Article(id=1192878365968318802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1714320000000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-29, revisedDate=1718208000000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333965054, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333965054, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333965054, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333965054, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=56, endPage=63, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878367369216342, articleId=1192878365968318802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on thermal mechanical stress distribution of motor insulation structure, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the thermal mechanical stress distribution of motor insulation structure at high temperatures, we take the insulation structure of organic silicone system as the research object, test its thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus at different temperatures, and analyze the influence of thermal stress parameters at different temperatures on the thermal mechanical stress of organic silicone insulation system. The results show that within -50-200℃, the thermal expansion coefficient of insulation structure show a change trend of increases, decreases, and increases again with the increase of temperature, and its value is 0.8×10-5-1.7×10-5 K-1. The elastic modulus increases at first and then decrease with the increase of temperature, and its value is 0.2×103-3×103 MPa. The thermal mechanical stress borne by insulation structures increases linearly with the increase of thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus. The thermal mechanical stress of insulation structures firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of temperature, depending on the size of thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus at different temperatures. The feasibility of testing parameters and simulation analysis was verified through stress testing of the wire rod and motor, and the deviation between simulation value and testing value is within 15%. The simulation analysis results show that at 120℃, the maximum thermal mechanical stress point of motor insulation is located at the slot insulation, and the maximum stress value is 11.37 MPa. After sealing, the maximum thermal stress value of the slot insulation can be reduced by about 45%.

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为探索电机绝缘结构在高温下的热机械应力分布,本文以有机硅体系绝缘结构为研究对象,测试其在不同温度下的热膨胀系数及弹性模量,分析不同温度下的热应力参数对有机硅绝缘系统热机械应力的影响。结果表明:在温度为-50~200℃内,绝缘结构的热膨胀系数随着温度的升高先增大后减小再增大,其值为0.8×10-5~1.7×10-5 K-1;弹性模量随着温度的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,其值为0.2×103~3×103 MPa。绝缘结构承受的热机械应力随着热膨胀系数、弹性模量的增加线性增大,绝缘结构的热机械应力随着温度的升高先增大后减小,取决于不同温度下热膨胀系数和弹性模量的大小。通过线棒和电机整机应力测试,验证了测试参数及仿真分析的可行性,仿真值与测试值的偏差在15%以内。仿真分析结果显示:在120℃下,电机绝缘最大热机械应力点位置位于槽口绝缘处,最大值为11.37 MPa,灌封后槽口绝缘最大热机械应力值可降低45%左右。

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李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的仿真技术的研究。
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刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,正高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的设计技术的研究。

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刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,正高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的设计技术的研究。

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刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,正高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的设计技术的研究。

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性能参数 数值
样品直径/mm 6
样品长度/mm 20
加热冷却速率/(K/min) 0~50
温度范围/℃ -150~500
分辨率/nm 0.125
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热膨胀仪性能参数

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性能参数 数值
样品直径/mm 6
样品长度/mm 20
加热冷却速率/(K/min) 0~50
温度范围/℃ -150~500
分辨率/nm 0.125
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材料 导热系数/(W/(m·K)) 泊松比 密度/(g/cm3)
绝缘 0.32 0.3 1.67
398 0.27 8.9
硅钢 40 0.27 7.83
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热应力输入参数

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材料 导热系数/(W/(m·K)) 泊松比 密度/(g/cm3)
绝缘 0.32 0.3 1.67
398 0.27 8.9
硅钢 40 0.27 7.83
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模型 最大应力/MPa 绝缘结构最大应力/MPa 铜导体最大应力/MPa 绝缘结构最大形变/mm
完整定子 35.48 7.23 17.64 0.134 5
1/4定子 36.61 7.67 16.14 0.146 6
绝对偏差/% 3.18 6.09 8.50 8.99
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完整定子和1/4定子模型最大应力及变形

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模型 最大应力/MPa 绝缘结构最大应力/MPa 铜导体最大应力/MPa 绝缘结构最大形变/mm
完整定子 35.48 7.23 17.64 0.134 5
1/4定子 36.61 7.67 16.14 0.146 6
绝对偏差/% 3.18 6.09 8.50 8.99
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温度/℃ 40 80 120
1# 测试值/MPa 5.39 20.21 40.73
仿真值/MPa 5.61 20.45 37.51
绝对偏差/% 4.08 1.19 7.91
2# 测试值/MPa 1.11 4.47 3.07
仿真值/MPa 0.94 4.71 3.19
绝对偏差/% 15.31 5.37 3.91
3# 测试值/MPa 1.34 6.41 6.34
仿真值/MPa 1.20 5.56 5.60
绝对偏差/% 10.45 13.26 11.67
4# 测试值/MPa 1.15 4.67 4.43
仿真值/MPa 0.98 4.50 4.21
绝对偏差/% 14.78 3.64 4.97
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热应力仿真及测试结果

