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Article(id=1210620763372130903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1697731200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-20, revisedDate=1703001600000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564082233, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564082233, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564082233, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564082233, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=116, endPage=123, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620763669926499, articleId=1210620763372130903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam adhesive and its application in 110 kV cable joints, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polyurethane foam adhesive has good expansion filling characteristics, electrical insulation performance, and waterproofness. To achieve its application in filling the inner layer of the cable joint protective shell, at first, we tested the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of polyurethane foam adhesive with different foaming ratios. Then, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the cable joint was established, and the steady-state temperature field distribution of the cable joint under different filling adhesive conditions was simulated and analyzed. Finally, a physical model of the 110 kV intermediate joint was established, and thermal cycling tests were conducted on cable joints using different filling adhesives. The results show that all the performance test results of polyurethane foam adhesive are good. With the increase of foaming ratio, the thermal conductivity, insulation performance, and mechanical property of the foam adhesive decrease, with a foaming ratio of 3 times, the foam adhesive shows optimal comprehensive performance. The absolute error between the simulated and measured temperature values of various structure inside the joint using different filling adhesives are basically no more than 10%, which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation model. The steady-state temperature distribution of the joint filled with foam adhesive is similar to that of the joint filled with traditional waterproof adhesive.

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聚氨酯发泡胶具有良好的膨胀填充特性、电绝缘性及防水性。为实现将其用于电缆接头保护壳内层的填充，本文首先测试了不同发泡倍率下聚氨酯发泡胶的热、电、力学性能，然后建立了电缆接头的二维轴对称模型，并仿真分析不同填充胶情况下电缆接头的稳态温度场分布，最后搭建了110 kV中间接头的实物模型，对不同填充胶的电缆接头进行了热循环试验。结果表明：聚氨酯发泡胶各项性能测试结果良好，发泡倍率越大，发泡胶的导热性能、绝缘性能和力学性能越差，其中发泡倍率为3倍的发泡胶综合性能最优；不同填充胶接头内部各结构温度的仿真值与实测值的误差绝对值基本不超过10%，验证了仿真模型的有效性；填充发泡胶与填充传统防水胶的接头稳态温度场分布接近。

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梁栋（1992-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，工程师，主要研究方向为中、高压电缆附件产品的设计和研发；

吕泽鹏（1987-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授，主要研究方向为介电绝缘材料的电荷输运、电树枝、局部放电和老化过程。

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梁栋（1992-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，工程师，主要研究方向为中、高压电缆附件产品的设计和研发；

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梁栋（1992-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，工程师，主要研究方向为中、高压电缆附件产品的设计和研发；

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吕泽鹏（1987-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授，主要研究方向为介电绝缘材料的电荷输运、电树枝、局部放电和老化过程。

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吕泽鹏（1987-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授，主要研究方向为介电绝缘材料的电荷输运、电树枝、局部放电和老化过程。

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测试项目设备型号厂家
导热系数LFA 447型激光导热仪DRL-III型导热系数测试仪

德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司

湘潭湘仪仪器有限公司

电气强度BDJC-100kV型电压击穿实验仪北京北广精仪仪器设备有限公司
体积电阻率KEITHLEY 6514型静电计泰克科技有限公司
力学性能CMT4503型电子万能试验机美特斯工业系统有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1218964341085356236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620763372130903, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验仪器设备

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项目设备型号厂家
导热系数LFA 447型激光导热仪DRL-III型导热系数测试仪

