Article(id=1192878365569859920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1715702400000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762333964959, onlineDateStr=2025-11-05, pubDate=1737302400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762333964959, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762333964959, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762333964959, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1192878363166523716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2025', volume='58', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='144', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762333964387, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762334342663, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1192879949821395699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1192878363166523716, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1192878366782013780, articleId=1192878365569859920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Correlation between micro-structure and charge transport properties of polyethylene insulation under thermal ageing, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the change rule of microstructure and dielectric properties of polyethylene (PE) materials under the action of thermal stress, PE samples were conducted accelerated thermal ageing tests at 90℃, and the microstructure and charge transport properties of the thermal aged PE samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), high field conductivity (HFC) test, and isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD) tests. The results show that the thermal ageing process of PE samples can be divided into recrystallization stage and thermo-oxidative degradation stage. In the recrystallization stage, the crystallinity of the samples increases, the crystal structure tends to be perfect, the deep-trap density and deep-trap energy level increase, the carrier migration is restricted, and the threshold field strength of space charge injection increase. In the thermo-oxidative degradation stage, the crystallinity of the samples decreases, the crystal structure appears deterioration, the deep-trap density and deep-trap energy level decrease, the carrier mobility increases, and the threshold field strength of space charge injection decreases. Through the characterization of conductivity properties under different temperatures and field strengths, the variation rules of three parameters A, B, and φ in Steven Boggs’ conductivity function were obtained. With the increase of ageing time, the φ and A increase at first and then decrease, and the B decrease at first and then remains unchanged, among which the material coefficient A is the most sensitive to thermal ageing.

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为了研究聚乙烯(PE)材料在热应力作用下微观结构和介电性能的变化规律,本文将PE试样在90℃下进行加速热老化试验。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、差示量热扫描分析(DSC)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、强场电导测试(HFC)、等温表面电位衰减测试(ISPD)等手段对热老化PE试样的微观结构和电荷输运特性进行表征。结果表明:PE试样的热老化过程可分为重结晶阶段和热氧降解阶段,在重结晶阶段,试样结晶度增大,晶体结构趋于完善,深陷阱密度和深陷阱能级增大,载流子迁移受限,空间电荷注入阈值场强提高;在热氧降解阶段,试样结晶度减小,晶体结构出现劣化,深陷阱密度和深陷阱能级下降,载流子迁移率增大,空间电荷注入阈值场强下降。通过不同温度、不同场强下电导特性的表征,得到了Steven Boggs电导率函数中A、B、φ 3个参数的变化规律,φA随老化时间的增加先增大后减小,而B先减小后不变,其中材料系数A对热老化最为敏感。

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李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要从事XLPE电缆绝缘劣化及破坏机理的研究。
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赵李望(2000-),男(仡佬族),贵州毕节人,硕士生,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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赵李望(2000-),男(仡佬族),贵州毕节人,硕士生,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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赵李望(2000-),男(仡佬族),贵州毕节人,硕士生,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

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老化时间/h T m/℃ σ e/(×10-3 (J/m2))
0 110.8 106.98
96 111.6 103.67
192 112.8 99.51
384 113.2 98.12
576 112.8 100.03
672 112.4 101.42
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不同热老化试样的晶体熔融温度(T m)和单位面积表面能(σ e

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老化时间/h T m/℃ σ e/(×10-3 (J/m2))
0 110.8 106.98
96 111.6 103.67
192 112.8 99.51
384 113.2 98.12
