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Article(id=1210601624872022988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1706716800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766559519259, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766559519259, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766559519259, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766559519259, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210601623135581115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766559518846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564021205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620507448275814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620507448275815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=125, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210601625140458450, articleId=1210601624872022988, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Ultrasonic signal characterization of typical defects in silicone rubber for 10 kV cable intermediate joint insulation, columnId=1190369198472794288, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Insulation Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The insulation status of the cable intermediate joint plays an important role in the safe and stable operation of cable. In view of the immaturity of terahertz imaging technology and the limitation of finite element analysis method, an ultrasonic signal characterization method for typical internal defects of silicone rubber in cable accessories was proposed in this paper. At first, different types of typical defect in silicone rubber were designed by simulation. Then the time-domain characteristic quantity and correlation analysis were carried out on the reflected echoes received in the ultrasonic detection simulation, and the correlation coefficient between the time-domain waveform characteristic quantity and the size and angle of defects was obtained. Finally, an ultrasonic test platform was built on the basis of pulse echo method to carry out ultrasonic test on the flat silicone rubber samples with defects. The results show that the size and angle of the internal defects of silicone rubber have a good correlation with the amplitude peak of the first echo, and the detection results of crack defects are more affected by the angle than that of bubble defects, and the amplitude peaks of defects at different angles are significantly different. It is concluded that the ultrasonic signal can effectively characterize the typical internal defects of silicone rubber in cable accessories.

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电缆中间接头的绝缘状态对电缆安全稳定运行起重要作用。针对太赫兹成像技术的不成熟和有限元分析法的局限性，本文提出一种电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的超声信号表征方法。首先通过仿真设计硅橡胶中不同类型的典型缺陷，然后对超声检测仿真中接收的反射回波进行时域特征量和相关性分析，得到时域波形特征量与缺陷尺寸、角度的相关系数。最后基于脉冲回波法搭建超声试验平台，对含缺陷的平板硅橡胶样品进行超声检测试验。结果表明：硅橡胶内部缺陷的尺寸、角度与一次回波的振幅峰值具有良好的相关性，且相较于气泡类缺陷，裂纹类缺陷检测结果受缺陷角度的影响更大，不同角度缺陷的振幅峰值差异较大。说明超声信号可以有效表征电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷。

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方春华（1980-），男（汉族），湖北宜昌人，副教授，博士，研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测；

冯东东（1996-），男（汉族），陕西渭南人，硕士生，研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断。

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方春华（1980-），男（汉族），湖北宜昌人，副教授，博士，研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测；

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方春华（1980-），男（汉族），湖北宜昌人，副教授，博士，研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测；

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冯东东（1996-），男（汉族），陕西渭南人，硕士生，研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断。

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冯东东（1996-），男（汉族），陕西渭南人，硕士生，研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断。

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articleId=1210601624872022988, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=超声波), Keyword(id=1218837317024928642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=波形特征量), Keyword(id=1218837317108814724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=相关性)], refs=[Reference(id=1218837319575065520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=26, issue=4, pageStart=1181, pageEnd=1189, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=ZHUB, JIAZ D, HUH, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Dielectrics and Electrical Insulation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHUB, JIAZ D, HUH, et al. 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Study on ultrasonic phased array detection of internal defects of composite insulators[J]. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218837318711038886, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Definition of waveform eigenquantities of time-domain primary echo signals, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称定义
振幅峰值峰值
峰持续宽度90%峰值之间波形宽度
半峰宽度50%峰值之间波形宽度
波底宽度20%峰值之间波形宽度
上升持续时间20%峰值到90%峰值上升持续时间
下降持续时间90%峰值到20%峰值下降持续时间
振幅峰值时间峰值时间
), ArticleFig(id=1218837318803313574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