德国耐驰仪器制造有限公司

湘潭湘仪仪器有限公司

电气强度BDJC-100kV型电压击穿实验仪北京北广精仪仪器设备有限公司
体积电阻率KEITHLEY 6514型静电计泰克科技有限公司
力学性能CMT4503型电子万能试验机美特斯工业系统有限公司
), ArticleFig(id=1218964341232156881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620763372130903, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Structural parameters of the cable joint, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构材料导热系数/(W/(m·K))
导体及压接管铜400
屏蔽瓦铝合金201
电缆绝缘XLPE0.368
接头主体硅橡胶0.22
半导电带及铜网层乙丙橡胶0.359
绝缘带及聚氯乙烯层聚氯乙烯0.166 7
铜壳内填充胶聚氨酯防水密封胶0.16
铜壳铜400
保护壳内填充胶聚氨酯发泡胶0.12
玻璃钢壳玻璃钢0.36
), ArticleFig(id=1218964341374763223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620763372130903, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电缆接头结构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
结构材料导热系数/(W/(m·K))
导体及压接管铜400
屏蔽瓦铝合金201
电缆绝缘XLPE0.368
接头主体硅橡胶0.22
半导电带及铜网层乙丙橡胶0.359
绝缘带及聚氯乙烯层聚氯乙烯0.166 7
铜壳内填充胶聚氨酯防水密封胶0.16
铜壳铜400
保护壳内填充胶聚氨酯发泡胶0.12
玻璃钢壳玻璃钢0.36
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聚氨酯发泡胶热传导性能研究及其在110 kV电缆接头中的应用
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梁栋 1 , 王琪瑄 2 , 白晓烨 1 , 田正兵 1 , 张李程 1 , 吕泽鹏 2 , 吴锴 2 , 沈频 3
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(12): 116-123
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(12): 116-123
聚氨酯发泡胶热传导性能研究及其在110 kV电缆接头中的应用
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梁栋1, 王琪瑄2, 白晓烨1, 田正兵1, 张李程1, 吕泽鹏2, 吴锴2, 沈频3
作者信息
  • 1江苏中天科技电缆附件有限公司，江苏 南通 226010
  • 2西安交通大学 电气工程学院， 陕西 西安 710049
  • 3宁波东昊电力科技股份有限公司，浙江 宁波 315137

    • 梁栋（1992-），男（汉族），甘肃定西人，工程师，主要研究方向为中、高压电缆附件产品的设计和研发；

    吕泽鹏（1987-），男（汉族），河北保定人，教授，主要研究方向为介电绝缘材料的电荷输运、电树枝、局部放电和老化过程。

Research on thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam adhesive and its application in 110 kV cable joints
Dong LIANG1, Qixuan WANG2, Xiaoye BAI1, Zhengbing TIAN1, Licheng ZHANG1, Zepeng LÜ2, Kai WU2, Pin SHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1Jiangsu Zhongtian Technology Cable Accessories Co., Ltd., Nantong 226010, China
  • 2School of Electrical Engineering, Xi′an Jiaotong University, Xi′an 710049, China
  • 3Ningbo Tonyhoo Electric Technology Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315137, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.015
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摘要
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聚氨酯发泡胶具有良好的膨胀填充特性、电绝缘性及防水性。为实现将其用于电缆接头保护壳内层的填充，本文首先测试了不同发泡倍率下聚氨酯发泡胶的热、电、力学性能，然后建立了电缆接头的二维轴对称模型，并仿真分析不同填充胶情况下电缆接头的稳态温度场分布，最后搭建了110 kV中间接头的实物模型，对不同填充胶的电缆接头进行了热循环试验。结果表明：聚氨酯发泡胶各项性能测试结果良好，发泡倍率越大，发泡胶的导热性能、绝缘性能和力学性能越差，其中发泡倍率为3倍的发泡胶综合性能最优；不同填充胶接头内部各结构温度的仿真值与实测值的误差绝对值基本不超过10%，验证了仿真模型的有效性；填充发泡胶与填充传统防水胶的接头稳态温度场分布接近。

电缆中间接头  /  聚氨酯发泡胶  /  温度分布  /  电-热耦合场

Polyurethane foam adhesive has good expansion filling characteristics, electrical insulation performance, and waterproofness. To achieve its application in filling the inner layer of the cable joint protective shell, at first, we tested the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of polyurethane foam adhesive with different foaming ratios. Then, a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of the cable joint was established, and the steady-state temperature field distribution of the cable joint under different filling adhesive conditions was simulated and analyzed. Finally, a physical model of the 110 kV intermediate joint was established, and thermal cycling tests were conducted on cable joints using different filling adhesives. The results show that all the performance test results of polyurethane foam adhesive are good. With the increase of foaming ratio, the thermal conductivity, insulation performance, and mechanical property of the foam adhesive decrease, with a foaming ratio of 3 times, the foam adhesive shows optimal comprehensive performance. The absolute error between the simulated and measured temperature values of various structure inside the joint using different filling adhesives are basically no more than 10%, which verifies the effectiveness of the simulation model. The steady-state temperature distribution of the joint filled with foam adhesive is similar to that of the joint filled with traditional waterproof adhesive.