576 112.8 100.03
672 112.4 101.42
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老化时间/h 阈值场强(E th)/(kV/mm) 斜率 载流子迁移率/(m2/(V·s))
Ohm SCLC 15 kV/mm 30 kV/mm
0 12.37 3.10 5.08 4.12×10-15 3.48×10-14
96 13.09 2.87 4.49 1.02×10-15 9.16×10-15
192 13.92 2.44 4.22 4.99×10-16 2.32×10-15
384 16.91 2.33 4.06 1.38×10-16 4.76×10-16
576 14.72 2.17 4.08 1.52×10-16 5.93×10-16
672 12.43 2.23 4.14 1.18×10-15 5.18×10-15
), ArticleFig(id=1193253050333757769, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1192878365569859920, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同热老化试样的电导参数统计

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老化时间/h 阈值场强(E th)/(kV/mm) 斜率 载流子迁移率/(m2/(V·s))
Ohm SCLC 15 kV/mm 30 kV/mm
0 12.37 3.10 5.08 4.12×10-15 3.48×10-14
96 13.09 2.87 4.49 1.02×10-15 9.16×10-15
192 13.92 2.44 4.22 4.99×10-16 2.32×10-15
384 16.91 2.33 4.06 1.38×10-16 4.76×10-16
576 14.72 2.17 4.08 1.52×10-16 5.93×10-16
672 12.43 2.23 4.14 1.18×10-15 5.18×10-15
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热老化下聚乙烯绝缘微观结构与电荷输运特性的关联性研究
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赵李望 1 , 惠卓斌 1 , 单聪 1 , 朱梦瑶 1 , 李欢 1 , 张瑞祥 2
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025,58(1): 38-48
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2025, 58(1): 38-48
热老化下聚乙烯绝缘微观结构与电荷输运特性的关联性研究
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赵李望1, 惠卓斌1, 单聪1, 朱梦瑶1, 李欢1, 张瑞祥2
作者信息
  • 1.陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
  • 2.中国铁路西安局集团有限公司西安高铁基础设施段,陕西 西安 710018
  • 赵李望(2000-),男(仡佬族),贵州毕节人,硕士生,主要研究方向为高电压与绝缘技术。

通讯作者:

李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要从事XLPE电缆绝缘劣化及破坏机理的研究。
Correlation between micro-structure and charge transport properties of polyethylene insulation under thermal ageing
Liwang ZHAO1, Zhuobin XI1, Cong SHAN1, Mengyao ZHU1, Huan LI1, Ruixiang ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Electrical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong 723001, China
  • 2. Xi′an High Speed Rail Infrastucture Section, China Railway Xi′an Group Co., Ltd., Xi′an 710018, China
出版时间: 2025-01-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.005
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为了研究聚乙烯(PE)材料在热应力作用下微观结构和介电性能的变化规律,本文将PE试样在90℃下进行加速热老化试验。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、差示量热扫描分析(DSC)、X射线衍射分析(XRD)、强场电导测试(HFC)、等温表面电位衰减测试(ISPD)等手段对热老化PE试样的微观结构和电荷输运特性进行表征。结果表明:PE试样的热老化过程可分为重结晶阶段和热氧降解阶段,在重结晶阶段,试样结晶度增大,晶体结构趋于完善,深陷阱密度和深陷阱能级增大,载流子迁移受限,空间电荷注入阈值场强提高;在热氧降解阶段,试样结晶度减小,晶体结构出现劣化,深陷阱密度和深陷阱能级下降,载流子迁移率增大,空间电荷注入阈值场强下降。通过不同温度、不同场强下电导特性的表征,得到了Steven Boggs电导率函数中A、B、φ 3个参数的变化规律,φA随老化时间的增加先增大后减小,而B先减小后不变,其中材料系数A对热老化最为敏感。

热老化  /  聚乙烯  /  微观结构  /  电导特性  /  陷阱特性

In order to study the change rule of microstructure and dielectric properties of polyethylene (PE) materials under the action of thermal stress, PE samples were conducted accelerated thermal ageing tests at 90℃, and the microstructure and charge transport properties of the thermal aged PE samples were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), high field conductivity (HFC) test, and isothermal surface potential decay (ISPD) tests. The results show that the thermal ageing process of PE samples can be divided into recrystallization stage and thermo-oxidative degradation stage. In the recrystallization stage, the crystallinity of the samples increases, the crystal structure tends to be perfect, the deep-trap density and deep-trap energy level increase, the carrier migration is restricted, and the threshold field strength of space charge injection increase. In the thermo-oxidative degradation stage, the crystallinity of the samples decreases, the crystal structure appears deterioration, the deep-trap density and deep-trap energy level decrease, the carrier mobility increases, and the threshold field strength of space charge injection decreases. Through the characterization of conductivity properties under different temperatures and field strengths, the variation rules of three parameters A, B, and φ in Steven Boggs’ conductivity function were obtained. With the increase of ageing time, the φ and A increase at first and then decrease, and the B decrease at first and then remains unchanged, among which the material coefficient A is the most sensitive to thermal ageing.

