Article(id=1210620760486441917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708876800000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-26, revisedDate=1713974400000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766564081545, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766564081545, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766564081545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564081545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210620759618220989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='136', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766564081339, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564115162, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620901540885346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210620759618220989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210620761228833727, articleId=1210620760486441917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on epoxy resin formulation system for high-voltage insulation, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epoxy resin and its composite materials play a major insulation role in electrical apparatus due to their excellent thermodynamic and electrical insulating properties. With the gradual development of electrical apparatus towards high voltage and high power, as well as the continuous rise of voltage levels, the performance requirements for epoxy insulating materials inside electrical apparatus are increasingly increasing. This paper focused on epoxy resin insulating materials for high-voltage electrical apparatus, and reviewed the current research and application progress from three aspects: formulation composition, curing process, and performance improvement of insulation systems. It was aimed to establish the relationship between the composition, structure, and macroscopic properties of epoxy insulation systems, provide suggestions and prospects for the development direction of domestic epoxy resin insulating materials in the future, and accelerate the localization development of epoxy resin materials for high-voltage insulation.

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环氧树脂及其复合材料因具有优异的热力学性能和电气绝缘性能而在电工装备中承担着主要的绝缘功能。随着电工装备逐渐向高压、大功率发展以及电压等级的不断上升,对电工装备内环氧绝缘材料的性能要求日益提高。本文聚焦于高压电工装备用环氧树脂绝缘材料,从绝缘体系的配方组成、固化工艺和性能改进三方面综述当前的研究和应用进展,旨在建立起环氧绝缘体系组成、结构与其宏观性能的关系,并对未来国产环氧树脂绝缘料的开发方向提出建议与展望,以期为高压绝缘用环氧树脂材料的国产化发展助力。

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丁嘉乐(1995-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,工程师,主要研究方向为高压绝缘材料;

贾倩倩(1986-),女(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压绝缘材料、介电高分子材料。

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丁嘉乐(1995-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,工程师,主要研究方向为高压绝缘材料;

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丁嘉乐(1995-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,工程师,主要研究方向为高压绝缘材料;

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贾倩倩(1986-),女(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压绝缘材料、介电高分子材料。

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序号牌号结构式
1

CELLOXIDE 2021P

(大赛璐)

2

CYCLOMER M100

(大赛璐)

3

DE021E

(东化新材)

4

S-28

(东化新材)

), ArticleFig(id=1218964345875251581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620760486441917, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见脂环族环氧树脂及牌号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号牌号结构式
1

CELLOXIDE 2021P

(大赛璐)

2

CYCLOMER M100

(大赛璐)

3

DE021E

(东化新材)

4

S-28

(东化新材)

), ArticleFig(id=1218964345954943360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620760486441917, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Common acid anhydride curing agents in the field of electrical engineering, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称结构式
四氢苯酐(THPA)
甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(Me-THPA)
六氢苯酐(HHPA)
甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(Me-HHPA)
邻苯二甲酸酐
甲基纳迪克酸酐(MNA)
), ArticleFig(id=1218964346043023750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210620760486441917, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

电工领域常用酸酐固化剂

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称结构式
四氢苯酐(THPA)
甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐(Me-THPA)
六氢苯酐(HHPA)
甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐(Me-HHPA)
邻苯二甲酸酐
甲基纳迪克酸酐(MNA)
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高压绝缘用环氧树脂配方体系研究进展
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丁嘉乐 , 贾倩倩 , 李峰 , 陈钠 , 高鹏 , 郭立
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(12): 9-19
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(12): 9-19
高压绝缘用环氧树脂配方体系研究进展
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丁嘉乐, 贾倩倩, 李峰, 陈钠, 高鹏, 郭立
作者信息
  • 特变电工科技投资有限公司 天津市新型电力系统工程研究中心,天津 301799
  • 丁嘉乐(1995-),女(汉族),吉林长春人,工程师,主要研究方向为高压绝缘材料;