cable intermediate joint  /  polyurethane foam adhesive  /  temperature distribution  /  electric-thermal coupling field
梁栋, 王琪瑄, 白晓烨, 田正兵, 张李程, 吕泽鹏, 吴锴, 沈频. 聚氨酯发泡胶热传导性能研究及其在110 kV电缆接头中的应用. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.015
Dong LIANG, Qixuan WANG, Xiaoye BAI, Zhengbing TIAN, Licheng ZHANG, Zepeng LÜ, Kai WU, Pin SHEN. Research on thermal conductivity of polyurethane foam adhesive and its application in 110 kV cable joints[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 116 -123 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.015
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0 引言
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高压电缆接头是电缆线路中的关键部位，其性能好坏直接影响电缆线路能否安全稳定运行。据统计显示，80%以上的电缆及附件系统故障，是由电缆中间接头故障引起的[1-2]。当外界环境发生变化时，电缆接头保护壳和灌封胶作为绝缘保护层首先受到影响，故要求其具备良好的电绝缘性能、力学性能、密封性及防水性[3-4]。目前广泛使用的灌封胶主要有有机硅、环氧树脂和聚氨酯3类，其中聚氨酯材料具有优异的疏水性、工艺性和力学性能，避免了环氧胶的脆性及有机硅胶粘接性差的缺点，广泛用作电子电器领域的灌封胶[5-6]。文献[7]研究了温度传感器用聚氨酯灌封胶的电、热性能，结果表明聚氨酯灌封胶导热系数越高，其对应的电导率越大，热响应时间越短，但同时泄漏电流会增大。文献[8]分析了聚氨酯灌封胶的性能特点并研究其在电缆插件中的应用，结果表明聚氨酯灌封胶固化时间短，力学性能、短时耐高温性能好，利于电缆插件防护。
聚氨酯灌封胶分类下的聚氨酯泡沫质量轻、强度高，已广泛用于工业及生活中的安装填缝、粘接、保温、隔音、防水等场景[9-10]。在电气工程领域，聚氨酯泡沫被大量应用在一些低压开关设备中，而在中高压的应用中目前主要是绝缘泡沫填充管的形式[11]。文献[12]研究了聚氨酯泡沫的介电强度、体积电阻率、介电常数等电性能参数及其与泡沫结构的关系。文献[13]将聚氨酯复合材料塔杆应用于110 kV架空输电线路。文献[14]研究了聚氨酯泡沫在复合支柱绝缘子中空填充中的应用。目前有较少的研究将聚氨酯泡沫应用到电缆接头中。聚氨酯发泡胶是聚氨酯泡沫的一种，发泡原理为异氰酸酯与多元醇两种主要组分与发泡剂、催化剂等物料混合发泡[15-16]。基于聚氨酯发泡胶良好的膨胀填充特性、电绝缘性及防水性，本文提出将聚氨酯发泡胶代替传统防水密封胶，用于电缆中间接头保护壳内层的填充，有望大幅减轻中间接头的质量且降低成本。
本文首先对不同发泡倍率的聚氨酯发泡胶进行热、电、力学基础性能的测试，并建立110 kV聚氨酯发泡胶电缆接头仿真模型，对其电-热耦合场温度分布进行仿真分析。然后搭建110 kV中间接头的实物模型，对填充不同发泡倍率发泡胶的中间接头进行热循环试验，进一步对比验证发泡胶对电缆接头温度场的影响，为新的电缆中间接头防水填充材料的研发提供参考。
1 聚氨酯发泡胶性能测试
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不同发泡倍率发泡胶的热、电、力学性能存在差异，选用发泡倍率分别为3、7、10倍的发泡胶作为研究对象，对其各项性能进行测试，为电缆中间接头填充用发泡胶的选型提供参考。