thermal ageing  /  polyethylene  /  micro-structure  /  conductivity property  /  trap characteristics
赵李望, 惠卓斌, 单聪, 朱梦瑶, 李欢, 张瑞祥. 热老化下聚乙烯绝缘微观结构与电荷输运特性的关联性研究. 绝缘材料, 2025 , 58 (1) : 38 -48 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.005
Liwang ZHAO, Zhuobin XI, Cong SHAN, Mengyao ZHU, Huan LI, Ruixiang ZHANG. Correlation between micro-structure and charge transport properties of polyethylene insulation under thermal ageing[J]. Insulating Materials, 2025 , 58 (1) : 38 -48 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.005
聚乙烯(polyethylene,PE)以及由PE交联得到的交联聚乙烯(cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)由于介电性能和理化性能优良而被广泛应用于电气绝缘领域[1]。目前,因XLPE具有比PE更好的耐热性能和耐龟裂性能,电力电缆绝缘主要采用XLPE。除此之外,XLPE与PE在结构和性能上高度相似。在微观结构方面,作为典型的半结晶聚合物,PE由无定形区和结晶区共同构成。无定形区为球晶之外及片晶之间的区域,在无定形区中,PE分子链无规缠结,任意贯穿。在结晶区中,PE分子链规则排列、折叠形成片晶,片晶紧密堆叠后形成球晶[2]。结晶区在整个聚合物中所占的百分比为结晶度,无定形区中未被链段占据的空洞为自由体积[3]。在宏观性能方面,PE具有良好的电气性能和理化性能[4]
在电缆实际的运行过程中,由导体发热所引发的热老化过程不可避免地影响电缆绝缘的性能[5],缩短电缆绝缘寿命,严重威胁电力系统的安全可靠运行[6]。在电缆运行过程中,电缆绝缘的最高工作温度可达到90℃,而当电力电缆出现故障时,绝缘处的温度可能会大幅提高[7]。目前国内的高压电缆绝缘层厚度设计较保守,留有过度的裕量,相比发达国家还有较大的差距[8]。由于PE基电缆绝缘材料的导热性较差,更大的绝缘厚度给PE基绝缘材料的散热能力带来了更大的挑战,因此对于国内高压电缆而言,热老化的影响更加不容忽视。
现有的研究结果表明,热老化对PE及PE基绝缘材料宏观性能的影响主要可归结为,在热应力作用下氧化反应所引发的热氧降解对微观结构的破坏。如热老化可导致PE基绝缘材料分子量的下降[9]以及酮、醛、酯、羧酸等含羰基(C=O)官能团数量的增加[10],而C=O也常作为热老化的特征产物。伴随着分子链的断裂,结晶区中的球晶受到破坏,具体表现为组成球晶的片晶间距增大、片晶厚度减小、片晶更加稀疏、球晶结构的完整性被破坏、结晶度降低[11]等。微观结构的破坏导致宏观性能的劣化,即绝缘强度下降、介电常数增大、介质损耗增大、耐热性能和力学性能下降等[12]。此外,微观结构的破坏还会引发PE及PE基绝缘材料电荷输运特性的变化,如结晶度的下降会造成深陷阱密度和能级的下降、浅陷阱密度的增加[13]、迁移率的增大[14],老化产物C=O会引入能级约0.95~1.05 eV的陷阱[15]等。伴随着热氧降解造成的分子链断裂以及对结晶区的破坏,在热应力作用下,PE及PE基绝缘材料同时还发生重结晶过程[16]。与氧化反应的作用相反,重结晶过程会导致PE及PE基绝缘材料的微观结构和介电性能得到一定程度的改善[17]