    贾倩倩(1986-),女(汉族),河北石家庄人,高级工程师,主要研究方向为高电压绝缘材料、介电高分子材料。

Research progress on epoxy resin formulation system for high-voltage insulation
Jiale DING, qianqian JIA, Feng LI, Na CHEN, Peng GAO, Li GUO
Affiliations
  • Tianjin New Power System Engineering Research Center, Tebian Electric Apparatus Technology Investment Co., Ltd., Tianjin 301799, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.002
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环氧树脂及其复合材料因具有优异的热力学性能和电气绝缘性能而在电工装备中承担着主要的绝缘功能。随着电工装备逐渐向高压、大功率发展以及电压等级的不断上升,对电工装备内环氧绝缘材料的性能要求日益提高。本文聚焦于高压电工装备用环氧树脂绝缘材料,从绝缘体系的配方组成、固化工艺和性能改进三方面综述当前的研究和应用进展,旨在建立起环氧绝缘体系组成、结构与其宏观性能的关系,并对未来国产环氧树脂绝缘料的开发方向提出建议与展望,以期为高压绝缘用环氧树脂材料的国产化发展助力。

高电压绝缘  /  电工装备  /  环氧树脂  /  配方体系

Epoxy resin and its composite materials play a major insulation role in electrical apparatus due to their excellent thermodynamic and electrical insulating properties. With the gradual development of electrical apparatus towards high voltage and high power, as well as the continuous rise of voltage levels, the performance requirements for epoxy insulating materials inside electrical apparatus are increasingly increasing. This paper focused on epoxy resin insulating materials for high-voltage electrical apparatus, and reviewed the current research and application progress from three aspects: formulation composition, curing process, and performance improvement of insulation systems. It was aimed to establish the relationship between the composition, structure, and macroscopic properties of epoxy insulation systems, provide suggestions and prospects for the development direction of domestic epoxy resin insulating materials in the future, and accelerate the localization development of epoxy resin materials for high-voltage insulation.