1.1 原材料
J-699 A/B双组分阻燃型聚氨酯灌封胶，其中B组分为二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）的混合物，A组分为聚合物多元醇和助剂组分；控制凝胶催化剂（T12）可调节发泡的反应速率，不同发泡倍率主要通过调节水、固化剂的用量来控制，宁波东烁新材料科技有限公司。对照参样：SY-环保阻燃型高压电缆接头密封胶（以下简称传统防水胶），主要成分为聚氨酯，上海上禹建筑防水材料有限公司。
1.2 试验仪器与测试
本文试验用仪器及设备见表1。
导热性能测试：由于发泡胶的多孔特性，采用DRL-III型导热系数测试仪通过稳态热流法测定其导热系数；LFA 447型激光导热仪原理为闪射法，测试时间短且精度高，用其测试电缆接头绝缘交联聚乙烯（XLPE）、半导电层等结构的导热系数。
电性能测试：根据GB/T 1408.1—2016，以1 000 V/s的升压速率，对不同发泡倍率的发泡胶样品进行击穿测试；采用6514型静电计测量不同发泡倍率的发泡胶的内部电流，根据GB/T 31838.2—2019计算体积电阻率。
力学性能测试：按照GB/T 528—2009进行测试，拉伸速度为500 mm/min，测试温度为室温。
1.3 试样制备
室温环境下，根据不同试验的标准要求，将不同发泡倍率的发泡胶A、B组分与助剂充分混合后挤入相应厚度的模具中。不同发泡倍率的发泡胶截面形态如图1所示，其中图1(a)～(c)分别为发泡倍率为3、7、10倍的发泡胶在放大倍数为40倍的偏光显微镜下观察到的气泡形态，图1(d)是在自然光下截取的发泡胶截面形态，从上至下发泡倍率依次为3、7、10倍。
从图1(a)～(c)可以看出，发泡胶中的气泡基本为闭孔，大部分气泡随着发泡倍率的增大而增大。从图1(d)可以看出，随着发泡倍率的增大，发泡胶更容易出现大气孔，其直径明显为小气孔的几倍到几十倍。
1.4 试验结果与分析
不同发泡倍率的发泡胶性能测试结果如图2所示。从图2(a)可以看出，3种发泡胶的导热系数均低于传统防水胶（0.16 W/(m·K)），这是由于聚氨酯材料本身的导热系数较差，仅为0.18～0.20 W/(m·K)[17]，并且发泡胶在发泡过程中混入空气，更削弱了发泡胶的导热性能。3种发泡胶中发泡3倍的发泡胶导热性能最好。
根据图2(b)可知，传统防水胶的电气强度仅为15 kV/mm，3种发泡胶的电气强度均高于传统防水胶，且随发泡倍率增大而减小。其中发泡10倍的发泡胶电气强度（16.1 kV/mm）比传统防水胶提高了7%左右。从电阻率的测试结果可以看出，发泡胶的体积电阻率随着发泡倍率的增加先迅速下降后趋于平缓，但均远高于传统防水胶的体积电阻率（1010 Ω·m）。由此说明空气的引入，可使发泡胶的绝缘性能显著增强，能够满足电缆接头的电性能要求。
由图2(c)可以看出，3种发泡胶的拉伸强度均高于传统发泡胶，且随着发泡倍率的增加，拉伸强度呈下降趋势，尤其是发泡7倍和发泡10倍的发泡胶拉伸强度远低于发泡3倍的发泡胶。从断裂伸长率的测试结果可以看出，发泡率的增加使断裂伸长率有微小的增加。
根据以上测试结果，发泡3倍的发泡胶综合性能最优且最接近传统防水胶，最适合用于后续的研究。另外，由于聚氨酯发泡胶和传统防水胶密度相差不大，发泡倍率决定了其可减轻的质量，比如传统防水胶灌满一个110 kV电缆接头玻璃钢壳需要75 kg，那么理论上采用发泡3倍的发泡胶只需要25 kg。据估算，采用3倍发泡的聚氨酯发泡胶代替110 kV电缆接头玻璃钢壳内的传统防水胶，每套接头能节省大约500元的成本。
2 仿真分析
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以电压等级为110 kV、横截面积为1 000 mm2的XLPE绝缘预制式直通接头为研究对象，以电缆接头的实际结构为基础，根据中间接头的安装总图及现场安装工艺，对带材等部分进行简化，在COMSOL软件中建立二维轴对称几何模型，应用有限元法对电缆中间接头进行电-热耦合场的仿真分析，其局部结构如图3所示。
2.1 中间接头传热数学模型