现有关于PE及PE基绝缘材料热老化特性的研究大多关注热氧降解过程对其微观结构、电荷输运特性及宏观性能的影响,但缺少重结晶过程对其电荷输运特性影响的研究。Steven Boggs电导率函数是表征聚合物电荷输运特性的重要公式,在试验研究和仿真计算中得到了广泛的应用。但该函数大多数应用仅针对未经服役或老化的聚合物,缺少老化过程对该函数中相关参数影响规律的研究。另外,由于XLPE和PE在结构和性能上的高度相似性,针对XLPE与PE关于电荷输运特性的研究结论在大多数情况下非常接近。而PE作为聚烯烃里最为简单的聚合物,其简单的分子结构有利于在实验室中开展试验研究与理论分析。
基于上述原因,本文制备PE试样,在90℃下开展加速热老化试验,研究重结晶过程和热氧降解过程对PE微观结构与电荷输运特性的影响,并建立二者之间的关联性。通过在不同温度、不同场强下进行强场电导测试,研究Steven Boggs电导率函数中φAB 3个参数的变化趋势,以期进一步深化关于PE劣化机理的认识,为直流电场下聚合物电荷输运特性的试验研究与有限元仿真计算提供理论及试验依据[18]
选用齐鲁石化公司低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)颗粒,通过140℃的平板硫化仪热压制备PE试样,试样尺寸为80 mm×80 mm×0.2 mm。PE试样制备完成并清洁后,将其置于90℃的空气老化试验箱中分别老化96、192、384、576、672 h。
(1)傅里叶变换红外光谱测试(FTIR)
采用中科瑞捷(天津)科技有限公司生产的Great 20型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对PE试样进行测试,波数范围为4 000~650 cm-1
(2)差示量热扫描分析(DSC)
采用南京大展检测仪器有限公司生产的DZ-DSC300L型差示扫描量热仪进行表征。在氮气气氛中,将5~8 mg的PE试样由室温加热至150℃,升温速率为10℃/min,得到PE试样的DSC一次升温曲线。
(3)X射线衍射分析(XRD)
使用日本理学公司生产的Ultima IV型X射线衍射仪进行扫描,扫描范围为15°~30°,扫描速率为5°/min,采用Cu靶辐射,工作电压为40 kV。
(4)强场电导测试(HFC)
使用上海荷仪电气有限公司生产的HY-HFC1型直流电导测试系统和Keithley 6517B型静电计进行测试。测试温度为30℃和50℃,施加场强为5~30 kV/mm,梯度为5 kV/mm,每个场强下的加压时间为10 min,取最后1~2 min数据的平均值作为测试值。同一个试样、同一个温度及同一个场强条件下共进行3次测量,取3次测量结果的平均值。
(5)等温表面电位衰减(ISPD)测试
使用ISPD测试系统进行测试,测试温度为30℃,湿度为30%。首先在负电晕充电条件下对PE试样表面充电3 min,充电时针极电压为-12 kV,栅极电压为-8 kV。充电结束后采用Trek P0865型电位计测量并记录3.5 h(12 000 s)内PE试样的表面电位,得到表面电位随时间的衰减曲线。同一个试样测量3次,在3次测量曲线中挑选绝大部分时刻下电位值居中的曲线。
图1为不同热老化PE试样的FTIR曲线。从图1可以看出,在PE的FTIR曲线上存在多处吸收峰。PE因热老化所产生的峰主要为1 725 cm-1附近的羰基(C=O)吸收峰和1 000~1 300 cm-1处的醚基吸收峰[19],一般多以羰基吸收峰作为PE热老化的特征吸收峰。
为了更清晰地呈现1 725 cm-1附近羰基吸收峰随老化时间的变化趋势,将1 650~1 800 cm-1范围内的波形截取并放大后如图2所示。
图2中的羰基(C=O)吸收峰曲线实际由多个吸收峰共同叠加而成。通过Origin软件对未老化试样的羰基吸收峰曲线进行分峰拟合后得到图3,可以发现PE的羰基吸收峰实际由1 720 cm-1处的羧酸(-COOH)吸收峰、1 730 cm-1处的酮基(-CO-)吸收峰和1 740 cm-1处的酯基(-COO-)吸收峰叠加而成。
热老化过程中PE试样因发生氧化反应而引发热氧降解过程。其中,因热应力作用产生的氧化自由基(RO·)可通过一系列反应生成酮、醛、酯和羧酸等老化产物[20],增加PE试样中小分子的数量。