high-voltage insulation  /  electrical apparatus  /  epoxy resin  /  formula system
丁嘉乐, 贾倩倩, 李峰, 陈钠, 高鹏, 郭立. 高压绝缘用环氧树脂配方体系研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (12) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.002
Jiale DING, qianqian JIA, Feng LI, Na CHEN, Peng GAO, Li GUO. Research progress on epoxy resin formulation system for high-voltage insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (12) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.002
随着现代社会科学技术的飞速发展,人类对能源的需求日益增加,不断推动着电力系统的升级转型,因此建立稳定、高效、可靠的电气装备系统至关重要[1]。如今的电气装备系统正向着更高的电压等级、更大的功率、更完善的一体化发展。电压等级的不断提升对装备内各组件绝缘材料的性能要求越来越高。此外,暴露在各种环境和操作应力下的绝缘材料可能发生局部劣化进而导致电气击穿,将对电力系统的传输可靠性造成致命的危害。截至目前,绝缘失效(电绝缘失效、热绝缘失效和机械绝缘失效)已成为高压电气设备故障的主要原因[2]。因此,寻找具有优异的力学性能、导热性能、电绝缘性能的可靠绝缘材料成为研究人员的主要课题。
传统的绝缘材料(陶瓷、橡胶、绝缘清漆等)由于其力学性能和导热性差、使用寿命短等缺点越来越无法满足当今的使用需求[3]。为了取代传统绝缘材料,目前一些绝缘树脂及其复合材料得到了广泛的研究,如聚氨酯树脂、有机硅醇酸树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂、酚醛树脂和环氧树脂等[4-6]。其中,环氧树脂因为具有优异的附着力、渗透性、耐腐蚀性、热力学性能和突出的电气绝缘性能,在20世纪50年代初就已成为电气设备中广泛使用的绝缘材料[7-9]。在高频变压器中,采用环氧树脂复合材料实现设备的整体绝缘,可以缩短绝缘距离,减小设备体积,提高其功率密度[10-11]。在气体绝缘金属封闭线路(GIL)和气体绝缘金属封闭开关(GIS)中,以环氧树脂为主要原料经铸造工艺制成的盆式绝缘子和三柱绝缘子起着主要的支撑和绝缘作用,是GIL/GIS基础单元的关键部件[12-13]。在干式高压套管中,用皱纹纸和铝箔交替缠绕的中心导杆经过在环氧树脂中浸渍、固化、机械加工和涂釉等步骤后制成的环氧浸渍纸电容芯子(RIP)是整个套管的核心和主绝缘部件,在设备中承担着散热、机械负荷和接地绝缘的作用[14-15]。综上可见,环氧树脂及其复合材料作为承担主要绝缘功能的电气材料已广泛应用于各类高压、特高压电工装备中。目前我国环氧树脂的产量虽整体位居世界前列,但生产研发始终集中于普通牌号的通用型环氧产品,缺乏高绝缘、高韧性、高导热的特种环氧树脂研发经验,高压电工绝缘用环氧树脂材料的核心开发技术仍被瀚森、亨斯迈、陶氏化学等国外企业掌握。造成这一现象的原因如下:①国产基础树脂与环氧助剂的种类、质量水平与进口料存在差距;②环氧树脂生产商不了解高压电气装备的需求,而装备制造商不清楚环氧材料的本征特性致使操作工艺无法优化,导致环氧材料难以实现有针对性的研发和指导性应用;③关于高压绝缘领域环氧材料的评价标准尚不健全,缺乏不同电压等级的干式套管、绝缘子等所用液体环氧、固化树脂、浸渍或浇筑复合物的性能标准文件,而这主要是由于绝缘材料与电工装备性能之间的关联性尚未建立起来;④环氧树脂绝缘配方料开发的关键科学问题没有系统归纳与研究。
基于此,本文从高压绝缘用环氧树脂体系的配方组成、固化工艺及性能改进三方面着重介绍高压电工装备领域环氧树脂绝缘材料的研究和应用进展,并对未来国内在环氧树脂绝缘料领域亟需解决的关键问题与研发方向进行总结与展望。
