Article(id=1210613544870080816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210613541111984320, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703001600000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-20, revisedDate=1710086400000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766562361208, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1732032000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766562361208, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766562361208, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766562361208, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210613541111984320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='143', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766562360313, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564044072, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620603392987671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210613541111984320, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620603392987672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210613541111984320, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=93, endPage=97, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210613545193042246, articleId=1210613544870080816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effect of filler content on properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites with high thermal conductivity, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A glass fiber winding reinforced epoxy resin composite with high thermal conductivity was prepared by filling the bisphenol A type epoxy resin system with a mixture of alumina and silica powder fillers. The effects of filler content on the mechanical properties, electrical properties, and thermal conductivity of composite were studied. The results show that the addition of mixed fillers is beneficial for improving the thermal stability and thermal conductivity of the composite. When the mass fraction of the fillers is 62% (of which the mass fraction of silicon powder is 48% and the mass fraction of alumina is 14%), the tensile strength (0° and 90° directions), bending strength, and NOL ring tensile strength of the composite are 160.25, 24.50, 245.40, and 134.30 MPa, respectively. The dielectric constant is 1.889, the dielectric loss factor is 0.673×10-2, the volume resistivity is 3.36×1016 Ω·cm, and the thermal conductivity is 1.257 W/(m·K), which is 155% higher than the thermal conductivity before addition.

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采用氧化铝和硅微粉混合填料填充双酚A型环氧树脂体系,制备了高导热玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料。研究了填料用量对缠绕复合材料力学性能、电气性能和导热性能的影响。结果表明:混合填料的加入有利于提高复合材料的热稳定性和导热性。当填料质量分数为62%(其中硅微粉质量分数为48%,氧化铝质量分数为14%)时,缠绕复合材料的单向板拉伸强度(0°和90°方向)、单向板弯曲强度以及NOL环拉伸强度分别为160.25、24.50、245.40、134.30 MPa,介电常数为1.889,介质损耗因数为0.673×10-2,体积电阻率为3.36×1016 Ω·cm,热导率为1.257 W/(m·K),相比添加前的导热系数提高了155%。

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郭瑞鲁(1993-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,工程师,博士,主要从事高性能聚合物的合成与制备、硅橡胶与电工环氧树脂的研究。
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张翀(1988-),男(汉族),山西运城人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事模块化多电平换流器及柔性直流输电技术的工作。

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张翀(1988-),男(汉族),山西运城人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事模块化多电平换流器及柔性直流输电技术的工作。

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张翀(1988-),男(汉族),山西运城人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事模块化多电平换流器及柔性直流输电技术的工作。

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keyword=硅微粉)], refs=[Reference(id=1218964284088964028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=29, issue=9, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=JINF L, LIX, PARKS J, journalName=Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JINF L, LIX, PARKS J. 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试样编号环氧树脂与固化剂质量比为1∶1氧化铝硅微粉
1#10000
2#421048
3#381448
4#341848
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283027805067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试样各原材料组分配方表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号环氧树脂与固化剂质量比为1∶1氧化铝硅微粉
1#10000
2#421048
3#381448
4#341848
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283120079759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Test results of mechanical properties, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号单向板NOL环拉伸强度
0°拉伸强度90°拉伸强度弯曲强度
1#645.6823.63328.33437.16
2#182.0727.85323.31164.29
3#160.2524.50245.40134.30
4#82.1420.62192.43138.16
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283208160149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

力学性能测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号单向板NOL环拉伸强度
0°拉伸强度90°拉伸强度弯曲强度
1#645.6823.63328.33437.16
2#182.0727.85323.31164.29
3#160.2524.50245.40134.30
4#82.1420.62192.43138.16
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283375932316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Test results of electrical properties and thermal conductivity, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号介电常数介质损耗因数/(×10-2体积电阻率/(×1016 Ω·cm)热导率/(W/(m·K))
1#2.8360.2256.780.493
2#2.7590.5872.400.759
3#1.8890.6733.361.257
4#4.0321.1240.511.107
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283464012705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电气及导热性能测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号介电常数介质损耗因数/(×10-2体积电阻率/(×1016 Ω·cm)热导率/(W/(m·K))
1#2.8360.2256.780.493
2#2.7590.5872.400.759
3#1.8890.6733.361.257
4#4.0321.1240.511.107
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283610813351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Data of thermogravimetric analysis of composites, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试样编号Ti/℃Tmax/℃Rmax/(%/min)残留率(900℃)/%
1#341.5389.54.3764.2
2#350.8393.34.6862.0
3#356.3382.33.0675.2
4#363.8388.83.1376.9
), ArticleFig(id=1218964283740836782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210613544870080816, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复合材料热重分析的数据