为了定量表征热老化过程中PE试样内羰基官能团含量的变化趋势,对图2中不同热老化试样的羰基吸收峰曲线进行分峰拟合,并计算羰基指数(羰基吸收峰与内标峰面积之比),结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,PE试样的羰基指数随老化时间的增加而持续增大,老化产物不断增多。但在不同老化阶段,3种含羰基官能团的老化产物的增长趋势却存在差异,热老化前期的老化产物主要为酮基,中后期以羧酸为主,酯基仅在后期有少量增加。
图5为不同热老化PE试样的XRD曲线。PE的XRD曲线一般由3个衍射峰组成[11]。其中,衍射角20.0°的弥散峰为非结晶衍射峰peak 1,对应PE中无定形区的衍射峰。衍射角为21.3°及23.5°的两个较明显的衍射峰为结晶衍射峰peak 2和peak 3,对应PE中正交晶型(110)晶面和(200)晶面的衍射峰。从图5可看出,在热老化过程中,PE试样XRD曲线的形状、峰的数量未发生明显变化,但衍射峰的位置却随着老化时间的增加向衍射角减小的方向出现不同程度的移动。
为了更清楚地表征热老化后PE晶体结构的变化规律,基于不同XRD曲线的分峰结果,通过公式(1)计算PE试样的结晶度[21],得到结晶度(X c)随老化时间的变化规律,如图6所示。
X c = A 2 + A 3 A 1 + A 2 + A 3 × 100 %
式(1)中:A 1为peak 1的面积;A 2为peak 2的面积;A 3为peak 3的面积。
图6可以看出,未老化试样的结晶度为41.6%,随着老化时间的增加,PE的结晶度逐渐增大,至老化384 h时达到最大值(42.5%),随后开始下降,至老化672 h时下降为39.8%。
布拉格衍射方程可以计算PE试样的晶面间距,如式(2)所示。
2 d s i n θ = n λ
式(2)中:d为晶面间距;θ为衍射角;λ为X射线波长;n为衍射级数。
计算得到晶面间距随老化时间的变化规律如图7所示。
图7可以看出,在热应力作用下,PE试样的晶面间距在老化384 h前基本不变,在老化384 h后开始增大。晶面间距的增大表明此时PE的晶体结构变得疏松,晶体中缺陷增多。
图8为不同热老化PE试样的DSC曲线。从图8可以看出,在热老化过程中,PE试样在主熔融峰peak 1左侧出现了一个面积较小的新熔融峰peak 2,考虑到在老化过程中PE试样受到的热应力作用,peak 2应该为热历史峰[22]
图8中读取不同试样的熔融温度(T m,peak 1峰值对应的温度),并通过Thompson-Gibbs方程计算出不同试样中晶体单位面积的表面能(σ e[23],结果如表1所示。
表1可知,热老化过程中,以老化384 h为界,PE试样的T m先增大后减小,σ e则是先减小后增大。由于大分子链的规则排列,聚乙烯等聚合物的σ e在结晶过程中会趋向于减小,σ e越小说明晶体的完善性越高,稳定程度越好,熔融温度也越高[24]。因此,热老化过程中PE试样的晶体完善程度先提高后缓慢降低。
上述微观结构表征结果表明,X cd(110)、 d(200)、T mσ e等微观参数在热老化过程中的不同阶段表现出不同的变化规律。以老化384 h为界可以将整个老化过程分为两个阶段,即重结晶阶段和热氧降解阶段[6]。在重结晶阶段,PE试样的结晶度增大、晶面间距基本不变、熔融温度升高、σ e减小,表明此时PE微观结构不仅没有劣化,反而一部分无定形区向结晶区转化,且晶体结构更趋于完善。在热氧降解阶段,PE试样的结晶度减小、晶面间距增大、熔融温度下降、σ e增大,表明此时PE微观结构开始出现明显劣化,晶体结构遭到破坏。
不同热老化PE试样的表面电位衰减曲线(负电晕充电条件)如图9所示。从图9可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,表面电位衰减曲线逐渐上移,至老化384 h达到拐点后,曲线开始下降。
采用公式(3)图9中的表面电位衰减曲线进行拟合计算,以得到不同热老化PE试样表面的电子陷阱参数。
V ( t ) = A e x p ( - t t 1 ) + B e x p ( - t t 2 ) + C
式(3)中:V(t)为试样t时刻的表面电位;A、B、C、t 1t 2为拟合参数。
