Article(id=1210613541598523584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210613541111984320, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692633600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-22, revisedDate=1695139200000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766562360429, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766562360429, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766562360429, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766562360429, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210613541111984320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766562360313, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564044072, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620603392987671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210613541111984320, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620603392987672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210613541111984320, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=106, endPage=112, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210613541892124867, articleId=1210613541598523584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of high temperature resistant ceramic coating on performance of quartz fiber insulation layer, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issues of inadequate high-temperature insulation performance and thermal stability of wires, a high-temperature resistant ceramic coating was prepared using the nano alumina and a small quantity of nano silica as the primary raw materials by nanoparticle surface modification technology, then the ceramic coating was coated on quartz fiber braided layer to prepare a high-temperature composite insulating material. The structure, composition, and thermal stability of the coating were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The morphology, volume resistivity, and electric strength of the high-temperature resistant ceramic coating-quartz fiber composite insulation layer before and after calcination were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high insulation resistance tester, and automatic voltage tester. The results show that the ceramic coating forms a ceramic protective layer on the quartz fiber braided layer after high temperature calcination, which can enhance the temperature resistance rating of the quartz fiber and improve its insulation performance. When the temperature exceeds 800℃, the insulation resistivity of the high-temperature resistant composite insulation layer still exceeds 2×106 Ω·m, and the average electric strength at room temperature is as high as 400 kV/m, which has certain application prospects in the wires on specialized equipments such as aerospace engines, excitation coils, transformers.