环氧树脂是指分子中含有两个或两个以上环氧基团的有机化合物,以分子链中含有活泼的环氧基团为特征,其环氧基团可以位于分子链的末端、中间或成环状结构[16-17]。由于分子结构中含有活泼的环氧基团,此类化合物可与多种类型的固化剂发生交联反应而形成不溶、不熔的三维网状结构高聚物,从而作为固化物投入应用。环氧树脂种类繁多,按分子结构可分为脂环族环氧树脂、线性脂肪族环氧树脂、缩水甘油酯型环氧树脂、缩水甘油醚型环氧树脂、缩水甘油胺型环氧树脂[2,18]等。
上述各种环氧树脂中,以双酚A二缩水甘油醚为单体的双酚A型环氧树脂(图1所示)因取材容易、成本低廉而成为目前电工装备上应用最广的一类基础树脂材料[18-19]。然而,此类树脂的耐热性、耐候性、机械韧性较差且在单体制备过程中引入了氯离子,最终导致绝缘性能不稳定[19]。近年来,电工装备的不断发展对应用于各类极端环境下该类环氧树脂绝缘材料的性能要求不断提高,因此在实际应用过程中常需额外加入改性助剂或对其进行共混、共聚、接枝等改性操作。例如,专利CN109942793A中采用六氟双酚A对双酚A型环氧树脂扩链改性得到有机氟改性的环氧树脂化合物,在不影响环氧复合绝缘材料表面状态的情况下,提高了环氧树脂复合材料的沿面闪络电压。专利CN104177780A中采用有机硅对环氧树脂进行改性,得到具有优异低温韧性、耐候性和高介电强度的环氧树脂材料,其在户外绝缘子的应用中更具优势。
此外,在某些应用场景如高压干式套管中,需要通过环氧树脂浸渍其他部件来制造无气隙的整体绝缘结构,这就要求浸渍树脂能够充分渗入到装备部件中且不产生气泡,由此衍生出了具有比双酚A型环氧树脂黏度更低、流动性更好的双酚F型环氧树脂(图1所示)[16,20]。此类树脂具有与双酚A型树脂相当的热力学和电气绝缘性能,且表现出更低的黏度、更高的反应活性和更优良的可加工性[21]
分子结构中具有脂环结构且与环氧基团直接相连的一类环氧树脂为脂环族环氧树脂(图1所示),近年来也得到了国内外广泛的应用研究[22-23]。如日本大赛璐、国内东化新材等厂商已开发出不同结构、多种牌号的脂环族环氧树脂用于各类使用场景,如表1所示。此类树脂由含有不饱和键的脂环烯烃化合物经过氧化得到,制备过程中避免了氯离子等的引入,因此具有优异的电气绝缘性能[19,24]。脂环族环氧树脂结构中不含苯环且主链结构刚性强,因此具有良好的耐候性、抗辐照性和热稳定性,使其广泛应用在高压户外绝缘子上[16]。然而,这类树脂的环氧当量和黏度通常较小,导致固化产物交联密度过高而机械韧性差,因此常作为活性稀释剂与双酚A型环氧树脂等配合使用[24]。在亨斯迈的公开专利CN111868844A中,双酚A型环氧树脂(BADGE)与脂环族环氧树脂共同作为液体环氧树脂参与高压套管的浸渍。
在室温下,环氧树脂通常为黏性液体,只有加入适当的化学试剂进行交联反应形成热固性树脂后才具有实际应用价值[18],这种能与环氧树脂反应的化学试剂称为固化剂。常见的固化剂有胺类、酸酐类、合成树脂类和潜伏型固化剂等[25],其中酸酐类固化剂因其固化产物电气绝缘性能、热力学性能优异,固化过程中收缩作用较弱而被广泛应用在高压电工领域[18,26]。常见的酸酐固化剂可分为芳香族酸酐、脂环族酸酐和脂肪族酸酐等,其中甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐、甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐、邻苯二甲酸酐(如表2所示)等都已在电气设备绝缘芯子的浸渍、支撑部件的浇注和功率器件的密封等场景中广泛使用[16,27-28]
采用不同类型的酸酐固化剂对环氧树脂进行固化会得到具有不同交联结构、不同介电性能和热力学性能的固化产物,这与酸酐固化剂的分子结构、共轭体系及能带结构相关[27]。为了综合各类酸酐的结构优势,实现环氧树脂固化物性能的全面提升,研究人员按特定配比将不同类型的酸酐混合,作为复配固化剂来调控固化产物的交联结构[29-30]。郝留成等[29]为探究复配酸酐固化剂对环氧树脂固化物的影响及机制,采用分子动力学方法建立了不同比例甲基四氢苯酐/邻苯二甲酸酐复配固化剂与双酚A型环氧树脂的交联体系模型。结果表明即使固化产物的交联度相同,采用不同复配比固化剂得到的环氧树脂体系的自由体积也不同,导致其分子链段运动能力不同,因此其力学性能、电气绝缘性能也具有差异。郭鹏翔等[30]将甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐和六氢苯酐两种酸酐按物质的量之比8∶2混合得到复配固化剂,结果表明与单一酸酐制备的环氧固化物相比,复配固化剂制备的固化树脂的电气强度、热稳定性与耐腐蚀性具有显著提升。