时域一次回波信号波形特征量的定义

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称定义
振幅峰值峰值
峰持续宽度90%峰值之间波形宽度
半峰宽度50%峰值之间波形宽度
波底宽度20%峰值之间波形宽度
上升持续时间20%峰值到90%峰值上升持续时间
下降持续时间90%峰值到20%峰值下降持续时间
振幅峰值时间峰值时间
), ArticleFig(id=1218837318912365480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Correlation coefficient value of each waveform characteristic quantity changing with defect aspect ratio, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称皮尔逊相关系数斯皮尔曼相关系数肯德尔相关系数
振幅峰值0.8741.0001.000
峰持续宽度0.7640.8520.720
半峰宽度0.7870.7500.619
波底宽度0.7420.7500.524
上升持续时间0.5970.5780.429
下降持续时间0.7170.6780.524
振幅峰值时间0.8140.9010.976
), ArticleFig(id=1218837318987862953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各波形特征量随缺陷纵横比变化的相关系数数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称皮尔逊相关系数斯皮尔曼相关系数肯德尔相关系数
振幅峰值0.8741.0001.000
峰持续宽度0.7640.8520.720
半峰宽度0.7870.7500.619
波底宽度0.7420.7500.524
上升持续时间0.5970.5780.429
下降持续时间0.7170.6780.524
振幅峰值时间0.8140.9010.976
), ArticleFig(id=1218837319080137642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The correlation coefficient value of each waveform characteristic quantity changing with angle, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称皮尔逊相关系数斯皮尔曼相关系数肯德尔相关系数
振幅峰值0.4930.4550.289
峰持续宽度0.6700.6240.377
半峰宽度0.7010.7090.511
波底宽度0.7520.6480.467
上升持续时间0.6460.6320.449
下降持续时间0.7650.7450.600
振幅峰值时间0.7670.9340.977
), ArticleFig(id=1218837319155635115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601624872022988, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各波形特征量随角度变化的相关系数数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称皮尔逊相关系数斯皮尔曼相关系数肯德尔相关系数
振幅峰值0.4930.4550.289
峰持续宽度0.6700.6240.377
半峰宽度0.7010.7090.511
波底宽度0.7520.6480.467
上升持续时间0.6460.6320.449
下降持续时间0.7650.7450.600
振幅峰值时间0.7670.9340.977
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10 kV电缆中间接头绝缘用硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的超声信号表征方法
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方春华 , 冯东东 , 刘强 , 吴俊雄 , 王彦辉 , 宋博
绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024,57(10): 125-132
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绝缘材料 | 绝缘技术 2024, 57(10): 125-132
10 kV电缆中间接头绝缘用硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的超声信号表征方法
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方春华, 冯东东, 刘强, 吴俊雄, 王彦辉, 宋博
作者信息
  • 三峡大学 电气与新能源学院，湖北 宜昌 443002

    • 方春华（1980-），男（汉族），湖北宜昌人，副教授，博士，研究方向为高电压试验技术、绝缘子检测和电力设备状态检测；

    冯东东（1996-），男（汉族），陕西渭南人，硕士生，研究方向为电力设备状态检测与故障诊断。

Ultrasonic signal characterization of typical defects in silicone rubber for 10 kV cable intermediate joint insulation
Chunhua FANG, Dongdong FENG, Qiang LIU, Junxiong WU, Yanhui WANG, Bo SONG
Affiliations
  • College of Electrical Engineering and New Energy, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.016
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摘要
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电缆中间接头的绝缘状态对电缆安全稳定运行起重要作用。针对太赫兹成像技术的不成熟和有限元分析法的局限性，本文提出一种电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的超声信号表征方法。首先通过仿真设计硅橡胶中不同类型的典型缺陷，然后对超声检测仿真中接收的反射回波进行时域特征量和相关性分析，得到时域波形特征量与缺陷尺寸、角度的相关系数。最后基于脉冲回波法搭建超声试验平台，对含缺陷的平板硅橡胶样品进行超声检测试验。结果表明：硅橡胶内部缺陷的尺寸、角度与一次回波的振幅峰值具有良好的相关性，且相较于气泡类缺陷，裂纹类缺陷检测结果受缺陷角度的影响更大，不同角度缺陷的振幅峰值差异较大。说明超声信号可以有效表征电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷。

硅橡胶  /  典型缺陷  /  超声波  /  波形特征量  /  相关性

The insulation status of the cable intermediate joint plays an important role in the safe and stable operation of cable. In view of the immaturity of terahertz imaging technology and the limitation of finite element analysis method, an ultrasonic signal characterization method for typical internal defects of silicone rubber in cable accessories was proposed in this paper. At first, different types of typical defect in silicone rubber were designed by simulation. Then the time-domain characteristic quantity and correlation analysis were carried out on the reflected echoes received in the ultrasonic detection simulation, and the correlation coefficient between the time-domain waveform characteristic quantity and the size and angle of defects was obtained. Finally, an ultrasonic test platform was built on the basis of pulse echo method to carry out ultrasonic test on the flat silicone rubber samples with defects. The results show that the size and angle of the internal defects of silicone rubber have a good correlation with the amplitude peak of the first echo, and the detection results of crack defects are more affected by the angle than that of bubble defects, and the amplitude peaks of defects at different angles are significantly different. It is concluded that the ultrasonic signal can effectively characterize the typical internal defects of silicone rubber in cable accessories.