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为了解决导线的耐高温绝缘性能和热稳定性较差的问题,本文以纳米氧化铝和少量纳米二氧化硅为主要原料,通过纳米颗粒表面改性工艺制备耐高温陶瓷涂层,并将陶瓷涂层涂覆在石英纤维编织层上,制备出了耐高温复合绝缘材料。采用XRD、FTIR和TG-DSC等测试分析涂层的结构、组成和热稳定性能;采用SEM、高绝缘电阻测量仪和自动电压试验仪对耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层煅烧前后的形貌、绝缘电阻率和电气强度进行了分析。结果表明:陶瓷涂层经高温煅烧后在石英纤维编织层上形成了一层陶瓷保护层,能够提升石英纤维的耐温等级,并增强绝缘性能。在温度超过800℃时,耐高温复合绝缘层的绝缘电阻仍超过2×106 Ω·m,并且常温平均电气强度高达400 kV/m,在航空航天发动机、励磁线圈、变压器等特种装备导线绝缘上具有一定的应用前景。

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谢历(1994-),男(汉族),湖北孝感人,工程师,主要从事特种绕组线及耐高温绝缘漆的研究。

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谢历(1994-),男(汉族),湖北孝感人,工程师,主要从事特种绕组线及耐高温绝缘漆的研究。

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谢历(1994-),男(汉族),湖北孝感人,工程师,主要从事特种绕组线及耐高温绝缘漆的研究。

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Beijing: Standards Press of China,2007., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218964269417284569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613541598523584, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218964269425673178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613541598523584, companyId=1218964269417284569, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=State Key Laboratory of Special Cables Technology, Shanghai Electric Cable Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200093, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218964269429867483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613541598523584, companyId=1218964269417284569, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=上海电缆研究所有限公司 特种电缆技术国家重点实验室,上海 200093)])], 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耐高温陶瓷涂层对石英纤维绝缘层性能的影响
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谢历 , 仇爽 , 李福
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(11): 106-112
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(11): 106-112
耐高温陶瓷涂层对石英纤维绝缘层性能的影响
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谢历, 仇爽, 李福
作者信息
  • 上海电缆研究所有限公司 特种电缆技术国家重点实验室,上海 200093
  • 谢历(1994-),男(汉族),湖北孝感人,工程师,主要从事特种绕组线及耐高温绝缘漆的研究。

Effect of high temperature resistant ceramic coating on performance of quartz fiber insulation layer