常规的双酚A型环氧树脂因其在常温下运动黏度较大,流动性较差,在进行盆式绝缘子浇注及干式套管真空浸渍等工艺时存在树脂渗透不完全、内部出现气泡等不利于成品性能的现象,因此需要添加适量稀释剂来降低环氧树脂黏度,提升其流动性、浸润性及脱泡性[31-33]。常用的稀释剂包括活性稀释剂和非活性稀释剂,其中非活性稀释剂多为高沸点溶剂,如甲苯、正丁醇、邻苯二甲酸酯等[32],通过机械共混的方式掺杂进环氧树脂中不参与其固化过程。但由于其降低了固化过程中的应力,会导致固化产物的收缩相对增大,整体密实感下降,力学性能发生变化。活性稀释剂是指一类含有环氧基团的低摩尔质量化合物,如芳香族类、脂环族类缩水甘油醚及其衍生物等[31],由于活性环氧基的存在,此类稀释剂可以参与固化反应,成为固化产物交联结构的一部分,多用于如高压电工装备等应用要求较高的场合。
采用酸酐类固化剂进行环氧树脂固化时,通常需要较高的固化温度(200℃以上)和较长的固化时间,为节约能源、缩短生产周期,需要向体系中添加固化促进剂来提高反应活性[34-35]。优秀的促进剂应具备不影响固化产物性能、低温/室温反应活性较低、中高温反应活性较高、与环氧/酸酐固化体系相容性好的特点。目前,常用的促进剂包括叔胺及其羧酸盐如2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30)、二甲基苯胺,咪唑类及其衍生物如2-甲基咪唑、2-乙基-4-甲基咪唑等亲核型促进剂以及金属羧酸盐促进剂[16]。其中,亲核型促进剂在环氧/酸酐固化体系中起双重催化作用,既能生成烷氧阴离子促进酸酐开环,又能催化环氧基的交联反应[36-37]。促进剂的结构及性能对交联固化反应速率和固化物性能影响较大,因此选择能够与环氧-酸酐固化体系相匹配的促进剂对于提升环氧树脂的产物性能具有重要意义。
根据上文的介绍,高压电工装备用环氧树脂绝缘料是由环氧树脂基体、固化剂、促进剂、稀释剂和无机填料等多种组分配制而成,虽然各组分用量不同,但每种组分的选择与添加量都会直接影响到环氧固化材料的最终性能。
环氧树脂固化体系配方组成的匹配与优化一直以来都是科研人员的工作重点,根据何元菡[27]的研究可以看到,含有甲基结构的酸酐固化剂甲基四氢苯酐(Me-THPA)能够增加分子间的空间位阻并使固化产物结构紧凑;而含有桥环结构的甲基纳迪克酸酐(MNA)能使固化物的交联结构更加规整,以此固化得到的环氧树脂结构更加稳定,内部更容易形成深陷阱,绝缘性能也因此得到提升。然而,环氧/酸酐固化体系中-CH3的引入量也并不是越多越好。根据研究表明,随着Me-THPA用量的增加,体系中-CH3的占比逐渐提升,固化物分子链更加紧密规整,更有利于产生深陷阱并使击穿和沿面闪络电压随之提升;但当Me-THPA的用量超过环氧基体的100%时,体系中与酸酐基团反应的环氧官能团不足,固化物中-CH3的占比也难以继续提高,此时固化物分子链的主要结构转变为柔性长脂肪链,使得固化物结构松散、分子链间隙变大而作用力减弱,因此稳定性降低也更容易发生沿面闪络[27]。此外,过多地引入固化剂也会使得体系中残余官能团的含量增多,从而导致固化物的电导率提升,对绝缘性能造成不利影响。
目前,在高压电工装备领域采用酸酐类固化剂进行环氧树脂的固化已逐渐成为主流并得到了研究人员广泛的认可,因此应用在环氧/酸酐体系中的促进剂的选择与用量变得尤为重要。宋禹泉[38]采用不同用量的二甲基苄胺来促进环氧/酸酐体系的固化反应,并确定了其最佳用量为0.5%(质量分数,下同),此时固化物的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、拉伸强度和硬度均达到最优。若继续提高促进剂的用量,将导致固化过程过于激烈,体系内集中放热现象加剧,造成环氧固化物内部结构被氧化破坏,分子链的结构稳定性、玻璃化转变温度和力学性能下降。LI J等[39]进一步研究了不同促进剂用量对环氧树脂电击穿的影响,结果表明促进剂DMP-30用于环氧/酸酐体系中的最佳用量为0.5%,不同促进剂含量对固化产物交联结构的影响如图2所示。当促进剂含量过低时,部分树脂链段不能充分交联成网络,形成局部缺陷;当促进剂含量过高时,交联反应完成后残余的促进剂小分子留在交联网络之外或形成小支链,致使体系流动性增大进而破坏交联结构的刚性,导致其稳定性降低。因此,只有当促进剂含量达到最佳值时,环氧树脂固化产物具有最稳固的交联网络结构和适宜的能带间隙,能够表现出较高的玻璃化转变温度和最高的电气强度。