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试样编号Ti/℃Tmax/℃Rmax/(%/min)残留率(900℃)/%
1#341.5389.54.3764.2
2#350.8393.34.6862.0
3#356.3382.33.0675.2
4#363.8388.83.1376.9
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填料含量对高导热玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响
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张翀 , 崔惠泽 , 郭瑞鲁 , 陈铄 , 李文鹏
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(11): 93-97
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(11): 93-97
填料含量对高导热玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响
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张翀, 崔惠泽, 郭瑞鲁, 陈铄, 李文鹏
作者信息
  • 中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 102209
  • 张翀(1988-),男(汉族),山西运城人,教授级高级工程师,主要从事模块化多电平换流器及柔性直流输电技术的工作。

通讯作者:

郭瑞鲁(1993-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,工程师,博士,主要从事高性能聚合物的合成与制备、硅橡胶与电工环氧树脂的研究。
Effect of filler content on properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites with high thermal conductivity
Chong ZHANG, Huize CUI, Ruilu GUO, Shuo CHEN, Wenpeng LI
Affiliations
  • China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 102209, China
出版时间: 2024-11-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.011
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采用氧化铝和硅微粉混合填料填充双酚A型环氧树脂体系,制备了高导热玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料。研究了填料用量对缠绕复合材料力学性能、电气性能和导热性能的影响。结果表明:混合填料的加入有利于提高复合材料的热稳定性和导热性。当填料质量分数为62%(其中硅微粉质量分数为48%,氧化铝质量分数为14%)时,缠绕复合材料的单向板拉伸强度(0°和90°方向)、单向板弯曲强度以及NOL环拉伸强度分别为160.25、24.50、245.40、134.30 MPa,介电常数为1.889,介质损耗因数为0.673×10-2,体积电阻率为3.36×1016 Ω·cm,热导率为1.257 W/(m·K),相比添加前的导热系数提高了155%。

环氧树脂  /  缠绕复合材料  /  高导热  /  氧化铝  /  硅微粉

A glass fiber winding reinforced epoxy resin composite with high thermal conductivity was prepared by filling the bisphenol A type epoxy resin system with a mixture of alumina and silica powder fillers. The effects of filler content on the mechanical properties, electrical properties, and thermal conductivity of composite were studied. The results show that the addition of mixed fillers is beneficial for improving the thermal stability and thermal conductivity of the composite. When the mass fraction of the fillers is 62% (of which the mass fraction of silicon powder is 48% and the mass fraction of alumina is 14%), the tensile strength (0° and 90° directions), bending strength, and NOL ring tensile strength of the composite are 160.25, 24.50, 245.40, and 134.30 MPa, respectively. The dielectric constant is 1.889, the dielectric loss factor is 0.673×10-2, the volume resistivity is 3.36×1016 Ω·cm, and the thermal conductivity is 1.257 W/(m·K), which is 155% higher than the thermal conductivity before addition.

