators. However, under the combined effect of air gap defect and dielectric functional graded materials, its electric field characteristics are not yet known. Therefore, an electric field simulation model of GIS basin insulator with uniform medium and dielectric functional graded materials (ε-FGM) was built in this paper, and the influence of the existence of air gap and air gap position on the electric field distribution of insulators with uniform medium and ε-FGM was discussed. The results show that the introduced dielectric functional graded materials have a relatively ideal regulatory effect. When air gap defects are doped in a uniform medium, the field strength of air gap near the high-voltage conductor, insulator middle, and grounding shell will significantly increase, and the increase rate is 85.32%, 78.10%, and 68.69%, respectively. The influence trend of air gap defects on the electric field characteristics of insulators with ε-FGM is basically consistent with the influence trend on the uniform media, but from a specific numerical perspective, there is still a certain difference. Air gap defects have a greater impact on the electric field of insulators with ε-FGM. When designing insulators with ε-FGM, special attention should be paid to suppress the air gap defects in medium.

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气隙缺陷是GIS盆式绝缘子内部常见的缺陷之一,气隙会引起电场畸变,而介电功能梯度材料的引入可以优化盆式绝缘子的局部电场,但在气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料共同作用下,其电场特性尚未可知。因此,本文建立具有均匀介质和介电功能梯度材料(ε-FGM)的GIS盆式绝缘子电场仿真模型,讨论气隙的存在及气隙位置对于均匀介质和ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场分布的影响。结果表明:引入的介电功能梯度材料的调控效果较为理想。当均匀介质盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙时,靠近高压导体、绝缘子中部、靠近接地外壳3个气隙位置的场强均有明显的增加,电场增加率分别为85.32%、78.10%和68.69%。气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性影响趋势基本和对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响趋势一致,但从具体数值上看,气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性影响与对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响仍有一定的差异性。气隙缺陷对于介电功能梯度材料绝缘子电场值的影响更大,在设计介电功能梯度材料绝缘子时,应尤其注意对介质中气隙缺陷的抑制。

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吴彦亨(1990-),男(汉族),宁夏同心人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

罗艳(1990-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

马鹏欢(1994-),男(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电能质量指标监测与分析。

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吴彦亨(1990-),男(汉族),宁夏同心人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

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吴彦亨(1990-),男(汉族),宁夏同心人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

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罗艳(1990-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

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罗艳(1990-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

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马鹏欢(1994-),男(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电能质量指标监测与分析。

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马鹏欢(1994-),男(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电能质量指标监测与分析。

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Keyword(id=1193252860956734073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363946664263, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=电场特性)], refs=[Reference(id=1193252865469805198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363946664263, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=70, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=ZHENG Y, HAO Y, LIU L, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, refType=null, unstructuredReference= ZHENG Y, HAO Y, LIU L, et al. 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Study on partial discharge characteristics of GIS basin insulator bubble defects[D]. Xuzhou: China University of Mining and Technology,2020 ., articleTitle=Study on partial discharge characteristics of GIS basin insulator bubble defects, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1193252858280768087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363946664263, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193252858289156696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363946664263, companyId=1193252858280768087, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Technical Research Institute, Yinchuan 750002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1193252858297545305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363946664263, companyId=1193252858280768087, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, 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研究对象 介质材料 相对介电常数
外壳法兰 铸铝合金 10×107
中心导体 硬铝棒 10×107
腔体内介质 SF6 1.002
绝缘介质(均匀介质) 环氧树脂 6
绝缘介质(ε-FGM) 环氧树脂 变量
气隙 空气 1
), ArticleFig(id=1193252865213952653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878363946664263, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有限元计算的材料物性参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
研究对象 介质材料 相对介电常数
外壳法兰 铸铝合金 10×107
中心导体 硬铝棒 10×107
腔体内介质 SF6 1.002
绝缘介质(均匀介质) 环氧树脂 6
绝缘介质(ε-FGM) 环氧树脂 变量
气隙 空气 1
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考虑气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料的GIS盆式绝缘子电场特性研究
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吴彦亨 , 罗艳 , 马鹏欢 , 张琴琴
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(1): 91-96
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(1): 91-96
考虑气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料的GIS盆式绝缘子电场特性研究
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吴彦亨, 罗艳, 马鹏欢, 张琴琴
作者信息
  • 国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院,宁夏 银川 750002
  • 吴彦亨(1990-),男(汉族),宁夏同心人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