Li XIE, Shuang QIU, Fu LI
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Special Cables Technology, Shanghai Electric Cable Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200093, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.013
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为了解决导线的耐高温绝缘性能和热稳定性较差的问题,本文以纳米氧化铝和少量纳米二氧化硅为主要原料,通过纳米颗粒表面改性工艺制备耐高温陶瓷涂层,并将陶瓷涂层涂覆在石英纤维编织层上,制备出了耐高温复合绝缘材料。采用XRD、FTIR和TG-DSC等测试分析涂层的结构、组成和热稳定性能;采用SEM、高绝缘电阻测量仪和自动电压试验仪对耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层煅烧前后的形貌、绝缘电阻率和电气强度进行了分析。结果表明:陶瓷涂层经高温煅烧后在石英纤维编织层上形成了一层陶瓷保护层,能够提升石英纤维的耐温等级,并增强绝缘性能。在温度超过800℃时,耐高温复合绝缘层的绝缘电阻仍超过2×106 Ω·m,并且常温平均电气强度高达400 kV/m,在航空航天发动机、励磁线圈、变压器等特种装备导线绝缘上具有一定的应用前景。

陶瓷涂层  /  石英纤维  /  耐高温  /  绝缘  /  电气强度

To address the issues of inadequate high-temperature insulation performance and thermal stability of wires, a high-temperature resistant ceramic coating was prepared using the nano alumina and a small quantity of nano silica as the primary raw materials by nanoparticle surface modification technology, then the ceramic coating was coated on quartz fiber braided layer to prepare a high-temperature composite insulating material. The structure, composition, and thermal stability of the coating were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The morphology, volume resistivity, and electric strength of the high-temperature resistant ceramic coating-quartz fiber composite insulation layer before and after calcination were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high insulation resistance tester, and automatic voltage tester. The results show that the ceramic coating forms a ceramic protective layer on the quartz fiber braided layer after high temperature calcination, which can enhance the temperature resistance rating of the quartz fiber and improve its insulation performance. When the temperature exceeds 800℃, the insulation resistivity of the high-temperature resistant composite insulation layer still exceeds 2×106 Ω·m, and the average electric strength at room temperature is as high as 400 kV/m, which has certain application prospects in the wires on specialized equipments such as aerospace engines, excitation coils, transformers.

ceramic coating  /  quartz fiber  /  high temperature resistance  /  insulation  /  electric strength
谢历, 仇爽, 李福. 耐高温陶瓷涂层对石英纤维绝缘层性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (11) : 106 -112 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.013