epoxy resin  /  wrapped composites  /  high thermal conductivity  /  alumina  /  silica powder
张翀, 崔惠泽, 郭瑞鲁, 陈铄, 李文鹏. 填料含量对高导热玻璃纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (11) : 93 -97 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.011
Chong ZHANG, Huize CUI, Ruilu GUO, Shuo CHEN, Wenpeng LI. Effect of filler content on properties of glass fiber reinforced epoxy resin composites with high thermal conductivity[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (11) : 93 -97 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.011
干式平波电抗器是由绕组线圈、支架、绝缘支柱、均压环、底座等组成,是高压、特高压直流输电的重要组成设备。随着材料工艺的发展,玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料凭借其优异的力学性能、绝缘性能以及耐老化、耐酸碱腐蚀等特性逐渐用于制作干式空心电抗器的多层并联包封的结构支架,主要是因为纤维缠绕增强复合材料具有优异的力学性能,且环氧树脂具有良好的机械强度、绝缘性能、耐老化和耐酸碱腐蚀等特性,从小型的印刷电路板到大容量的干式电力变压器,从中低压配电系统到超高压、特高压输电工程,环氧树脂都是首选的绝缘材料之一[1-5]。然而,在特高压直流运行过程中,平波电抗器往往会因为外部环境、自身结构等原因导致局部过热、绝缘老化甚至是烧损等故障,因此控制平波电抗器的温升和提高散热能力对于提高设备的安全性和延长使用寿命至关重要。目前对于干式平波电抗器散热不良的问题仅依靠优化设计只能进行小幅改善,效果并不理想。通过研制和使用高导热绝缘材料有望改善电抗器热场的温度分布和散热问题,有效降低温升,提高电抗器的散热能力。因此,研制具有高导热性的新型绝缘材料,解决结构散热问题一直是电气绝缘领域关注的热点。
环氧树脂的本征热导率极低,可通过化学接枝或者成型工艺控制对环氧树脂的分子链结构进行设计,提高环氧树脂固化物的取向度和结晶度,从而提高环氧树脂的本征热导率。然而,高本征热导率的环氧树脂自身熔点高、黏度大、流动性差,并且制备合成工艺过程繁琐,性能尚不稳定,规模化和产业化生产难度高。添加高导热填料是一种常用来提升环氧材料导热性能的方法[6-12]。在环氧树脂基体中填充高导热填料,利用填料在聚合物基体中构建有效的导热通路,可提高环氧树脂复合材料的热导率。填充型环氧树脂导热性能的优劣主要取决于填料自身的热导率、填料填充量以及填料与基体的复合方式等,因其制备工艺简单、生产成本低等优点被广泛应用于工业生产领域。
目前国内外关于干式平波电抗器采用玻璃纤维缠绕增强高导热环氧树脂复合材料的研究较少,主要原因在于环氧树脂材料热导率提升的同时会导致其抗开裂性能和工艺性能下降。此外,湿法缠绕成型工艺要求基体树脂黏度低,而且导热填料在树脂中的分散性也会极大地影响材料的综合性能和缠绕成型工艺的可实施性。从国内外对填充型树脂基导热绝缘材料的研究情况来看,填料以高导热无机填料为主[6,9,12],无机氧化物和氮化物的电绝缘性能优异,可直接应用于制备电工导热绝缘环氧树脂复合材料,其中以氮化铝、氮化硼和氧化铝最为热门。填充方式主要有单一填料填充和多种填料复配填充两种方式。
氧化铝的本征热导率并不突出,但其具有环保无毒、成本低及稳定性高等优点,仍是氧化物陶瓷材料中研究和应用最多的导热填料。此外,硅微粉,作为在干式变压器浇注料中必不可少的填料,具有降低树脂固化收缩率、固化物的线膨胀系数和制造成本,提高浇注料的导热性能,降低变压器绕组线圈的温升等优点[13-14]。因此,本文选用氧化铝和硅微粉复配作为提升环氧树脂热导率的混合填料,重点研究氧化铝和硅微粉混合填料含量对玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料力学性能、电气性能及导热性能的影响。
环氧树脂、固化剂和硅微粉购自上海雄润树脂有限公司,环氧树脂牌号为HE-305A,固化剂牌号为HE-305B,硅微粉(粒径D50=17 μm)牌号为X13;氧化铝(粒径D50=13 μm)购自中铝郑州研究院,牌号为A-F-5;玻璃纤维购自重庆国际复合材料股份有限公司,牌号为ECT 468A-4400。
步骤1:将环氧树脂进行预热,加入一定量氧化铝与硅微粉的混合填料后进行真空脱气和分散,制得组分A;将固化剂进行预热、脱气搅拌,加入剩余部分填料后进行真空脱气和分散,制得组分B。
步骤2:将组分A与组分B混合,在适宜的温度下混合一定时间至均匀,然后保持恒温并进行真空脱泡。将混合后的胶液倒入浸胶槽,连续玻璃纤维束在适宜温度下贯穿浸胶槽,通过湿法缠绕工艺进行缠绕。制品缠绕完毕后,放入固化炉按规定固化程序(80℃/2 h+120℃/10 h)进行固化,直至完全凝胶,获得单向板复合材料及naval ordnance laboratory(NOL)环复合材料。
根据相关文献及前期研究基础[14-16],本文试验在保持硅微粉质量分数约为48%前提下,改变氧化铝质量分数分别为10%、14%和18%来制备复合材料,并与空白组进行对比。各试样的原材料组分配方见表1
高导热玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料由湖南四棱机械设备有限公司生产的六轴数控纤维缠绕机制备,仪器和平板、NOL试样形态如图1图2所示,具体过程如下:
(1)配胶、清理模具并喷涂脱模剂;
(2)调试缠绕机并标定张力系统,保证所测张力真实稳定;
(3)使用纤维进行缠绕试验,不断提高缠绕张力,测试出纤维不起毛或起毛较轻情况下可稳定缠绕的张力;
(4)确定缠绕张力后稳定缠绕一段时间,然后测试该张力下纤维的宽度和厚度;
(5)采用合适张力缠绕纤维的平板和NOL试样并进行旋转固化。