    罗艳(1990-),女(汉族),陕西咸阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电气设备故障诊断与检测;

    马鹏欢(1994-),男(汉族),甘肃庆阳人,工程师,主要研究方向为电能质量指标监测与分析。

Study on electric field characteristics of GIS basin insulator with air gap defects and dielectric functionally graded materials
Yanheng WU, Yan LUO, Penghuan MA, Qinqin ZHANG
Affiliations
  • State Grid Ningxia Electric Power Technical Research Institute, Yinchuan 750002, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.011
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气隙缺陷是GIS盆式绝缘子内部常见的缺陷之一,气隙会引起电场畸变,而介电功能梯度材料的引入可以优化盆式绝缘子的局部电场,但在气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料共同作用下,其电场特性尚未可知。因此,本文建立具有均匀介质和介电功能梯度材料(ε-FGM)的GIS盆式绝缘子电场仿真模型,讨论气隙的存在及气隙位置对于均匀介质和ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场分布的影响。结果表明:引入的介电功能梯度材料的调控效果较为理想。当均匀介质盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙时,靠近高压导体、绝缘子中部、靠近接地外壳3个气隙位置的场强均有明显的增加,电场增加率分别为85.32%、78.10%和68.69%。气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性影响趋势基本和对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响趋势一致,但从具体数值上看,气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性影响与对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响仍有一定的差异性。气隙缺陷对于介电功能梯度材料绝缘子电场值的影响更大,在设计介电功能梯度材料绝缘子时,应尤其注意对介质中气隙缺陷的抑制。

气隙缺陷  /  GIS盆式绝缘子  /  介电常数  /  功能梯度材料  /  有限元方法  /  电场特性

Air gap defect is one of the common internal defects in GIS, which can cause electric field distortion. The introduction of dielectric functional graded materials can optimize the local electric field of basin insulators. However, under the combined effect of air gap defect and dielectric functional graded materials, its electric field characteristics are not yet known. Therefore, an electric field simulation model of GIS basin insulator with uniform medium and dielectric functional graded materials (ε-FGM) was built in this paper, and the influence of the existence of air gap and air gap position on the electric field distribution of insulators with uniform medium and ε-FGM was discussed. The results show that the introduced dielectric functional graded materials have a relatively ideal regulatory effect. When air gap defects are doped in a uniform medium, the field strength of air gap near the high-voltage conductor, insulator middle, and grounding shell will significantly increase, and the increase rate is 85.32%, 78.10%, and 68.69%, respectively. The influence trend of air gap defects on the electric field characteristics of insulators with ε-FGM is basically consistent with the influence trend on the uniform media, but from a specific numerical perspective, there is still a certain difference. Air gap defects have a greater impact on the electric field of insulators with ε-FGM. When designing insulators with ε-FGM, special attention should be paid to suppress the air gap defects in medium.