silicone rubber  /  typical defects  /  ultrasonic  /  waveform characteristic quantity  /  correlation
方春华, 冯东东, 刘强, 吴俊雄, 王彦辉, 宋博. 10 kV电缆中间接头绝缘用硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的超声信号表征方法. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (10) : 125 -132 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.016
Chunhua FANG, Dongdong FENG, Qiang LIU, Junxiong WU, Yanhui WANG, Bo SONG. Ultrasonic signal characterization of typical defects in silicone rubber for 10 kV cable intermediate joint insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (10) : 125 -132 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.016
正文
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0 引言
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随着社会经济的快速发展及城市化进程的不断推进，如今社会越来越看重供电质量和电能传输的可靠性，确保电网和供电设备的运行安全。电力电缆因其运行维护费用低、运行故障率低等特点正逐步取代架空线路成为城市配电网的主要供电方式[1]。硅橡胶因具有耐电晕、耐低温、电绝缘性优良等诸多性能，目前被广泛应用于高压电力电缆附件绝缘主体部分[2-4]。作为电缆中间接头的主要绝缘材料，硅橡胶状态的好坏直接决定电缆中间接头能否稳定运行。
目前电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的主要检测方法分为脉冲太赫兹（THz）成像技术[5-6]和有限元分析法[7]。脉冲太赫兹成像技术是采用太赫兹脉冲检测目标后，探测脉冲的时域光谱并对其进行傅里叶变换，从而获取检测目标的频域光谱信息，进一步分析得到太赫兹波与检测目标作用后的强度和相位信息。该技术对于小面积的检测目标成像尚需十几个小时，对于大面积检测目标所需的成像时间则更长，因而不适用于现场项目的实时监测，大多只能用于实验研究。有限元分析法是基于COMSOL等仿真软件建立电缆接头硅橡胶仿真模型，分析缺陷的位置、尺寸等因素对超声一次回波峰值的影响。如果只使用有限元仿真对电缆接头硅橡胶内部缺陷进行检测分析，没有进行相关的试验，会出现仿真模型与实际研究对象偏差较大、精度不高等问题，不足以验证在实际工程中是否可行。上述检测方法对电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的表征均存在一定的局限性。
近年来，超声技术越来越多地被应用到橡胶材料的缺陷检测中，赵宣翔等[8]基于超声脉冲回波法对微小气泡与裂纹缺陷进行了超声检测试验，结果表明检测结果受到缺陷类型和角度的影响。谢从珍等[9]提出了一种利用超声波探伤仪检测硅橡胶绝缘子护套脱粘和气孔缺陷的方法，结果表明不同频率的超声波在不同介质中传播时具有异质界面回波特性。王若丞等[10]自主设计搭建了一套超声检测平台，并对人工制作的含有不同缺陷的硅橡胶试样进行了超声检测。结果表明对于硅橡胶类柔性材料，超声检测能够较好地对试样内的气泡、气隙与钢针等缺陷进行成像。