Li XIE, Shuang QIU, Fu LI. Effect of high temperature resistant ceramic coating on performance of quartz fiber insulation layer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (11) : 106 -112 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.013
高温导线可应用在航空航天发动机、励磁线圈和变压器等设备上,用于电磁转换、模拟信号传输、电脉冲和控制电流等[1-2]。随着科技的发展,对高温绝缘材料的耐高温、耐电压、耐辐射和机械强度等性能的要求也不断提升。高温导线作为特殊设备的关键组件,其性能指标能够直接影响设备的使用性能、高温稳定性以及使用寿命[3]。在高温环境下,金属导体易发生氧化,从而造成力学性能下降,耐高温涂层能够起到“隔离层”,有效隔绝导体与氧气的接触,阻止金属导体发生高温腐蚀;同时耐高温涂层具有较好的隔热性能,通过在耐温较差的材料表面涂覆耐高温涂层可以显著提升基体材料的耐热性能。
有机硅树脂、聚醚醚酮、聚二苯醚树脂和聚酰亚胺树脂等具有较好的热稳定性、绝缘性能和成膜性[4-5],可直接涂覆在导体上制备漆包线,也可浸渍涂覆在玻璃纤维绕包层的外层,提升漆包线的耐热性能与绝缘性能。目前,大多数有机绝缘涂层的长期使用温度都不超过250℃,短期使用最高温度一般也不超过300℃。
无机耐高温涂层通常可在400℃以上的环境中工作,具有较高的强度、硬度、抗冲击性和力学性能[6]。S JUMONJI等[7]在导体材料外侧涂覆一层陶瓷层,然后在陶瓷层表面覆盖有机涂层,研究表明该导体能够在500℃以下使用。美国某军工厂采用二氧化硅烧结成型构建高温导线绝缘层,绝缘厚度可控制为5~15 μm,使用温度可达到537℃。法国THERMOCOAX公司将新型耐高温绝缘胶涂覆在金属导体上,经高温烧结定型后制成高温导线,其在600℃高温下绝缘电阻率达到了107 Ω·m,在航空、航天领域成功取得应用。国内耐高温陶瓷绝缘的发展比较缓慢,在20世纪60—70年代才开始初步发展。山东工业陶瓷研究设计院有限公司在导线表面涂覆单一或复合陶瓷层,所得导线具有耐高温、绝缘性好等优点,但是绕曲性较差。胡志勇等[8]研究表明采用熔融纺丝法制备玻璃包覆型高温导线的击穿电压值随着包覆层厚度的增加而增大,抗软化击穿温度大于400℃。张志昌等[9]使用BaO、PbO、SiO形成玻璃主体构建陶瓷线绝缘层,其制作工艺复杂,且需严格控制绝缘层厚度以保证绝缘层的柔韧性。
普通陶瓷层材料的柔韧性、粘结性较低,且与金属导体材料的热膨胀系数相差较大,导致高温导线的机械强度、抗振动性能以及成型性能都较差。周范能等[10]采用熔融状的玻璃制备了绝缘涂层,制备成型温度较高、涂层较厚,并且涂层厚度对电磁线的弯曲性影响较大。孙国梁等[11]对金属基陶瓷涂层的制备及涂覆工艺展开了系列研究,由于热膨胀系数的差异,在急冷急热条件下,易产生热应力导致涂层内部出现大量裂纹。纳米陶瓷涂层由于晶粒细化,晶界数量大幅增加,能够提高涂层与基体的界面结合强度、断裂韧性、耐腐蚀性和抗高温氧化性等。纳米氧化铝具有多种晶型,最终转变相熔点高达2 050℃,同时由于量子尺寸效应和比表面效应,具有出色的吸附能力,常被用作涂层材料,并表现出优异的绝缘性能、耐磨性、结合强度、断裂韧性和耐高温性能[12-15]
目前,我国针对耐高温绝缘材料的开发仍处于不成熟阶段,与国际水平有较大差距。本文采用无机纳米粒子作为耐高温陶瓷涂层的主体成分,既具有无机绝缘材料的耐高温性能,又能保持纳米粒子的高吸附性。石英纤维具有良好的的耐高温性能和绝缘性能,常用作电缆绝缘材料。长连续石英纤维的柔韧度较高,用于导线绝缘层的制备时,可加工性能强,并且能够赋予绝缘层优异的韧性。因此,本研究通过将陶瓷绝缘涂层涂覆于石英纤维编织层上构建耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层,在保证绝缘层柔韧性的前提下,又能提升绝缘层的高温稳定性与高温绝缘性能。
纳米氧化铝,平均粒径为30 nm,纯度为99.9%,浙江曼粒纳米科技有限公司。改性复合十二脂烷醋酸丁酯钠,纯度为99%,天津益处仁达化工有限公司。磷酸钠,纯度为96%,国药集团公司。去离子水采用Milipore超纯水机制得。
首先将50 g纳米氧化铝、50 g水、3 g改性复合十二脂烷醋酸丁酯钠均匀混合,将混合溶液超声分散10 min后,放入急流喷式共磨装置中共磨20 min。再均质超声分散10 min混合均匀,接着放入急流喷式共磨装置中,共磨20 min。然后逐步向混合溶液中加入80 g纳米氧化铝和40 g的纳米粘结剂水溶液(磷酸钠与水的质量比为5∶2),搅拌混合均匀后,倒入悬停涡流釜中,悬停涡流7 h,之后将混合溶液过滤,得到最终的陶瓷涂层浆料。
石英纤维丝绝缘采用传统的编织结构,控制合适的编织密度,使石英纤维编织层平整、紧密。在编织工序结束后,采用提拉法将1.2.1中制备的耐高温陶瓷涂层浆料均匀地涂敷在石英纤维编织绝缘层上,每涂覆一道耐高温陶瓷涂层都要进行一次加热固化,导线提拉线速度为2.0 m/min。涂覆工序结束后,将导线置于150℃烘箱中保温2 h,加速陶瓷涂料干燥固化成型,促使涂料紧密地粘附在石英纤维绝缘层的外侧,从而形成耐高温复合绝缘层。