根据上文分析,可以看到配方组分的匹配对于环氧材料的结构设计意义重大,然而由于其组分种类繁多、结构复杂,仅通过实验的方法进行筛选工作量大、效率低。因此近些年来研究人员开始借助计算机分子模拟技术来构建环氧树脂体系,通过对不同组分的分子结构、自由体积、能带结构等进行模拟计算来辅助预测和分析材料的性能。
环氧树脂体系的固化结构与其宏观力学、电气等性能密切相关,而影响其结构的因素不仅在于配方的选择与用量,更受到固化过程中的固化温度和时间等工艺参数的影响,因此优化环氧树脂的固化工艺也是重点研究内容[37]
何愈等[40]详细讨论了固化时间对特高压盆式绝缘子用环氧树脂Tg的影响,如图3所示。通过不断优化最终采用120℃预固化4 h、130℃固化20 h的二段固化工艺,该工艺得到的固化树脂具有高达137℃的Tg
为防止初始固化反应过快、集中放热剧烈导致固化体系局部温度过高,进而影响固化产物的结构,目前通常采用上述二段固化工艺,即先低温进行预固化,然后升温以加速完成固化。孙鹤[41]采用等温和非等温差示扫描量热(DSC)及凝胶时间测定的方法对二段固化技术进行了可行性分析,并建立了树脂玻璃化转变温度-转化率-固化时间-固化温度之间的联系,实现了材料制备成型的工艺可控。在目前的实际固化过程中,常需要根据环氧树脂的应用场景、使用条件等对固化工艺进行不断摸索,并根据固化过程状态、模拟试验结果等确定最佳工艺条件。
根据前文,目前以环氧树脂为基体的绝缘材料体系已经广泛应用在特高压领域的多种电工装备中,并且展现出耐化学腐蚀、收缩率低、粘结性强等优点。然而环氧树脂固化交联后形成的三维网络结构使其内应力增大、抗裂纹扩展力下降,宏观上表现为脆性大、韧性低且抗冲击性能差,这极大地限制了环氧树脂的应用[16]。因此,如何有效地对环氧树脂固化物进行增韧改性是国内外研究人员的工作重点。目前,常用的环氧树脂增韧方法主要有橡胶弹性体改性、无机纳米粒子改性和热塑性塑料改性[42]
在使用橡胶弹性体进行增韧改性过程中,需将橡胶与环氧树脂液体、固化剂及其他助剂混合,当固化反应开始时,橡胶中的活泼端基与环氧树脂中的环氧基、羟基等反应形成共聚物。随着固化反应的进行,橡胶在原位析出,呈现相分离状态,即海岛结构。当有外力作用在改性环氧树脂上时,其内部的橡胶粒子被撕裂拉长,成为裂纹间的桥梁从而阻止裂纹扩展,起到增韧作用[42]。考虑到高压电工领域应用的特殊性,众多橡胶弹性体中以聚硫橡胶、聚硅氧烷和端羟基聚丁二烯液体橡胶的使用最为广泛。
周文英等[43]采用低损耗、高绝缘的弱极性液体橡胶环氧化端羟基聚丁二烯(EHTPB)与双酚A型环氧树脂(EP)反应制备预聚物EHTPB/EP,并采用酸酐进行固化得到改性的环氧固化物。研究发现,EHTPB的端羟基与EP中的环氧基团通过化学键建立起的相互作用强化了两者的界面相容性。同时热力学、电学实验的结果表明,EHTPB的引入不但有效改善了环氧固化物的热稳定性、韧性和冲击强度,而且其电绝缘性及介电性能也得到了提升。李瑜等[44]将氨基封端的聚硫橡胶通过接枝反应引入环氧树脂体系中构建互穿网络结构,制备得到改性的环氧树脂固化物。结果表明,随着柔性链段聚硫橡胶含量的增多,改性树脂的断裂伸长率逐渐提高而硬度逐渐降低,说明其柔韧性得到显著改善。德国瀚森的公开专利[45]中将聚己内酯-聚硅氧烷-嵌段共聚物引入环氧树脂基绝缘配方料中来改善环氧固化物的断裂韧性,发现该类聚硅氧烷共聚物可以均匀、稳定地分散在多种环氧树脂体系中并起到增韧改性的作用。
无机纳米粒子是指一类尺寸在1~100 nm的超细颗粒,如二氧化硅(SiO2)、二氧化钛(TiO2)和氧化铝(Al2O3)等,具有比表面积大、表面能高、硬度大和自身模量高等特点,还具有表面效应、量子尺寸效应等特性,常作为填料引入环氧树脂中来改善其各性能。在纳米粒子/环氧树脂复合体系固化过程中,小尺寸粒子的应力集中作用一方面可以降低树脂的整体内应力,从而在树脂基体附近发生屈服并吸收能量;另一方面由于粒子自身硬度较大,难以发生形变,当外应力作用在复合体系时会导致粒子与树脂界面发生脱离,此时可形成吸收能量的空洞并阻碍裂纹扩展,使得复合材料的断裂韧性提高[46]。但需要注意的是,由于纳米粒子较高的表面能使其极易在树脂基体中发生团聚,这种不均匀分散会大幅降低两者间的界面结合力,进而影响纳米粒子的增韧效果。因此纳米粒子在树脂中的分散性是影响环氧树脂增韧的关键因素。为了改善复合材料的共混效果,提高纳米粒子与树脂间的结合力,目前常用的方法是利用偶联剂对纳米粒子进行表面改性[46-48]