针对电缆附件硅橡胶内部典型缺陷的现有表征方法所存在的局限性，本文提出一种电缆附件硅橡胶的超声信号表征方法。以电缆中间接头硅橡胶绝缘材料为研究对象，利用超声无损检测技术对其典型缺陷情况进行仿真和实验研究。首先通过仿真设计硅橡胶中不同类型的典型缺陷，然后对超声检测仿真中接收的反射回波进行时域特征量和相关性分析，从而得到时域一次回波波形特征量与缺陷尺寸、角度之间的相关系数。再以含有与仿真模型中同样尺寸和角度气泡、裂纹类缺陷的硅橡胶样品作为试验对象，基于脉冲回波法搭建一套超声检测试验平台，对硅橡胶内部典型缺陷进行检测。对比仿真结果，分析两种不同尺寸和角度的典型缺陷下检测结果的变化规律，进而对硅橡胶内部典型缺陷类型进行超声信号表征。
1 理论依据
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1.1 超声检测理论
对于电缆接头绝缘用硅橡胶，弹性力具有使扰动引起的形变恢复至无形变状态的能力，进而形成波动，弹性力是固体中能够形成波动的主要原因[11-16]。本模型使用速度-应变公式求解一般线弹性材料的控制方程，如式（1）～（3）所示。
ρ∂v∂t-∇S=Fv
∂E∂t-12∇v+(∇v)t=0
S=CE
式（1）～（3）中：v为速度；ρ为材料密度；S为应力张量；E为杨氏模量；C为弹性张量；Fv为体积力；t表示时间；∇表示梯度算子。
为避免表面边界反射影响结果的准确性以及大计算域，根据硅橡胶模型中波传播的瞬态研究，在各向同性无限大的固体中[17-18]，纵波与横波的传播速度分别如式（4）和式（5）所示。横波又称为切变波或旋转波，横波在固体中传播时不引起体积变化。
$v_{\mathrm{p}}=\sqrt{\frac{E}{\rho}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{1-\sigma}{(1+\sigma)(1-2 \sigma)}}$
vs=μρ
式（4）～（5）中：vp为固体中纵波的传播速度[19-20]；σ为泊松比；vs为固体中横波的传播速度；μ为切变弹性系数。
1.2 波形特征量
超声波在材料内部的传播特性与材料的物理性质密切相关，超声波在经过材料后会携带其内部信息，不同的介质属性或缺陷的类型、尺寸会导致超声回波的波形存在一定的差异，具体主要体现在波形特征量的变化上。表1为时域一次回波信号波形特征量的定义。
对仿真和试验检测结果进行处理与分析时，首先提取表1中的相关特征量，然后结合检测对象的变化量进行相关度分析，得到检测对象变化量的最优相关特征量。
1.3 相关系数
相关系数是量化相关分析中两个随机变量之间相关程度的特定度量。皮尔逊相关系数是一种用于度量两个连续型变量之间相关程度的统计量。斯皮尔曼相关系数是一种用于度量两个变量之间单调关系的统计量。与皮尔逊相关系数不同，斯皮尔曼相关系数并不要求变量之间呈现线性关系，它通过将变量的取值转换为秩次（即按照变量取值的大小顺序排序后所在的位置），从而度量两个变量之间的单调关系。肯德尔相关系数是一种用于度量两个变量之间顺序相关性的统计量。与斯皮尔曼相关系数类似，肯德尔相关系数也是通过将变量的取值转换为秩次来度量两个变量之间的顺序相关性；与斯皮尔曼相关系数不同的是，肯德尔相关系数的计算方法更加严格，可以避免一些偶然的相似情况，从而能更准确地度量两个变量之间的相关性。
2 有限元仿真
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2.1 模型建立
为详细研究不同类型的缺陷，本文将宽度与长度的比值小于或等于0.2的矩形定义为裂纹类缺陷，将短轴与长轴的比值大于0.2的椭圆定义为气泡类缺陷。为便于描述，本文将宽度-长度比和短轴-长轴比统称为纵横比。
为建立完备的缺陷模型，选取的长边（轴）尺寸分别为0.5、1.0、2.0 mm；将长边（轴）尺寸作为基准，改变纵横比以得到不同尺寸的两类缺陷模型。其中，裂纹类缺陷纵横比分别设置为0.05、0.10、0.20；气泡类缺陷纵横比分别设置为0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0，每组3个，共21个缺陷。此外，分别对每组缺陷设置0°～90°的检测角度，间隔10°进行一组仿真试验，探究当裂纹、气泡缺陷角度发生改变时，对仿真检测结果的影响程度，从而探究硅橡胶内部缺陷类型的识别方法。
首先建立硅橡胶含内部缺陷的二维截面模型，模型的横向长度为30 mm，纵向长度为10 mm。裂纹缺陷设置为矩形，气泡缺陷设置为椭圆形。缺陷的中心均位于模型的几何中心。