力学性能由力试(上海)科学仪器有限公司生产的LE5105型万能试验机测试;导热性能由加拿大C-Therm公司生产的导热系数分析仪表征;介电常数与介质损耗因数、体积电阻率分别由瑞士哈弗莱公司生产的HAEFELY-2830型高精度固液绝缘材料介电性质分析系统和美国吉时利公司生产的KEITHLEY 6517B型电阻率测试仪测试;热失重分析(TGA)采用德国Netzsch Instruments公司生产的STA449F3型热重分析仪进行测试,氮气气氛,测试温度为室温至1 000℃,升温速率为10℃/min;材料断面微观形貌采用凤凰光学股份有限公司生产的PH-M3230BD型正置透反射显微镜表征。
玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料的单向板拉伸强度(0°和90°方向)、单向板弯曲强度以及NOL环拉伸强度的测试结果,测试结果为5个测试值的平均值如表2所示。从表2可以看出,随着填料含量的增加,复合材料的力学性能均呈现下降趋势,这主要是因为填料的加入破坏了树脂基体的连续性,从而减弱了树脂均匀传递载荷的能力。4#试样0°方向拉伸强度下降幅度最大,仅为添加填料前的12.72%,90°方向拉伸强度、弯曲强度和NOL环拉伸强度分别下降为添加填料前的87.26%、58.61%和31.60%。由此说明,填料的添加会削弱复合材料的力学性能,添加量越高力学性能越差。
玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料的介电常数、介质损耗因数、体积电阻率以及热导率的测试结果如表3所示。从表3可以看出,随着填料含量的增加,复合材料的介质损耗因数呈现逐渐变大趋势,4#试样的介质损耗因数和介电常数均出现大幅增加,说明填料的添加量不宜过高。4#试样与3#试样的介电常数相差较大,一方面原因可能是填料含量过高时易团聚导致试样组分分布不均匀,另一方面考虑过高的填料会大幅提高树脂黏度从而导致试样内部可能存在缺陷,介电常数增大。复合材料的体积电阻率在添加填料后明显下降,4#试样的体积电阻率下降为0.51×1016 Ω·cm,仍然具有较好的绝缘性能,能满足绝缘要求;而复合材料的热导率随填料含量的增加,先增大后减小,这是由于本征热导率高的填料随着含量的增大会逐渐形成贯通树脂基体的填料网络,导致树脂基体中的导热粒子相对距离缩近,热阻越来越小,热流能够有效传递,从而表现为复合材料热导率增加,但是在填料含量过高时可能由于粒子团聚以及填料表面无法充分浸润到树脂而产生内部缺陷,造成导热性能略微下降。3#试样的热导率达到了1.257 W/(m·K),相比添加填料前提升了155%。
复合材料缠绕单向板在氮气气氛下的TGA曲线和微分热重(DTG)曲线如图3所示,相关数据见表4。从图3表4可以看出,添加填料前复合材料的初始分解温度(Ti,质量损失为5.0%时的温度)和最大失重速率温度(Tmax)分别为341.5℃和389.5℃,在900℃时的残留率为64.2%,这与复合材料中玻璃纤维质量分数(65%)是一致的。所有复合材料的Tmax均相近,但在树脂基体中添加填料后,Ti值有所升高,并随填料含量的增加而逐渐升高;3#和4#试样的最大失重速率(Rmax)明显降低且高温下的残留率提高。以上结果表明,填料的加入减缓了材料的分解速率,提高了材料的热稳定性,并且热稳定性随着填料含量的增加而增强。这主要归功于两个方面,一方面是由于无机填料本身导热性能优异,可以降低树脂基体内部的热应力而提高其热稳定性[17];另一方面是分散在树脂基体中的无机填料与基体间形成大量界面,可以限制基体分子链的热运动进而提高材料的热稳定性。
试样断裂面的显微镜图像如图4所示。
图4可以看出,添加填料前复合材料的断面有明显的树脂断裂面,纤维表面也残留有树脂,这说明纤维与树脂基体有较好的界面结合强度。而加入填料后,复合材料断面出现大量填料分散在树脂基体中,随着填料含量的增大,填料在基体中分散越密集。由于填料的存在而导致树脂传递载荷的能力变差,从而使得复合材料力学性能下降。但同时也因填料的存在而使得热流能更好地在基体与填料之间传递,从而有效提高了复合材料的导热性能。
采用氧化铝和硅微粉作为玻璃纤维缠绕增强环氧树脂复合材料的导热填料,综合分析填料含量对复合材料力学性能、电气性能和导热性能的影响。填料质量分数为62%(其中硅微粉质量分数为48%,氧化铝质量分数为14%)时,缠绕复合材料的单向板拉伸强度(0°和90°方向)、单向板弯曲强度以及NOL环拉伸强度分别为160.25、24.50、245.40、134.30 MPa,介电常数为1.889,介质损耗因数为0.673×10-2,体积电阻率为3.36×1016 Ω·cm,热导率为1.257 W/(m·K),相比添加填料前提升了155%。
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2024年第57卷第11期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.11.011
  • 接收时间:2023-12-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-11-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-20
  • 修回日期:2024-03-11
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国家电网公司科技项目(5500-202258105A-1-1-ZN)
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    中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 102209

通讯作者:

郭瑞鲁(1993-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,工程师,博士,主要从事高性能聚合物的合成与制备、硅橡胶与电工环氧树脂的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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