宋丽贤等[47]将表面修饰有偶联剂的纳米SiO2引入环氧树脂灌封料中制备复合材料,结果表明经偶联剂表面处理后的SiO2能够均匀分散在环氧树脂中,并且当其含量为4%时,复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度分别提高至纯树脂的117%和109%,如图4所示。熊磊等[48]采用偶联剂KH550和超支化聚(胺-酯)对纳米TiO2进行表面改性,并引入至环氧树脂中制备复合材料。通过力学性能测试发现,在外力作用下复合材料由脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂,其冲击强度和弯曲强度比纯树脂分别提高了135.51%和22.98%。ZHAO Y J等[49]研究发现,纳米Al2O3颗粒引入环氧树脂后可以在复合材料内部起到阻碍裂纹扩展和改变裂纹发展方向的作用,当Al2O3的质量分数为20%时,复合材料的力学性能得到了显著的提升。综上可见,纳米粒子的添加量也是影响复合材料共混效果、交联结构和力学性能的重要因素。当粒子添加量超过临界值时,其在树脂内的分散性会大幅下降并降低树脂基体的交联度,造成材料性能下降。因此在采用无机纳米粒子进行环氧树脂增韧改性时,需要深入探究粒子不同添加量的影响。
自20世纪80年代起,越来越多的研究人员开始采用热塑性树脂,如聚醚砜(PES)、聚砜(PSF)、聚醚酰亚胺(PEI)等进行环氧树脂改性研究。这些热塑性树脂具有优异的韧性和热稳定性,因此可以作为增韧剂引入环氧体系中制备复合材料使其力学性能和热稳定性同时得到改善[42]
聚醚砜作为一类具有优异耐热性和绝缘性能的热塑性塑料,当引入环氧树脂后可以作为分散相分布在树脂的连续相间,并与树脂分子链相互缠结形成互穿网络,从而提高树脂材料的韧性。B FRANCIS等[50]将聚醚砜醚酮(PESEK)、聚醚砜(PES)与双酚A型环氧树脂共混,并采用酸酐固化得到了改性的环氧树脂复合固化物。结果表明,热塑性塑料PESEK和PES因具有与环氧树脂具有相似的结构,且彼此间的氢键相互作用能均匀分布在环氧基体中,有效降低了环氧基体的交联密度,提升了断裂韧性和基体延展性,如图5所示。此外,由于互穿网络的形成使得复合材料分子链间的排列更加紧密,使得材料内部偶极子的旋转和位移受到限制,从而降低了极化程度和介质损耗,因此这种改性方式在高电压绝缘领域广泛应用。
环氧树脂作为应用广泛的固体绝缘材料,相比于绝缘油等液体介质虽然具有稳定、无泄漏风险等优势,但其导热系数较低(0.17~0.21 W/(m·K)),严重限制了其在特高压领域的应用[51-52]。为了解决这一问题,研究人员对环氧树脂的导热改性进行了深入研究。目前,通过将高导热填料引入环氧树脂中制备填充型复合材料由于制备工艺简单、成本低、可大规模生产加工等优点,已成为广泛使用的改性方式[51,53]
填充型导热复合材料的导热系数由树脂基体、填料及两者间相互作用共同决定[54]。随着基体中导热填料的增多,填料之间逐渐形成导热通道或导热网络,此时热流便可以通过连续的导热网络进行传递和扩散[54]。常用的高导热填料有氧化物(氧化铝、氧化镁)、氮化物(氮化硼、氮化铝)和碳化物(碳化硅)等[51]。陈淑梅[51]选用不同形貌(枝状与片状)的纳米氧化铝加入双酚A型环氧树脂中制备复合材料来改善树脂基体的导热性能。研究发现,枝状氧化铝(b-Al2O3)更有利于在复合材料内部形成连续重叠的网状结构来为热传递提供通路,b-Al2O3/EP的导热系数可以达到1.13 W/(m·K),提高到纯EP的7倍。此外,氮化硼(BN)因具有优异的热稳定性、电绝缘性、耐化学性以及相对较高的导热系数,广泛用于制备高导热复合材料[55]。为了改善BN在环氧树脂中的分散及其与树脂两相界面间的相互作用,研究人员采用偶联剂对BN进行表面改性。例如,GU J W等[56]采用硅烷偶联剂KH550改性的BN微粒制备了BN/EP复合材料。研究发现,当改性BN质量分数为60%时,复合材料的导热系数为1.052 W/(m·K),达到纯树脂的5倍。