首先在硅橡胶上表面添加位移载荷模拟超声波激励源，激励源信号中心频率为1.0 MHz。模型两侧设置低反射边界，以减少对接收信号的干扰。信号接收点设置在激励源正下方0.1 mm处。仿真模型网格最大尺寸按照波长的1/12划分，时间步长为0.05 μs，仿真总时长为15 μs。
2.2 仿真结果
通过对硅橡胶上表面接收的一次反射回波进行分析，探究不同尺寸、角度缺陷对超声检测结果的影响程度，为后续检测试验提供相应的指导。含裂纹和气泡缺陷的部分试样超声检测仿真结果分别如图1和图2所示。
从图1和图2可以看出，随着缺陷类型、角度的改变，仿真得到的回波时域图像也发生变化。为了详细研究回波时域波形的变化情况，接下来对仿真波形特征量进行提取与分析。
2.3 相关性分析
不同相关系数表示两个变量之间的不同关系，它们之间可以优势互补，相关系数的数值越大，表示两个变量之间的相关性越好。针对如何根据多个变化规律不一致的相关系数确定特征量的重要程度的问题，需要同时比较各个波形特征量与缺陷类型之间的皮尔逊相关系数、斯皮尔曼相关系数、肯德尔相关系数的数值大小。若3个相关系数的数值均大于0.9，则波形特征量与缺陷尺寸相关性较好，可以通过该波形特征量表征对应尺寸的缺陷。
自变量分别取缺陷的纵横比和角度，通过计算各波形特征量与缺陷尺寸、角度之间的相关系数，确定分别与缺陷尺寸及角度相关度最优的波形特征量。由于数据量庞大，以下仅分别以纵横比和角度为自变量各列举一组相关系数计算结果。表2为保持缺陷长边（轴）尺寸为1.0 mm，角度为0°时，各波形特征量随缺陷纵横比变化的相关系数数值。表3为保持缺陷长边（轴）尺寸为2.0 mm，纵横比为0.8时，各波形特征量随角度变化的相关系数数值。
从表2可以看出，提取的7个波形特征量中，仅振幅峰值和振幅峰值时间与硅橡胶内部缺陷纵横比的各相关系数大于0.8，明显高于其他波形特征量与硅橡胶内部缺陷尺寸的相关系数。进一步对不同类型缺陷下的振幅峰值时间进行相关性分析可知，振幅峰值与振幅峰值时间之间各相关系数分别为0.970、0.991、0.975 9，均大于0.9，说明两者之间具有强相关性。因此在后续的硅橡胶典型缺陷超声检测试验中主要针对振幅峰值进行相关研究。
2.4 两类缺陷结果对比
为便于探究超声检测对于裂纹缺陷和气泡缺陷的识别方法，将检测到的0°～90°的回波峰值数据扩展到0°～180°，将处理后的检测结果绘制于图3～4中。
从图3～4可以看出，当纵横比为1，即短轴长度与长轴相同时，气泡缺陷的回波振幅峰值不受缺陷角度的影响。
当缺陷角度由0°增大到30°时，裂纹类缺陷的振幅峰值急剧下降，而气泡类缺陷振幅峰值的下降较为缓慢，表明裂纹缺陷相比于气泡缺陷具有更强的方向性。在缺陷角度为30°～90°时，裂纹类缺陷的振幅峰值变化不明显，基本保持稳定，气泡类缺陷的振幅峰值基本呈现逐渐增长的趋势。
当缺陷的长边（轴）和角度不变时，随着纵横比的增大，气泡类缺陷的振幅峰值呈现单调递减的趋势，且纵横比越大，其变化趋势越明显。
综上所述，根据检测结果受缺陷角度的影响程度，即可判断缺陷的类型，实现硅橡胶试样内部缺陷类型的识别。
3 试验测量
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3.1 试验样品
基于某公司生产的10 kV预制式电缆中间接头实际结构，将圆柱形实物简化为平板试样。试验样品由电缆附件制造厂家采用标准生产设备与原材料制备而成，其中样品所使用的硅橡胶材料加工工艺与10 kV预制式电缆中间接头相同。
在典型缺陷试样的制备中，选用相同厂家、尺寸的硅橡胶试样作为试验样品。在每块硅橡胶试样的中间位置使用刀具和量尺人为制造与仿真模型中尺寸和角度相同的裂纹和气泡类缺陷用于后续的超声检测试验。
3.2 试验平台
试验所使用的检测平台主要由RAM-5000-SNAP测试系统、示波器、压电换能器等搭建而成，其接线示意图如图5所示。
3.3 试验结果及分析
3.3.1 裂纹类缺陷
制备的裂纹缺陷尺寸分别为0.5 mm×0.05 mm、0.5 mm×0.1 mm、2.0 mm×0.2 mm、2.0 mm×0.4 mm，每个缺陷的角度均有0°、30°、60°、90°，共16种缺陷。对制备的16种裂纹缺陷进行超声检测，得到部分内部含裂纹缺陷试样的声程-幅值波形如图6所示。