使用Mastersizer 2000型激光粒度分析仪对陶瓷涂层浆料中粉体的粒径分布进行分析。采用X'Pert3 Powder型X射线衍射(XRD)对800℃煅烧前后耐高温陶瓷涂层的组成、含量和晶体结构进行分析,采用Cu靶,λ=0.154 05 nm,管电压为40 kV,电流为30 mA,扫描范围为10°~90°。使用Nicolet iS20型傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)对800℃煅烧前后的耐高温陶瓷涂层的物质结构、组成和化学信息进行分析。使用STA 449F3型同步热分析仪(TG-DSC)对耐高温陶瓷涂层进行热重和差热分析,测试温度为30~900℃,升温速率为10℃/min,采用氮气作为保护气体。采用S-4700型冷场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对耐高温复合绝缘层的表面形貌进行表征。使用ZC-90G型高绝缘电阻测量仪测试耐高温复合绝缘层常温与高温时的绝缘电阻率,并采用WDY-Ⅱ型自动电压试验仪对耐高温复合绝缘层的电气强度进行测试。
使用激光粒度分析仪测定陶瓷涂层浆料中粉体的粒径分布,结果如图1所示。
图1可以看出,粉体粒径主要为10~100 nm,中值粒径(D50)为20.1 nm,说明陶瓷涂层浆料中纳米氧化铝分散均匀,并未出现大的团聚现象。
图2为耐高温陶瓷涂层在800℃高温煅烧前后的XRD图谱。
图2(a)可以看出,煅烧前后的样品均在2θ=25.64°、35.21°、43.41°和57.49°处形成较强的衍射峰,这些衍射峰与氧化铝的标准卡片(JCPDS No.10-0173)匹配完好[16],而且这些衍射峰都十分尖锐,半高宽小。此外,在2θ=20.14°、20.47°和32.23°处形成几个较小的衍射峰,它们与陶瓷涂层中粘合剂Na3PO4的标准卡片(JCPDS No.30-1232)相吻合。从图2(b)可以看出,涂层在高温煅烧后,Na3PO4的衍射峰基本消失,而在2θ=20.19°、32.79°和33.22°处形成了新的衍射峰,这些新的衍射峰与Na4P2O7的标准卡片(JCPDS No.10-0187)匹配良好。这个结果说明陶瓷涂层的主要成分为结晶度高、晶粒较大的氧化铝,且在高温烧结前后,陶瓷涂层的主体成分基本未发生变化,只发生了粘合剂Na3PO4向Na4P2O7的转化。
图3为陶瓷涂层浆料和陶瓷涂层800℃煅烧前后的红外光谱图。从图3可以看出,陶瓷涂层浆料固化前的样品有多组红外吸收特征峰,3 000~3 600 cm-1处宽的吸收带对应-OH基团的伸缩振动(其中包括自由水、羟基及氢键结合水等);1 634 cm-1处的吸收峰来自-OH的弯曲振动[17];1 396 cm-1处的吸收峰来自陶瓷涂层浆料中有机分散剂中-CH3、-CH2的弯曲振动[18-19];1 120 cm-1处的吸收峰归因于PO43-的不对称伸缩振动。此外,在998 cm-1处的吸收峰代表着Al-O-Al伸缩振动;554 cm-1处的吸收峰主要是由于O-Al-O的对称弯曲振动吸收所导致的[20]。对比可以发现,陶瓷涂层浆料在固化后,只有-OH的特征峰消失,说明在烘干固化过程中,陶瓷涂层浆料中水分蒸发,而其他添加剂成分仍存留在陶瓷涂层中。经过800℃高温煅烧后,陶瓷涂层浆料的红外吸收光谱中基本只存有氧化铝分子基团的特征吸收峰,而有机分散剂官能团的特征峰完全消失,说明有机分散剂已完全分解。
为了探究耐高温陶瓷涂层的热稳定性、热解特性及相变行为,采用同步热分析仪对其进行热重和差热分析,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,在 30~150℃内,样品的质量快速下降,这是由于样品受潮所吸收水分蒸发而引起的质量下降,下降速率最快的点对应于DTA曲线中的82.9℃和122.7℃处。在150~500℃内,样品的质量下降速率减缓,当温度超过500℃以后,样品的质量下降速率逐渐趋近于零,样品的质量也趋于不变。随着温度的升高,耐高温陶瓷涂层样品的DSC曲线首先在82.9℃和130℃处形成2个较小的吸热峰,形成这两个吸热峰主要原因是水的受热蒸发。当温度继续升高时,在215℃处形成1个吸热峰,主要原因是有机分散剂的热分解。当温度进一步升高时,在818.5℃处出现1个吸热峰,这个吸热峰的形成归因于粘合剂Na3PO4向Na4P2O7的转化。陶瓷涂层中主体成分氧化铝具有较好的高温稳定性,在高温过程中未发生相变行为,这说明了陶瓷涂层具有较高的耐温等级。
为了进一步探究耐高温陶瓷涂层对石英纤维热稳定性的影响,使用扫描电镜对石英纤维编织层煅烧前后的形貌和耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层经800℃煅烧后的表面形貌进行表征,结果如图5所示。
图5(a)和(b)可以看出,石英纤维编织层较为完整、牢固,体现了高温导线编织工艺的规范性和稳定性,但石英纤维比较松散,相邻纤维丝间具有较大的空隙。在高温煅烧后,纤维发生了大量的断裂。图5(c)展示了耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层经800℃煅烧后的表面形貌,石英纤维层表面有许多纳米级的小颗粒,结合上述表征分析,可以推测出为纳米氧化铝。纳米氧化铝具有较小的粒径,涂覆在石英纤维编织层的外侧并渗透到石英纤维丝间隙中,形成紧密结构。在高温煅烧后,陶瓷涂层与石英纤维粘结,使结构更加紧实,并且能够阻止石英纤维在高温下发生断裂,进而改善了绝缘层的高温稳定性。
柔韧性是反映高温导线受卷绕、弯曲等外力作用时,其绝缘层不发生开裂的能力,是高温导线重要的力学性能指标之一。参考GB/T 4074.3—2008《绕组线试验方法 第3部分:机械性能》测试方法[21],选用石英纤维编织层与耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层两种结构的高温导线,在经800℃煅烧后,对其柔韧性进行测试。取校直的试验样品在半径为15DD为高温导线直径)的抛光圆棒上以1~3 r/s的速度卷绕,卷绕时线的承受张力刚好与圆棒接触,卷绕后,用正常视力检查导线绝缘层完整情况。用手机拍摄高温导线卷绕后图片,如图6图7所示。