电缆中间接头内的温度分布求解过程为含有内部热源的稳态热分析过程，基于能量守恒定律的热平衡方程如式（1）所示。
$\rho C_{\mathrm{p}} \frac{\partial T}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot(-\lambda \nabla T)=Q$
式（1）中：ρ为材料密度，kg·cm-3；Cp为比热容， J/(kg·K)；T为温度，K；λ为导热系数，W/(m·K)；Q为热源产生的热量，J。
式（1）即为电缆中间接头稳态温度场分析遵循的数理方程，左侧第一项为热对流项，第二项为热传导项，右侧Q为物体内部导体损耗产生的热量。即在忽略热辐射的情况下，当电缆接头温度分布达到稳态时，其内部热源产生的热量等于通过热传导与热对流对外散发的热量总和。在计算中作出如下假设：
（1）电缆中间接头各个结构层之间紧密接触，忽略各层之间的接触热阻；
（2）各材料结构尺寸及导热系数随温度的变化可忽略不计[18]。
热平衡方程往往不能直接求解，而是需要一定的初始及边界条件。电缆接头多暴露于空气中，和空气产生对流热传递，仅考虑电缆接头护套层外表面的空气自然对流，根据边界条件设定周围环境的温度以及物体表面与周围环境之间的对流传热系数[19]，对流热通量方程如式（2）所示。
λ∂T∂n=hText-T
式（2）中：h为对流传热系数，W/(m2·K)；Text为外部环境温度，K；n为边界法线方向的坐标，m。
对于电-热耦合模型，忽略泄漏电流损耗的情况下[20]，物体内部热源项由导体通电产生的电磁损耗决定，同时热场对电场的作用表现为温度对材料电导率的影响，因此电磁热的计算是双向耦合的过程[21]。
2.2 参数加载与模型求解
结合文献[22]以及试验结果，电压等级为110 kV、横截面积为1 000 mm2的XLPE绝缘预制式直通接头材料参数如表2所示。
本文使用电-热耦合模块计算接头的稳态温度分布，通过直接添加电流与固体传热边界条件，一方面可由软件确定各部分的产热率，另一方面避免了连接管与屏蔽罩的等效面积计算，以更加方便地获得贴近实际的仿真结果[23-25]。玻璃钢壳外层空气自然对流，设置对流系数为8 W/(m2·K)，外界环境温度为30℃。
2.3 仿真结果与分析
XLPE电缆的额定载流量为1 528 A，通过构建的仿真模型可计算出电缆接头的温度分布，图4是传统防水胶和发泡3、7、10倍的发泡胶填充接头的温度分布云图。在实际情况下，电缆接头轴向的传热相对较弱，本文更关注径向的温度分布情况，从导体中心沿径向设置一条采样路径，得到图5所示的温度分布曲线。从图4～5可以看出，电缆线芯温度最高，玻璃钢壳外表面温度最低，温度总体沿径向逐渐降低。接头内部温度分布的测试结果中传统防水胶的温度最低，导体温度最高为96.7℃，发泡胶的温度较高，随保护壳填充胶导热系数的减小而增大，并且不同的结构有不同的温度梯度。对于一般的XLPE电缆，希望在运行过程中中间接头线芯的温度不超过90℃且越低越好。图4～5表明，发泡3倍的发泡胶仿真结果优于发泡7倍、10倍的发泡胶，导体温度最高与传统防水胶相差约6℃，更接近传统防水胶的效果，验证了性能测试部分的结论。
3 热循环试验
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3.1 试验系统
为研究聚氨酯发泡胶填充接头稳态时的温度分布，提供可靠的温度数据用于验证二维有限元仿真模型的结果，针对电压等级为110 kV、横截面积为1 000 mm2的电缆接头设计了热循环试验，试验系统整体结构如图6所示。系统由380 V三相交流电源供电，控制台、PLC控制柜、调压器、电流互感器、升流器等结构控制升流部分，为负载提供大电流。部分电缆接头在铜壳内侧进行不灌胶处理，即保护壳内侧是空气[26]。本试验安装了3套电缆接头，分别测试铜壳内侧不灌胶、玻璃钢壳内侧灌发泡3倍的发泡胶和铜壳内侧、玻璃钢壳内侧均灌发泡3倍的发泡胶时接头温度分布情况，与一般铜壳内侧、玻璃钢壳内侧均灌传统防水胶的接头情况进行对比。