从图6可以看出，相同尺寸缺陷下，角度为0°时，其回波幅值最大；随着角度的增大，检测得到的回波幅值发生了变化，说明缺陷的角度会影响回波的幅值，这与有限元仿真中的结论一致。
3.3.2 气泡类缺陷
制备的气泡缺陷长轴分别为0.5 mm（短轴分别为0.2 mm和0.4 mm）和2 mm（短轴分别为0.8 mm和1.6 mm），角度均有0°、30°、60°、90°，共16种缺陷。对制备的16种气泡缺陷进行超声检测，得到部分内部含气泡缺陷试样的声程-幅值波形如图7所示。从图7可以看出，各曲线主要的变化仍反映在回波的幅值上。相同尺寸缺陷下，角度为0°时，回波幅值最大；随着角度的增大，检测得到的回波幅值也发生了变化，但除缺陷角度为0°的情况下，其他角度下气泡缺陷的回波幅值总体上要大于裂纹缺陷的回波幅值，这与有限元仿真中的变化趋势一致。
3.3.3 检测结果对比
通过分析裂纹、气泡缺陷的超声检测结果，对仿真得到的结论进行验证，并对回波图像的一次回波幅值进行提取与分析，得到不同纵横比缺陷的一次回波峰值随角度的变化关系曲线如图8所示。其中纵横比为0.1和0.2的缺陷代表裂纹，纵横比为0.4和0.8的缺陷代表气泡。
对比图8(a)、(b)可知，随着长边（轴）的增大，在纵横比不变的情况下，缺陷一次回波峰值随角度的变化趋势也会发生一定的变化，且随着纵横比的增大，一次回波峰值随角度的变化趋于平缓，其中气泡类缺陷一次回波峰值的变化幅度要小于裂纹类缺陷的一次回波峰值。以上变化趋势均与有限元仿真的变化趋势一致。
为描述不同种类裂纹检测回波峰值变化幅度的差异性，定义幅值比系数为特征参数，如式（6）所示。
S=ΔPΔω
式（6）中：△P为任意角度缺陷回波峰值相对于0°缺陷检测时的一次回波峰值的变化量；△ω为△P所对应角度相对于0°的变化量。
以△ω=90°的极限情况为例，分别计算当长边（轴）为0.5 mm、2.0 mm时裂纹缺陷和气泡缺陷的90°幅值比系数S90°，并以缺陷的纵横比为横坐标轴，S90°作为纵坐标轴，绘制两者的关系曲线，如图9所示。
根据图9可知，裂纹类缺陷的S90°均在2.0～2.5，而气泡类缺陷的S90°均在1.0～1.5，表明裂纹类和气泡类缺陷的峰值比系数有显著的区别，因此可以通过峰值比系数的大小来区分缺陷类型。
以上分析表明：利用90°峰值比系数S90°作为特征参数能较好地识别裂纹类缺陷和气孔类缺陷。通过计算峰值比系数的大小，可实现对硅橡胶内部不同类型缺陷的识别。
4 结论
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（1）仿真结果中振幅峰值与振幅峰值时间之间的各相关系数均大于0.9，说明两者之间具有强相关性。
（2）硅橡胶内部缺陷的尺寸、角度与一次回波的振幅峰值具有良好的线性相关性，且裂纹类缺陷相较于气泡类缺陷，检测结果受缺陷角度的影响更大，不同角度缺陷的振幅峰值有着显著的差异。
（3）在缺陷的超声检测中，定义了峰值比系数。计算峰值比系数的大小，可实现对硅橡胶内部不同类型缺陷的识别，证明超声回波信号可以表征10 kV电缆中间接头绝缘用硅橡胶内部典型缺陷。
基金
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  • 电网环境保护重点实验室开发基金项目(GYW51202201415)
文献
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2024年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.016
  • 接收时间：2023-11-21
  • 首发时间：2025-12-24
  • 出版时间：2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-11-21
  • 修回日期：2024-02-01
基金
电网环境保护重点实验室开发基金项目(GYW51202201415)
作者信息
    三峡大学 电气与新能源学院，湖北 宜昌 443002
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