拟合得到不同试样的拟合参数后,根据陷阱均匀分布模型计算得到不同热老化PE试样表面的电子陷阱能级和密度[25],结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,未老化试样的陷阱电荷分布曲线上存在两个峰peak 1和peak 2,分别反映了浅陷阱与深陷阱在不同能级上的分布密度。其中,peak 1的峰值出现在0.97 eV,peak 2的峰值出现在1.03 eV。peak 1的峰值强度约为peak 2的2倍,表明未老化PE试样表面的电子陷阱以浅陷阱为主。
相比未老化试样,老化96 h和192 h试样peak 1的峰值强度出现小幅下降,peak 2的峰值强度大幅提高,peak 1和peak 2向能级增大的方向移动,表明此时PE试样表面陷阱能级提高。此时peak 1和peak 2的峰值强度基本相等,表明PE试样表面浅陷阱和深陷阱密度相当。随着老化时间增加至384 h,peak 2的峰值强度达到最高,并掩盖了peak 1,此时陷阱电荷分布曲线上只能观察到一个峰。随着老化时间进一步增加至576 h和672 h,试样的陷阱分布曲线上均只能观察到一个峰,该峰值强度逐渐降低,且向着能级减小的方向移动,表明此时PE试样表面陷阱能级下降。为了更清楚地分析热老化过程中PE试样陷阱参数的变化规律,对图10中的曲线进行分峰处理,结果如图11所示。从图11可以看出,在重结晶阶段,浅陷阱密度小幅下降,深陷阱密度大幅增加,陷阱能级提高;在热氧降解阶段,浅陷阱密度和深陷阱密度小幅下降,陷阱能级降低。
在热老化过程中,深陷阱密度的变化可能受结晶度的变化和羰基官能团数量的变化共同影响。结晶区/无定形区界面和结晶区中的化学缺陷是重要的陷阱形成区域,形成的陷阱深度可达1 eV以上[26],此外,羰基可向PE中引入0.95~1.05 eV的深陷阱[27]图12为PE试样深陷阱密度、结晶度、羰基指数随老化时间的变化规律。从图12可以看出,在重结晶阶段,PE试样中不完善的晶体熔融后再次结晶,使得试样的结晶度提高。与此同时,氧化反应使得羰基官能团数量增加,导致PE试样中深陷阱密度增大。在热氧降解阶段,氧化反应导致分子链断裂,进而对PE中的球晶造成破坏,使得试样的结晶度下降。此时,虽然羰基官能团的数量仍在增加,但球晶破坏对深陷阱密度的影响更为显著,因此PE试样中的深陷阱密度降低。
而深陷阱能级的变化可能与PE试样晶体结构的变化有关。图13为晶面间距d(110)、σ e、深陷阱能级随老化时间的变化规律。从图13可以看出,在重结晶阶段,PE晶体结构的完善性提高,深陷阱能级单调上升;在热氧降解阶段,PE晶体结构的完善性下降,晶体结构趋于疏松,球晶对载流子迁移的抑制作用下降,深陷阱能级单调下降。
电导特性用电导电流(I)与电场强度(E)的关系来表示,为方便表示,对IE取对数。不同热老化PE试样在30℃下的lnI~lnE曲线如图14所示。
图14可以看出,对于未老化试样而言,在低电场下(<12 kV/mm),电流和电压服从欧姆定律,lnE~lnI的斜率约为3。在高电场下,考虑空间电荷限制电流(SCLC)效应,lnE~lnI的关系发生了改变,斜率明显增大,约为5。而由低场向高场过渡的拐点即为阈值场强E th,该阈值将图14中的曲线划分为欧姆电导区和空间电荷限制电流区[28]。随着热老化时间的增加,lnE~lnI曲线的斜率、阈值场强、相同电场下的电导电流均发生了不同程度的变化,结果如表2所示。
聚合物的电导率与其内部载流子迁移率有关,而载流子迁移率与迁移时需要克服的跳跃势垒等因素有关[17]。根据空间电荷限制电流相关理论,载流子视在迁移率可通过公式(4)进行计算。
μ = 8 J L 3 9 U 2 ε 0 ε r = 8 J L 9 E 2 ε 0 ε r
式(4)中:μ为视在迁移率;J为电流密度;L为试样厚度;U为外施电压;E为外施场强;ε 0为真空介电常数;ε r为相对介电常数。