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温度/℃ 40 80 120
1# 测试值/MPa 5.39 20.21 40.73
仿真值/MPa 5.61 20.45 37.51
绝对偏差/% 4.08 1.19 7.91
2# 测试值/MPa 1.11 4.47 3.07
仿真值/MPa 0.94 4.71 3.19
绝对偏差/% 15.31 5.37 3.91
3# 测试值/MPa 1.34 6.41 6.34
仿真值/MPa 1.20 5.56 5.60
绝对偏差/% 10.45 13.26 11.67
4# 测试值/MPa 1.15 4.67 4.43
仿真值/MPa 0.98 4.50 4.21
绝对偏差/% 14.78 3.64 4.97
), ArticleFig(id=1193252960479179023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878365968318802, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=Simulation calculation results of thermal stress before and after sealing MPa, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
计算工况 40℃ 80℃ 120℃
灌封前槽口最大应力 2.16 9.82 11.37
灌封后槽口最大应力 0.95 5.89 6.27
灌封胶末端位置最大应力 1.88 6.32 7.70
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灌封前后热应力仿真计算结果

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计算工况 40℃ 80℃ 120℃
灌封前槽口最大应力 2.16 9.82 11.37
灌封后槽口最大应力 0.95 5.89 6.27
灌封胶末端位置最大应力 1.88 6.32 7.70
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电机绝缘结构热机械应力分布研究
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刘冠芳 1, 2 , 李丹 1, 2 , 吴有龙 1, 2 , 樊洁心 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025,58(1): 56-63
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2025, 58(1): 56-63
电机绝缘结构热机械应力分布研究
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刘冠芳1, 2, 李丹1, 2, 吴有龙1, 2, 樊洁心1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中车永济电机有限公司,山西 永济 044502
  • 2.轨道交通牵引电机山西省重点实验室,山西 永济 044502
  • 刘冠芳(1983-),女(汉族),河南灵宝人,正高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的设计技术的研究。

通讯作者:

李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的仿真技术的研究。
Research on thermal mechanical stress distribution of motor insulation structure
Guanfang LIU1, 2, Dan LI1, 2, Youlong WU1, 2, Jiexin FAN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. CRRC YongJi Electric Co., Ltd., Yongji 044502, China
  • 2. Shanxi Key Laboratory of Traction Motor for Rail Transit, Yongji 044502, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.007
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为探索电机绝缘结构在高温下的热机械应力分布,本文以有机硅体系绝缘结构为研究对象,测试其在不同温度下的热膨胀系数及弹性模量,分析不同温度下的热应力参数对有机硅绝缘系统热机械应力的影响。结果表明:在温度为-50~200℃内,绝缘结构的热膨胀系数随着温度的升高先增大后减小再增大,其值为0.8×10-5~1.7×10-5 K-1;弹性模量随着温度的升高呈先增大后减小的趋势,其值为0.2×103~3×103 MPa。绝缘结构承受的热机械应力随着热膨胀系数、弹性模量的增加线性增大,绝缘结构的热机械应力随着温度的升高先增大后减小,取决于不同温度下热膨胀系数和弹性模量的大小。通过线棒和电机整机应力测试,验证了测试参数及仿真分析的可行性,仿真值与测试值的偏差在15%以内。仿真分析结果显示:在120℃下,电机绝缘最大热机械应力点位置位于槽口绝缘处,最大值为11.37 MPa,灌封后槽口绝缘最大热机械应力值可降低45%左右。