所有试验电缆接头置于空气中，处于自然对流环境下，环境温度为30℃，环境湿度均变化不大，可视为恒定。在每套中间接头内部分别布置了5个测温点，如图7所示，分别测量接头导体表面温度、绝缘表面温度、接头主体表面温度、铜壳内壁表面温度、玻璃钢壳内壁表面温度。测温传感器采用热电偶。
3.2 试验结果与分析
图8为3套中间接头各测温点实测的温度变化情况。从图8可以看出，当接通电流时，中间接头内部各部位逐渐升温，时间越长升温速率越慢，最后在19 h左右达到稳态。其中，当加载1 528 A电流达到稳态时，填充传统胶的中间接头导体表面温度为95.4℃，填充发泡胶的中间接头导体表面温度为104.4℃，铜壳内不灌胶的中间接头导体表面温度为105.4℃，说明聚氨酯发泡胶的效果优于不灌胶的情况，且接近传统防水胶的温度分布。由此可见，在其他影响因素保持不变时，电缆接头导体的稳态温度随接头灌封胶导热系数的增大而降低。这是由于接头灌封胶的导热系数越大，中间接头的导热能力越强，接头外侧的热通量更大，导致电缆接头导体的稳态温度越低。同时采用本文所构建的仿真模型进行稳态电-热耦合场仿真计算，得到的仿真值与实测值对比如图9所示。
由图9可知，中间接头稳态温度数据的仿真值和实测值基本相符，误差的绝对值基本不超过10%，曲线整体变化趋势相同，因此，本文所构建的仿真模型可以在一定程度上模拟实际电缆中间接头的温度分布情况。其中，3套接头的仿真值基本都大于实测值，这是由于在试验过程的后几个小时里，中间接头虽然升温速率大幅度下降，但温度还是有微弱的上升。可见，如果对中间接头继续接通电流，实测值还会稍微增大，和仿真值更加接近。此外，3套接头均在接头主体表面处出现较大的误差，首先这可能是由于实际电缆接头搭建时，在接头主体外侧缠绕了多层不同的胶带，而在仿真模型搭建时，对带层进行了简化，低估了热阻，从而使得仿真中接头主体表面的温度较实测值偏小。其次，在接头实际运行过程中，环境温度和湿度一直在变化，且接头暴露在空气中，也受空气流速的影响，从而使得实际结果与仿真结果出现误差。最后，实际情况下热电偶对电缆结构微小的破坏、本文忽略的各结构层之间的接触热阻等无法在仿真中准确设定，也会导致仿真结果出现误差。
4 结论
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（1）发泡胶各项性能测试结果表明，发泡胶的导热系数随发泡倍率的增大而减小，绝缘性能和力学性能随发泡倍率的增大而降低。热、电、力学各项试验结果为不同发泡倍率发泡胶的选型提供了参考，其中发泡3倍的聚氨酯发泡胶综合性能最优。
（2）110 kV电缆中间接头仿真结果显示，发泡3倍的发泡胶导体表面温度与传统防水胶相差约6℃，温度分布优于发泡7倍、10倍的发泡胶，验证了性能测试部分的结论。
（3）热循环试验和仿真结果对比表明，不同填充胶接头内部各结构温度的仿真值与实测值基本相符，曲线整体变化趋势相同，误差绝对值基本不超过10%，验证了仿真模型的有效性。此外，聚氨酯发泡胶填充接头的稳态温度场分布与传统防水胶的接近，效果优于不灌胶接头的温度分布。本文的聚氨酯发泡胶可为新的电缆中间接头防水填充材料的选择提供参考。
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.015
  • 接收时间：2023-10-20
  • 首发时间：2025-12-24
  • 出版时间：2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-10-20
  • 修回日期：2023-12-20
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    1江苏中天科技电缆附件有限公司，江苏 南通 226010
    2西安交通大学 电气工程学院， 陕西 西安 710049
    3宁波东昊电力科技股份有限公司，浙江 宁波 315137
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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