不同热老化PE试样的载流子迁移率如表2所示。由表2图14可知,以老化384 h为分界,重结晶过程和热氧降解过程中斜率、阈值场强、电导电流值3个参数的变化规律呈现出明显的差异。在重结晶过程中,欧姆电导区和空间电荷限制电流区的斜率逐渐下降,E th逐渐升高、电导电流值逐渐下降。在热氧降解过程中,欧姆电导区和空间电荷限制电流区的斜率变化不大,E th逐渐降低,电导电流值逐渐升高。老化至672 h时,E th已恢复至未老化试样水平,但曲线斜率和电导电流值却与未老化试样有较大差距。在欧姆电导区,PE的电导为离子电导。纯净的非极性有机介质中不存在本征离子,导电载流子主要来源为杂质。而PE试样中的杂质主要包括PE颗粒中添加的增塑剂、抗氧化剂等助剂以及老化产物等。重结晶过程使得试样中部分无定形区向结晶区转化,结晶度升高,分子之间的距离减小,导致离子在分子间跃迁的势垒减小[29],这可能是此时lnE~lnI曲线斜率及电导电流值下降的原因。文献[30]通过对不同种类聚乙烯的电导机制研究认为,高场强区对数坐标下曲线斜率只要大于2,都存在空间电荷限制限流效应。而表2中计算所得高场强区的斜率均大于2,因此可以通过试样陷阱参数的变化对斜率的变化规律进行解释。在空间电荷限制电流区,随着场强的提高,试样内的载流子浓度迅速增大。在重结晶阶段中,PE试样内浅陷阱密度下降,深陷阱密度上升,陷阱密度提高,载流子在试样内部的迁移变得更加困难,造成该区域内lnE~lnI曲线斜率及电导电流值下降。而热氧降解过程会导致老化产物的迅速增加,增大了载流子的浓度,深陷阱密度和陷阱能级的下降则使得载流子的迁移更加容易,造成欧姆电导区和空间电荷限制电流区内电导电流值的增大。
表2还可以看出,载流子在某一场强下,随着老化时间的增加,PE试样的载流子迁移率呈现先下降后上升的变化趋势。载流子迁移率的大小与陷阱参数密切相关,在重结晶阶段,深陷阱密度及能级增大,载流子的迁移受限,迁移率单调下降。在热氧降解阶段,深陷阱密度及能级下降,载流子的迁移得到加强,迁移率单调上升。
阈值场强E th的大小与陷阱密度和迁移率密切相关。在重结晶阶段,陷阱密度提高,载流子迁移率下降,经电极注入的载流子被试样表面深陷阱捕获后,难以脱陷,逐渐集中于电极附近,产生与外施电场方向相同的内电场,该电场会削弱电极附近的电场,减少电极进一步向试样内部注入电荷,即E th提高。在热氧降解阶段,陷阱密度的下降和载流子迁移率的提高使得试样表面的陷阱电荷逐渐向试样内部迁移,内电场下降,其对电极附近电场的削弱作用减弱,电荷经电极的注入更加容易,即E th下降。
Steven Boggs在文献[31]中描述了聚合物电导率与场强、温度的关系,如式(5)所示。
γ ( E ,   T ) = A e x p ( - φ q k B T ) s i n h ( B | E | ) | E |
式(5)中:γ为电导率;A为与材料有关的常数;φ为活化能;q为电子电荷量;k B为玻尔兹曼常数;T为热力学温度;B为电导率对电场的依赖系数;E为场强。
式(5)可以看出,在外施电场和测试温度不变的前提下,PE试样电导率的变化主要由A、φB 3个变量控制。为了研究热老化对A、φB 3个变量随老化时间的变化规律,通过改变ET的大小,在5 kV/mm、10 kV/mm两个场强和30℃、50℃两个温度条件下进行测量,计算后得到A、φB 3个变量随老化时间的变化规律,结果如图15所示。
图15可以看出,随着老化时间的增加,3个变量均发生不同程度的变化。其中,活化能φ在重结晶阶段从0.93 eV单调递增至1.93 eV,增大了约1倍;活化能φ在热氧降解阶段从1.93 eV单调下降至0.79 eV,略低于未老化试样的活化能数值。依赖系数B在重结晶阶段从4.98×10-7单调下降至3.14×10-7,在热氧降解阶段基本保持不变。材料常数A对热老化最为敏感,随老化时间的增加变化最为剧烈,发生了数个数量级的变化。在重结晶阶段,A从1.17×106增加至4.16×1022,提高了16个数量级;在热氧降解阶段,A下降至1.43×104,相比未老化试样低了约两个数量级。
活化能φ主要反映电导率对温度的依赖程度,两者呈正相关关系。文献[1731]研究表明,活化能与陷阱、结晶度密切相关。在本文中,三者随老化时间的变化规律基本一致。活化能φ随老化时间的变化规律可由陷阱填充理论解释[32],其中脱陷概率(P out)如式(6)所示。