图6可以看出,高温煅烧前,石英纤维编织层具有良好的柔韧性,绝缘层在弯曲后仍具有完整结构,未发生断裂现象;而经高温煅烧后,石英纤维编织层在弯曲后发生明显的破损,这是由于石英纤维在高温下烧结粉化、断裂,从而导致弯曲性能下降。从图7可以看出,耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层煅烧前后,均具有完整结构,无明显破损。这个结果说明耐高温陶瓷涂层导线具有良好的柔韧性,并且耐高温陶瓷涂层涂覆在石英纤维编织层的外侧,形成一层良好的的耐高温隔热层,能够减缓石英纤维受热粉化,从而使导线在高温煅烧后仍具有较好的柔韧性。
参考GB/T 4074.5—2008《绕组线试验方法 第5部分:电性能》[22],测试石英纤维编织层与耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层的常温击穿性能。两种不同结构的导线分别制作5个试样,按照标准弯曲后,将试样测试部分埋在装满小钢珠的容器中,试样导体连接击穿电压测试仪正极输出端,小钢珠与击穿电压仪接地。选择100 V/s的升压速度,直至试样被击穿,记录击穿电压数值。通过计算击穿电压与绝缘层厚度的比值,得出绝缘层的电气强度。根据5组试样的电气强度作柱状图,结果如图8所示。
图8可以看出,石英纤维编织层的平均电气强度在340 kV/m左右,耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层的平均电气强度在400 kV/m左右。这个测试结果表明耐高温陶瓷涂层能够增强石英纤维编织层的电气强度,并且耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层能够适用于400 kV/m高压场强环境中。
使用ZC-90G高绝缘电阻测量仪,参考GB/T 3048.5—2007《电线电缆电性能试验方法 第5部分:绝缘电阻试验》[23],对石英纤维编织层与耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层的单位长度绝缘电阻RL(单位长度为1 m)进行测试。分别取长度为1.4 m校直的两种绝缘层结构的高温导线试样,穿透在长度为1 m的编织铜网内,使铜网紧密贴合在导线绝缘层的外侧,两端各留0.2 m。然后将试样置于马弗炉中,测量不同温度下的绝缘电阻率。图9为石英纤维编织层与耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层的绝缘电阻(RL)随温度变化的曲线。从图9可以看出,耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层在常温时的RL为8.86×1011 Ω·m,石英纤维编织层在常温时的RL为3.71×1011 Ω·m。在升温过程中,绝缘层的绝缘电阻率逐渐降低(高温下保持0.5 h后测试),耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层均具有较高的绝缘电阻。当温度升至800℃时,石英纤维编织层的RL趋近于1×104 Ω·m,而耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层的RL仍超过2×106 Ω·m。这个结果说明,涂覆耐高温陶瓷涂层能显著提升石英纤维编织层的绝缘性能,在高温下煅烧形成的陶瓷保护层,增强了绝缘层的高温稳定性,使绝缘层在800℃高温下仍具有较高的绝缘电阻。
(1)耐高温陶瓷涂层主要成分为纳米氧化铝、溶剂、少量的有机分散剂和粘结剂。在高温状态下,涂层中溶剂挥发、少量的有机分散剂会发生分解以及粘合剂Na3PO4向Na4P2O7转化,纳米氧化铝具有较高的熔点,基本不发生晶型和结构的改变。因此,耐高温陶瓷涂层具有良好的结构稳定性。
(2)耐高温陶瓷涂层具有较好的粘结性能,可以均匀地涂覆并紧密粘附在石英纤维编织层的外表面,并且固化后无脱落开裂等现象。在高温煅烧过程中,陶瓷涂层中纳米氧化铝颗粒与石英纤维粘结,形成耐高温保护层,提升了石英纤维的耐温等级,阻止纤维粉化、断裂,使高温导线在高温煅烧后仍具有良好的柔韧性。
(3)采用石英纤维编织结构,并结合耐高温陶瓷涂层,形成耐高温陶瓷涂层-石英纤维复合绝缘层,整体结构更加致密、稳固,从而提升了电气性能,常温平均电气强度约为400 kV/m,绝缘电阻率超过1011 Ω·m,在温度超过800℃时,绝缘电阻仍超过2×106 Ω·m,能够为航空、航天、核电等领域高温导线绝缘结构的开发提供一定的研究基础。
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2024年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.013
  • 接收时间:2023-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-22
  • 修回日期:2023-09-20
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    上海电缆研究所有限公司 特种电缆技术国家重点实验室,上海 200093
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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