绝缘结构  /  热机械应力  /  仿真技术  /  电机

To explore the thermal mechanical stress distribution of motor insulation structure at high temperatures, we take the insulation structure of organic silicone system as the research object, test its thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus at different temperatures, and analyze the influence of thermal stress parameters at different temperatures on the thermal mechanical stress of organic silicone insulation system. The results show that within -50-200℃, the thermal expansion coefficient of insulation structure show a change trend of increases, decreases, and increases again with the increase of temperature, and its value is 0.8×10-5-1.7×10-5 K-1. The elastic modulus increases at first and then decrease with the increase of temperature, and its value is 0.2×103-3×103 MPa. The thermal mechanical stress borne by insulation structures increases linearly with the increase of thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus. The thermal mechanical stress of insulation structures firstly increases and then decreases with the increase of temperature, depending on the size of thermal expansion coefficient and elastic modulus at different temperatures. The feasibility of testing parameters and simulation analysis was verified through stress testing of the wire rod and motor, and the deviation between simulation value and testing value is within 15%. The simulation analysis results show that at 120℃, the maximum thermal mechanical stress point of motor insulation is located at the slot insulation, and the maximum stress value is 11.37 MPa. After sealing, the maximum thermal stress value of the slot insulation can be reduced by about 45%.

insulation structure  /  thermal mechanical stress  /  simulation technology  /  motor
刘冠芳, 李丹, 吴有龙, 樊洁心. 电机绝缘结构热机械应力分布研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 56 -63 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.007
Guanfang LIU, Dan LI, Youlong WU, Jiexin FAN. Research on thermal mechanical stress distribution of motor insulation structure[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 56 -63 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.007