在高压领域的装备应用中,对于环氧树脂材料来说除了热力学相关性能,更应关注其电绝缘性能,其中主要包括表面/体积电阻率、介电常数、介质损耗以及电气强度。影响环氧树脂电绝缘性能的因素主要有聚合物分子链的稳定性、体系内部的自由体积以及载流子的积累与运动等,因此可以通过优化树脂分子结构,在体系内部构建深陷阱能级,调整绝缘料组分等方式来提升环氧树脂材料的绝缘性能。
二氧化硅、氧化铝、氮化硼等具有宽带隙和高绝缘性能的无机填料在引入环氧树脂基体后能够构建深陷阱能级,从而起到限制捕获电子、载流子迁移,并提升材料电击穿性能的作用[16]。张磊等[57]将纳米SiO2引入脂环/双酚A共聚环氧树脂中制备复合材料并对其介电性能与直流闪络电压进行了研究。结果表明,由纳米粒子引入的大量深陷阱使得载流子迁移率降低,复合材料的介电常数降低,闪络电压显著提高。王旗等[58]向环氧中引入适量的纳米Al2O3颗粒不但能有效提高环氧树脂的击穿强度,而且对其耐电树枝生长能力的提升也有帮助。
通过使用具有共轭大π键的抗氧化剂作为电压稳定剂可以延长聚合物基复合材料的电降解耐久性。此类有机抗氧化剂具有低于聚合物基体的LUMO能级和较高的HOMO能级,因此在引入后可以在复合材料导带和价带之间引入电荷捕获陷阱,起到抑制电荷在自由体积中传输的作用,进而提高复合材料的电气可靠性和稳定性[59]
利用等离子体对环氧树脂表面进行改性处理,能够调控表面电荷分布,提高闪络电压。宋岩泽等[60]研究表明,在氩气条件下利用高能等离子体对环氧树脂样品进行刻蚀改性可以引发材料表面交联并引入极性官能基团,在一定程度上可提高材料的表面电导率,从而减弱电场分布不均匀的现象,提高环氧材料的沿面闪络电压。SHAO T等[61]通过等离子体表面处理技术在环氧树脂表面沉积了SiOx薄膜,并通过实验证实经过3 min的等离子体处理,环氧复合材料的表面电导率大幅提升且表面陷阱能级变浅,电荷衰减率可提高到90%,闪络电压也随之提高。
本文聚焦于高压电工装备用环氧树脂绝缘材料,从绝缘体系的配方组成、固化工艺和性能改进三方面综述了当前的研究和应用进展。环氧树脂材料的绝缘性能不仅与其配方体系组成有关,更与固化过程密切相关,包括树脂基体与固化剂的配比、各类助剂的含量与添加方式、固化时间和温度的选择等。此外,通过树脂基体接枝、添加无机粒子及表面改性等方法也在一定程度上改善了纯树脂材料的性能劣势,逐渐成为目前的研究重点。最后对未来国产环氧树脂绝缘材料的研究提出如下展望:
(1)在进行环氧树脂基体研发生产时,应注重原材料如双酚单体、环氧氯丙烷等的洁净度,避免树脂制备过程中的杂质引入及副产物残余,以尽可能降低其对环氧树脂绝缘性能的影响。
(2)完善环氧树脂的材料评价标准,针对不同电压等级的电工装备所用的液体环氧树脂、固化树脂及浸渍或浇注复合物建立评价其性能的标准文件,尤其对于其导热性、耐热性、抗冲击性、高电压击穿及沿面闪络电压等级等关键性能指标需制定明确且完备的评价标准。
(3)进行树脂绝缘料开发与改性时,应将装备运行工况与绝缘材料使用环境纳入考虑,如环氧树脂与其他部件的相容性、电热耦合下环氧材料的老化问题等。
综上,我国实现高压绝缘用环氧树脂的自主开发任重道远,需要产业链上下游厂商发挥各自优势,整合实际应用案例与基础研究数据,通力配合,早日实现高端电工装备领域环氧材料的国产化。
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2024年第57卷第12期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.12.002
  • 接收时间:2024-02-26
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-26
  • 修回日期:2024-04-25
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    特变电工科技投资有限公司 天津市新型电力系统工程研究中心,天津 301799
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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