P o u t = N c ν t h σ e x p - U e k B T
式(6)中:N c为导带的有效能级密度;ν th为载流子运动速率;σ为陷阱有效捕获截面;U e为陷阱能级。
在重结晶阶段,随着浅陷阱密度下降、深陷阱密度增加以及陷阱能级的提高,被深陷阱捕获的载流子数量增加、公式(6)中的U e增大,T的变化对P out的影响更为显著,即电导率对温度的依赖程度提高,φ增大。同理,在热氧降解阶段,φ减小。
电场依赖系数B反映了电导率对场强的依赖关系,两者呈正相关关系。在欧姆电导区,导电载流子来源于添加剂、老化产物等杂质的电离,而电离与电场强度密切相关。在老化初期,老化产物少,可电离的分子少,此时电场强度的增大对载流子数量的增加作用显著,即电导率对电场的依赖较强;在老化后期,老化产物多,可供电离的分子多,电导率对电场的依赖逐渐下降。
文献[33]研究表明,材料常数A与离子跳跃距离有关。在重结晶过程中,不完善的晶体经历重新熔融再结晶的过程,转变为尺寸更大的球晶,因此可以推测电子的跳跃距离增大;在热氧降解过程中,随着氧化反应对结晶区的破坏,产生了一些不完善的晶体,因此可以推测电子的跳跃距离减小。故材料常数A与结晶度随老化时间的变化规律相同。目前,关于材料常数A随老化时间的变化规律鲜见报道,但文献[31]中报道了同种材料的A值具有较大的变化范围,而为何3种参数中A的变化幅度最大,还需要后续进一步的深入研究。
(1)PE的热老化过程可分为重结晶阶段和热氧降解阶段。在重结晶阶段,PE试样结晶度增大、熔融温度升高和σ e减小,表明此时晶体结构趋于完善;在热氧降解阶段,PE试样结晶度减小、熔融温度下降、晶面间距和σ e增大,表明此时晶体结构逐渐被破坏,微观结构出现劣化。
(2)结晶度和羰基官能团数量的变化可能会共同影响陷阱密度和陷阱能级的变化。在重结晶阶段,结晶度的增大以及羰基官能团数量的增加使得PE试样中深陷阱密度增大,由于此时晶体结构完善性的提高,深陷阱能级上升;在热氧降解阶段,氧化反应破坏球晶使得结晶度减小,晶体结构的完善性下降,因此PE试样中的深陷阱密度降低、深陷阱能级下降。
(3)阈值场强E th和载流子迁移率的大小与PE试样的深陷阱参数密切相关。在重结晶阶段,深陷阱密度及能级增大,载流子的迁移受限,迁移率下降,阈值场强E th提高;在热氧降解阶段,深陷阱密度及能级下降,载流子的迁移得到加强,迁移率上升,阈值场强E th下降。
(4)热老化会对Steven Boggs电导率函数中活化能φ、依赖系数B和材料常数A产生不同程度的影响。在重结晶阶段,φA逐渐增大,B单调下降;在热氧降解阶段,φA逐渐减小,B基本不变。其中,材料常数A对热老化最为敏感,其数值变化幅度最高可达16个数量级。
  • 陕西省教育厅专项基金资助项目(22JK0322)
  • 陕西省科技厅自然科学基金重点资助项目(2023-JC-ZD-34)
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2025年第58卷第1期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2025.01.005
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-11-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-05-15
基金
陕西省教育厅专项基金资助项目(22JK0322)
陕西省科技厅自然科学基金重点资助项目(2023-JC-ZD-34)
作者信息
    1.陕西理工大学 电气工程学院,陕西 汉中 723001
    2.中国铁路西安局集团有限公司西安高铁基础设施段,陕西 西安 710018

通讯作者:

李欢(1988-),男(汉族),陕西汉中人,教授,博士,主要从事XLPE电缆绝缘劣化及破坏机理的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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