绝缘系统是电机的重要组成部分,其可靠性和安全性决定了电机的使用寿命[1]。据统计,我国每年约有数万台电机发生故障,造成直接经济损失达到10亿元以上,而其中因绝缘故障导致的电机事故占1/3左右[2]。电机绝缘系统在运行中承受电、热、机械、环境等多种老化应力的作用[3],其中热应力是导致绝缘失效、影响绝缘寿命的关键因素[4]。在热应力作用下,一方面绝缘材料因热氧化作用造成绝缘脆化,导致力学性能下降;另一方面绝缘系统因温度变化产生的热机械应力,导致绝缘和导体剥离,潮湿的空气、水、污秽等杂质侵蚀绝缘,会加速绝缘失效[5-9]。随着绝缘材料耐温等级的不断提高,热氧老化导致的电机故障越来越少,而随着电机运行环境越来越复杂,热机械应力导致的绝缘过早失效概率日益增加[10],因此研究电机绝缘系统的热机械应力(以下简称热应力),为电机绝缘设计提供准确的热应力参数,对提高绝缘设计的可靠性具有十分重要的实际意义和工程应用价值。
热应力在金属结构件疲劳仿真中应用十分广泛,如焦玉雪等[11]研究了太阳能光热发电汽轮机在启动过程中转子承受的热应力,从而优化了启动方案;明帅等[12]以温度场的计算结果为载荷,分析了双斜槽转子鼠笼热应力分布情况,指出了转子鼠笼易断裂位置。绝缘热应力在国内研究较少,其中张金华等[13]分析了网格划分形式、绝缘材料杨氏模量和热膨胀系数对主绝缘热应力的影响;陈金秀等[14]分析了发电-电动机由停机冷态启动至额定运行的过程中电机定子线棒上的热应力。基于热应力的研究,国内外文献多针对电机定转子热应力进行分析,对电机绝缘结构的热应力参数及热应力研究相对较少。
本文以有机硅绝缘系统(主绝缘材料为玻璃布补强云母带,浸渍有机硅绝缘漆)为研究对象,测试其在不同温度下的热膨胀系数、弹性模量,研究不同热应力参数和仿真模型对绝缘系统热应力仿真的影响,分析和验证有机硅绝缘系统电机在不同温度下的热应力分布,量化电机绝缘结构在不同温度下的热应力,并对比分析灌封前后的槽口应力,对绝缘结构应力设计有一定的指导意义。
当物体自身温度变化时,不一定产生应力;当物体自身温度发生变化,且有外部约束阻止其由于热胀冷缩产生的形变时,物体与约束物体之间就存在热应力作用。材料在弹性形变阶段,其应力应变成正比例关系(即符合胡克定律),如式(1)所示。
σ = E ε
式(1)中:σ为应力,单位为N;ε为应变,单位为mm;E为弹性模量或杨氏模量,单位为MPa。
自由膨胀时,假设长度为l、直径为d的圆棒在长度和直径方向的伸长量分别为Δl和Δd,Δt为温度变化,则各方向的应变为式(2)
ε = Δ l l = Δ d d = α Δ t
式(2)中,α为线膨胀系数。
电机绝缘的热应力源于导体、绝缘、铁心槽等相互约束的个体在温度变化时产生的应力。以垂直于轴向的横向热应力为例,假设槽内线圈绝缘与铁心槽接触面积为S,由高温产生的膨胀压应力(收缩拉应力)为P,则绝缘内部产生的膨胀应力为式(3),线圈受热膨胀后的应变为式(4)
σ = P S
ε = Δ l l = α Δ t
式(4)代入式(1),得到式(5)
σ = ε E = α E Δ t
式(3)式(5)得出式(6)
P = S α E Δ t
式(6)可以看出,由于膨胀(收缩)在单位面积上产生的应力由线膨胀系数α、弹性模量E和温度变化量Δt决定。
仿真分析的准确性,除受制于仿真分析方法、网格剖分质量等软件自身因素外,还直接由仿真分析输入参数的准确性决定。热应力仿真的参数主要包括材料的弹性模量、泊松比、密度及热膨胀系数,其中热膨胀系数、弹性模量对热应力仿真的影响比较大,而这些参数会随着温度的变化而变化,因此在计算热应力之前首先要确定不同温度下的弹性模量和线膨胀系数值。
热膨胀系数是描述固体材料受热膨胀程度的物理量,具体包括线膨胀系数α以及体积膨胀系数β。一般情况下,体积膨胀系数约为线膨胀系数的3倍,本文对线膨胀系数进行测试。
线膨胀系数是指在一定压强下,单位长度的物体在温度升高1℃时,其长度的相对变化量。线膨胀系数表达式如(7)所示。
α = l L d l d t
式(7)中:L表示样品原始长度,单位为mm;l为样品实际长度,单位为mm;t为温度,单位为℃。
热膨胀系数测量仪器为L75 PT1000型热膨胀仪,该仪器通过测试特定试样在一定温度下的形变量进而计算出热膨胀系数。该仪器的性能参数如表1所示。
将测试的绝缘结构试样卷制成直径约为6 mm、长度为20 mm的圆柱体,将试样放在测试台顶端,随着热膨胀仪腔内温度的变化,试样本身温度也改变,因热胀冷缩效应发生形变,形变时会推动仪器内部连杆,连杆连接传感器,经过内部信号处理,即可输出位移量和热膨胀系数。测试温度为-40~200℃,测试结果如图1所示。