air gap defect  /  GIS basin insulator  /  dielectric constant  /  functionally graded materials  /  finite element method  /  electric field characteristics
吴彦亨, 罗艳, 马鹏欢, 张琴琴. 考虑气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料的GIS盆式绝缘子电场特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 91 -96 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.011
Yanheng WU, Yan LUO, Penghuan MA, Qinqin ZHANG. Study on electric field characteristics of GIS basin insulator with air gap defects and dielectric functionally graded materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 91 -96 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.011
气体绝缘组合电器(GIS)因其绝缘性能好、占地面积小等诸多优点,得到了广泛应用[1-5]。其中盆式绝缘子在GIS中起电气绝缘和支撑高压电极的作用[6-7]
为了使GIS的设计更加紧凑和耐受更高的工作电压水平,通常通过合理的结构设计来优化电场,但是单纯从结构设计优化电场的手段十分受限,而引入介电功能梯度材料(ε-FGM)成为一种有效调控GIS绝缘子电场的方法[8-14]
随着3D打印等先进制造方法的成熟,功能梯度材料的制备变得更加便捷,促进了功能梯度材料在电力领域中的应用,功能梯度调控方法也得到理想的应用效果,例如应用介电功能梯度材料 (ε-FGM)可以有效降低GIS中固体绝缘与金属电极连接处的电场强度值。文献[8]对表层介电功能梯度绝缘子的介电常数分布优化进行研究,结果表明,优化后的圆台绝缘子电场更加均匀,放电起始电压和闪络电压分别提升了20%和21%。文献[12]为改善盆式绝缘子沿面电场分布,以径向介电常数分布为研究对象,提出了一种通过识别沿面最大场强位置反馈更新介电常数分布的全局优化算法,优化之后,上、下表面电场利用率均达到0.75以上。目前,介电功能梯度材料绝缘子虽然尚未开展大规模应用,但是在试点的试运行效果良好。
由于做工缺陷和运行时间的增加,GIS设备也不可避免地产生故障,其核心绝缘组件盆式绝缘子故障所占比例很大,约为35%,其中由气隙缺陷引发的故障占29%[15-16]。近年来,110 kV及以上等级GIS设备因内部存在上述缺陷而引发的绝缘故障在GIS投运前、启动调试以及运行过程中均有发生。因此盆式绝缘子的气隙缺陷越来越受到重视[17-19]。文献[18]通过三维有限元仿真分析同时结合验证性试验,从理论和试验上发现盆式绝缘子外部气隙宽度偏小,最终导致气隙发生局部放电。文献[17]基于有限元原理仿真计算了GIS盆式绝缘子内部分别含有气泡及缝隙等典型气隙缺陷时的电场分布,结果表明,电场畸变主要出现在缺陷处,气泡表面最大场强比无气泡时增大了50%左右。以上研究对认识ε-FGM对于盆式绝缘子电场的调控作用和气隙缺陷对于盆式绝缘子电气性能的影响具有重要的作用,但少有文献综合考虑含有气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料的GIS盆式绝缘子的电场特性。
基于此,本文引入具有均匀材料和介电功能梯度材料(ε-FGM)的GIS盆式绝缘子电场仿真模型,讨论气隙的存在及气隙位置对于均匀和ε-FGM绝缘子电场分布的影响,研究结果可为介电功能梯度材料的GIS盆式绝缘子设计提供参考。
本文研究含有气隙缺陷与介电功能梯度材料的GIS盆式绝缘子的电场分布,根据静电场原理,电位分布满足泊松方程,如式(1)所示。当 ρ(场中任一点电荷密度)为0时,拉普拉斯方程成立,如式(2)所示。
2 φ = 2 φ x 2 + 2 φ y 2 + 2 φ z 2 = - ρ ε
2 φ = 2 φ x 2 + 2 φ y 2 + 2 φ z 2 = 0
式(1)~(2)中:xyz分别表示空间坐标;ε为介质的介电常数; φ为电位; 2为拉普拉斯算子。
求解电场分布时,其变分问题与单元顶点的电位表达式如式(3)式(4)所示。
F ( φ ) = J ε 2 [ ( φ x ) 2 + ( φ y ) 2 + ( φ z ) 2 ] d V
F e ( φ e ) = J e ε 2 [ ( φ e x ) 2 + ( φ e y ) 2 + ( φ e z ) 2 ] d V e
式(3)~(4)中:J表示计算域;Je表示单元e计算域;dV表示体积元素;dVe表示单元e的体积元素。
F e ( φ e ) φ e导数为0,可得式(5),表示为矩阵,可得式(6)
F ( φ ) φ = e = 1 n F e ( φ e ) φ e = 0
[ K ] [ φ ] = [ 0 ]
式(6)中,[ K]表示刚度矩阵,经迭代求解,可得整体电场结果。
通常对于盆式绝缘子的研究使用简化模型,如图1所示[12]图1中连接处棱角分明,不利于网格的划分,亦会造成局部计算电场的激增,因此,本文基于电场最小化原理,结合有限元计算原理,应用迭代理论,对绝缘子与电极连接处进行局部几何优化,优化结果如图2所示。
优化后GIS盆式绝缘子的三维结构如图3(a)所示,图3(a)红色箭头表示ε-FGM介电参数分布方向,图3(b)为本文引入的具有均匀介质和介电功能梯度材料(ε-FGM)的GIS盆式绝缘子电场仿真模型介电参数分布。
仿真计算中,以252 kV盆式绝缘子为研究对象,导体外径为100 mm,绝缘子外径为450 mm,高度落差为140 mm,施加电压为206 kV(相对地峰值电压),材料物性参数设置如表1所示。