图1可以看出,绝缘结构的热膨胀系数随着温度的升高先增大后减小再增大。在-40℃时热膨胀系数为1.21×10-5 K-1,在0℃时热膨胀系数增大为1.44×10-5 K-1,在80℃时热膨胀系数降至最小值0.89×10-5 K-1;再随着温度的升高,热膨胀系数持续增大,在200℃时热膨胀系数增大至1.7×10-5 K-1。热膨胀系数呈现先增大后减小再增大的趋势,与固体材料的热膨胀和点阵中质点的位能有关,而质点的位能是由质点间的结合力特性所决定的。质点间的结合力越强,质点所处的势阱越深,升高同样温度,质点振幅增加得越少,相应地热膨胀系数越小。一般情况下,固体材料的热膨胀系数随着温度的升高而增大。这是因为当温度升高时,材料内部分子的热运动也会增强,从而使得材料的原子或分子之间的平均距离增加,导致材料的体积也随之扩大。在0~80℃时热膨胀系数随着温度的升高而减小,是由于绝缘结构的软化点为70~80℃,绝缘结构因内部微观结构的改变出现负膨胀的情况。
弹性模量的测试仪器为DMA/SDTA861e型的动态热机械分析仪,测试的绝缘结构试样是长为70 mm、宽约为10 mm、厚度小于4 mm的矩形片。绝缘结构在-40℃~200℃温度范围内的弹性模量测试结果如图2所示。
图2可以看出,在0℃以下,弹性模量随着温度的升高而增大,这是由于低温下材料因为热胀冷缩的作用,分子间的距离减小,分子间的作用力增大,弹性模量增大;在0℃以上,弹性模量随着温度的升高不断减小,这是由于热运动的加剧会使分子间距离增大,分子间作用力相应减弱,造成材料的刚性减弱,从而导致弹性模量减小。在-40~200℃温度范围内,该绝缘结构的弹性模量分布在0.2×103~3×103 MPa。
为了验证仿真分析的准确性,将线棒和电机定子放在烘箱里进行升温,恒定温度后进行保温处理。线棒和电机热应力仿真分析均采用静态仿真分析,起始环境温度为20℃,高温为实际烘箱设定温度。
根据式(5)可以得出,在温度一定时,弹性模量和热膨胀系数直接影响热应力。为了减少计算量,定性地分析热应力参数变化对绝缘结构热应力的影响,以线棒为仿真模型分析弹性模量和热膨胀系数两个参数的变化对热应力的影响,仿真模型如图3所示。
该线棒的线规是1.5 mm×5.5 mm,匝间绝缘厚度为0.2 mm,主绝缘厚度为1 mm。该线棒与后续电机均采用有机硅体系绝缘结构,该结构采用云母带绕包并经过VPI浸漆后成型,为纯容性试样。为提高线棒的计算效率,匝间绝缘按照面接触进行设置,线棒的主绝缘结构按照1 mm进行剖分,铜导体按照2 mm进行剖分,线棒的网格剖分数量为22 240,采用有中间节点的四面体单元计算线棒的应力分布趋势,节点数为148 756,其他输入参数如表2所示。表2中的参数为常温下的材料参数,由于热应力主要影响因素为热膨胀系数和弹性模量,对其余参数按照常温下值输入即可。
在其他参数不变的情况下,改变绝缘结构的热膨胀系数进行应力影响分析。当温度为80℃时,热膨胀系数变化对绝缘结构应力的影响分布趋势如图4所示。从图4可以看出,随着绝缘结构热膨胀系数的增大,铜导体及绝缘结构受其影响都比较大,这是由于铜导体直接和绝缘接触,铜和绝缘的热应力会相互影响。铜的热膨胀系数大于绝缘层的热膨胀系数,并且随着温度的升高而增大,因此为了提高绝缘层的热应力计算精度,应加载不同温度下材料的热膨胀系数。当弹性模量与温度不变时,应力大小与热膨胀系数成正比关系,与式(5)完全吻合。
在其他参数不变的情况下,改变绝缘结构的弹性模量进行应力影响分析。当温度为80℃时,弹性模量变化对绝缘结构应力的影响分布趋势如图5所示。从图5可以看出,当温度与热膨胀系数一定时,随着绝缘结构弹性模量的增加,绝缘和铜导体的应力线性增加,这是因为在材料的线性弹性范围内,固体的单向拉伸变形与所受的外力成正比,符合式(5)的线性关系。
为验证仿真分析的可行性,先对线棒进行热应力计算,并通过试验测试验证仿真分析的准确性。
输入不同温度下测试的热膨胀系数和弹性模量,计算不同温度下线棒的应力变化,同时在烘箱中使用DH5902N应变采集仪和UDIAN温控仪测试线棒的应变,线棒测试位置如图6所示。
以实测的热膨胀系数和弹性模量值为输入参数进行仿真,得到实测应力值与仿真计算的应力值,结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,绝缘结构的热应力随着温度的升高先增大后减少,测试值与仿真值之间的偏差不大,应力的变化主要与热膨胀系数、弹性模量有关。理论计算与仿真分析结果一致,因此影响热应力的主要参数为弹性模量、热膨胀系数和温度。
电机定子模型进行绝缘系统热应力计算时,由于网格剖分的数量比较多,计算量比较大,计算时间比较长;考虑硅钢片弹性模量较大,热膨胀系数较小,在一定温度下其变形量较小的特点,将计算模型简化为整机的1/4,两端铁心截面设置为无摩擦约束,对比计算整机与1/4模型的分析结果,验证电机模型简化的可行性,以提高热应力计算效率。
以60槽的电机定子为研究对象,铁心长度为290 mm,电机为双根并绕8匝,线规为2.17 mm×3.18 mm,匝间绝缘厚度为0.17 mm,主绝缘厚度为1 mm,设置温度为120℃,输入参数和网格剖分方法与前述相同,电机定子的铁心截面设置成对称无摩擦接触。1/4定子与完整定子三维仿真模型如图8所示,计算结果如图9所示,两种模型最大应力变形及偏差如表3所示。