对于介电参数变化的模型,采用三维计算,计算量较大,因此本文将模型简化为二维模型,并将简化模型所计算的电场最大值、电场平均值、电场不均匀系数(最大值与最小值之比)与三维模型进行误差分析,误差分析结果均小于6%。以电势为例,电势计算结果如图4所示。因此将三维模型简化为二维模型,可以在保证计算精度的基础上,可以大幅减少计算量。为了提升效率,本文在二维的基础上进行研究,气隙位置模拟示意图如图5所示。其中1号位、2号位、3号位分别表示靠近高压导体、绝缘子中部、靠近接地外壳。
当GIS无缺陷时,252 kV GIS盆式绝缘子的电势和电场分布如图6所示。从图6可以看出,分别含有均匀介质和ε-FGM的GIS盆式绝缘子的电势分布区别不大,两者基本上完全一致。其中ε-FGM盆式绝缘子的电场调控效果比较明显,其最大值从3.13 kV/mm降低到2.61 kV/mm,下降率达16.61%。由此可见,引入介电功能梯度材料的调控效果较为理想。
图7为不同位置气隙缺陷下均匀介质盆式绝缘子的电场分布计算结果。从图7(a)可以看出,当均匀介质中掺杂气隙时,1号位、2号位和3号位气隙位置的场强均有明显的增加,而非气隙缺陷位置的场强变化较小。从图7(b)可以看出,气隙缺陷轴线处的场强有很大的提升,且3种情况的场强峰值均位于气隙缺陷处。但是气隙缺陷周围会有小段的电场下降现象,此外,非气隙缺陷位置及周围的轴线场强基本与无缺陷时一致。
分析轴线电场峰值可以发现,1号位、2号位和3号位气隙位置的电场值分别增加了0.93、0.82、0.68 kV/mm,增加率分别为85.32%、78.10%和68.69%。
图8为不同位置气隙缺陷下ε-FGM盆式绝缘子的电场分布计算结果。从图8(a)可以看出,当ε-FGM盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙时,1号位、2号位和3号位气隙位置的场强均有明显的增加,而非气隙缺陷位置的场强变化较小。气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性的影响趋势基本和对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响趋势一致,不同的是,整体的电场分布趋势有所差异。从图8(b)可以看出,气隙缺陷轴线处的场强有很大的提升,且3种情况的场强峰值亦均位于气隙缺陷处。
ε-FGM盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙时,气隙缺陷周围仍有小段的电场下降现象,而非气隙缺陷位置及周围的轴线场强基本与无缺陷时一致。
从具体数值上看,气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性影响与对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响仍有一定的差异性,对于ε-FGM盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙,1号位、2号位和3号位的电场值分别增加了0.86、0.90、0.67 kV/mm,增加率分别为98.85%、78.26%和77.91%,增加率对比如图9所示。从图9可以看出,气隙缺陷对于介电功能梯度材料绝缘子的电场值影响更大,在设计介电功能梯度材料绝缘子时,应尤其注意对介质中气隙缺陷的抑制。
本文引入了具有均匀介质和介电功能梯度材料(ε-FGM)的GIS盆式绝缘子电场仿真模型,讨论气隙的存在及气隙位置对于均匀介质和ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场分布的影响,主要得出以下结论:
(1)通过对比无缺陷时均匀介质和ε-FGM盆式绝缘子的电势和电场分布可以发现,ε-FGM的电场调控效果比较明显,盆式绝缘子电场最大值从3.13 kV/mm降低到2.61 kV/mm,最大值降低了0.52 kV/mm,下降率达到了16.61%。因此,引入介电功能梯度材料的调控效果较为理想。
(2)当均匀介质盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙时,1号位、2号位和3号位气隙位置的场强均有明显的增加,分析轴线电场峰值可以发现,1号位、2号位和3号位气隙位置的电场值分别增加了0.93、0.82、0.68 kV/mm,增加率分别为85.32%、78.10%和68.69%。
(3)气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性的影响趋势基本和对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响趋势一致,但从具体数值上看,气隙缺陷对ε-FGM盆式绝缘子电场特性影响与对均匀介质盆式绝缘子的影响仍有一定的差异性。当ε-FGM盆式绝缘子中掺杂气隙时,1号位、2号位和3号位气隙位置的电场值分别增加了0.86、0.90、0.67 kV/mm,增加率分别为98.85%、78.26%和77.91%。
(4)气隙缺陷对于介电功能梯度材料绝缘子的电场值影响更大,在设计介电功能梯度材料绝缘子时,应尤其注意对介质中气隙缺陷的抑制。
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2025年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.011
  • 接收时间:2023-12-01
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-01
  • 修回日期:2024-01-17
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    国网宁夏电力有限公司电力科学研究院,宁夏 银川 750002
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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