图9表3的计算结果可以看出,完整定子和1/4定子的最大应力都位于铁心槽口位置;绝缘结构的最大应力也位于出槽口位置,最大形变量位于线圈的端部;铜导体的最大应力位于线圈直线部分中间位置。完整定子和1/4定子计算值偏差均在10%以内,1/4定子模型计算时间比完整定子减少50%以上,因此计算模型可以简化为1/4定子。
由于电机运行时无法测试绝缘所承受的应力,为了验证仿真结果的准确性,计算40、80、120℃恒定温度时电机定子的热应力,将电机放置在烘箱中,测试相应温度下电机定子绝缘的热应力,对比分析仿真计算的准确度。电机定子热应力测试位置为铁心槽口位置(标记为1#)、铁心槽口槽楔位置(标记为2#)、槽口绝缘位置(标记为3#)、端部斜线位置(标记为4#),如图10所示。
电机绝缘系统仿真使用1/4定子模型,绝缘的剖分尺寸为1 mm,铜导体的剖分尺寸为2 mm,铁心的剖分尺寸为3 mm,网格数量为1 129 778,节点数为3 836 693。输入不同温度下绝缘结构的弹性模量和热膨胀系数测试数据,得到仿真及测试结果如表4所示。
通过表4可以看出,仿真与试验检测数据基本吻合,误差基本上在15%以内,仿真分析参数及方法可行。
由于测试位置的限制,槽口测试点距离铁心有5 mm左右的距离,因此槽口测试点的应力不是最大应力位置点。
目前,很多电机采用槽口灌封的方式来改善槽口电场,槽口灌封不仅可以降低空气中的场强分布,也可以在一定程度上改善槽口的运行环境,屏蔽灰尘杂质进入槽口。槽口灌封胶高度约为10 mm,灌封厚度覆盖整个槽口。为了探索灌封胶对槽口应力的影响,按照上述仿真分析方法对灌封前后的电机绝缘应力进行分析。仿真分析模型截取整机1/4进行计算,同时主绝缘、槽楔、灌封胶、匝间绝缘等都按照实体尺寸进行等比例建模。灌封前后的模型如图11所示,其中红色区域为槽口灌封胶。
为了更准确地分析主绝缘的应力分布,图12提取了3支完整线圈绝缘的应力分布。从图12可以看出,灌封前后槽口应力发生变化,灌封前槽口存在小面积的较大应力分布,灌封后灌封胶位置应力减小,灌封胶末端周围绝缘应力变大,这与灌封胶对绝缘的约束有关。
提取了灌封前后铁心槽口绝缘的最大应力值,同时提取灌封后绝缘结构的最大应力值及位置,如表5所示。从表5可以看出,槽口灌封胶可以有效缓解槽口绝缘应力,槽口应力降低了40%以上;绝缘最大应力位置由原来槽口位置后移至灌封胶末端与绝缘接触附近位置,且较灌封前最大应力值有所降低。
通过对电机绝缘热应力参数的测试及电机热应力仿真分析研究,验证了电机绝缘仿真的可行性,得到如下结论:
(1)热应力主要由材料的弹性模量、热膨胀系数和温度来决定;温度在-50~200℃内,有机硅绝缘结构的热膨胀系数随温度的升高先减小后再增大,其值为0.8×10-5~1.7×10-5 K-1;有机硅结构的弹性模量随温度的升高先增大后减小再增大,其值为0.2×103~3×103 MPa。
(2)电机绝缘结构的热应力随温度的升高先增大后减小,由该温度下的热膨胀系数和弹性模量的大小决定,通过试验验证了输入参数及仿真分析的可行性,同时对1/4模型的截面进行无摩擦约束,可以有效模拟整机的应力响应,整机与1/4模型计算值偏差不超过10%。
(3)通过仿真和测试电机槽口应力可知,槽口绝缘热应力相对较大;在120℃下,灌封前槽口绝缘最大应力值为11.37 MPa,灌封后槽口最大应力值降低了45%左右,同时灌封后最大应力位置后移,相比灌封前,灌封后最大应力值有所降低,灌封胶可有效缓解槽口应力。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3507503)
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2025年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.007
  • 接收时间:2024-04-29
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-29
  • 修回日期:2024-06-13
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFB3507503)
作者信息
    1.中车永济电机有限公司,山西 永济 044502
    2.轨道交通牵引电机山西省重点实验室,山西 永济 044502

通讯作者:

李丹(1986-),女(汉族),山东菏泽人,高级工程师,主要从事电机绝缘系统的仿真技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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