Article(id=1210601623940887485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1713974400000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-25, revisedDate=1715529600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766559519038, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766559519038, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766559519038, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766559519038, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210601623135581115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766559518846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564021205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620507448275814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620507448275815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=52, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210601624205128641, articleId=1210601623940887485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on preparation and properties of polyimide films based on xanthene-based and fluoro-containing dianhydride monomer, columnId=1203281640207393262, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High Performance Polyimide Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Three fluoro-containing polyimide (PI) resins (PI-IIa, PI-IIb, and PI-IIc) were prepared by two-step chemical imidization procedure using a fluoro-containing dianhydride 9,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)xanthene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (6FCDA, II) and three kinds of aromatic diamines, including 2,2ʹ-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4ʹ-diaminodiphenylether (6FODA, a), 1,4-bis[(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]benzene (6FAPB, b) and 2,2-bis[(4-aminophenoxy) benzene]propane (BAPP, c), respectively. For comparison, the referenced PI resins (PI-Ia, PI-Ib, and PI-Ic) were prepared with the same procedure except that 6FCDA was replaced by 4,4ʹ-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). And then six kinds of PI films were prepared by high temperature curing process, and their properties were studied. The results show that the solubility of PI-IIa, PI-IIb, and PI-IIc resins in organic solvents is lower than that of PI-Ia, PI-Ib, and PI-Ic resins. Compared with PI-Ia, PI-Ib, and PI-Ic films, PI-IIa, PI-IIb, and PI-IIc films show higher glass transition temperature (Tg), lower linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), little lower optical transparency, and relatively higher dielectric constant (Dk). The PI-IIa film has the optimal comprehensive properties, its Tg and CTE is 362.5℃ and 39.6×10-6 K-1, respectively, its optical transmittances at the wavelength of 450 nm (T450) is 83.9%, and the Dk at the frequency of 10 GHz is 3.00.

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采用含氟二酐单体9,9-双(三氟甲基)氧杂蒽-2,3,6,7-四酸二酐(6FCDA,II)分别与3种芳香族二胺单体,包括2,2ʹ-双(三氟甲基)-4,4ʹ-二氨基二苯醚(6FODA,a)、1,4-双[(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基)苯氧基]苯(6FAPB,b)以及2,2-双[(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPP,c),通过两步化学亚胺化工艺制备了3种含氟聚酰亚胺树脂PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc。采用同样的工艺,将6FCDA替换为4,4ʹ-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA,I)制备了3种参比树脂PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。然后采用高温固化工艺制备了6种PI薄膜,并研究其性能。结果表明:PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc树脂在有机溶剂中的溶解性比PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic树脂更低。PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc薄膜较PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic薄膜表现出更高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、更低的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)以及略有下降的光学透明性和相对较高的介电常数(Dk)。其中PI-IIa(6FCDA-6FODA)薄膜显示出最优的综合性能,Tg与CTE分别为362.5℃和39.6×10-6 K-1,在450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)和10 GHz时的Dk值分别为83.9%和3.00。

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事先进聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究。
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王振中(1985-),男(汉族),湖南株洲人,博士生,主要从事空间领域用聚酰亚胺薄膜材料的研究工作。

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王振中(1985-),男(汉族),湖南株洲人,博士生,主要从事空间领域用聚酰亚胺薄膜材料的研究工作。

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王振中(1985-),男(汉族),湖南株洲人,博士生,主要从事空间领域用聚酰亚胺薄膜材料的研究工作。

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601623940887485, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=UV-Vis curves of PI films, figureFileSmall=XN3x0p7DYZn/UrLbp4XvQw==, figureFileBig=IYoy+BMK8NvE6m4sZSPtFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218266785133023628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601623940887485, language=CN, label=图9, caption=PI薄膜的UV-Vis曲线, figureFileSmall=XN3x0p7DYZn/UrLbp4XvQw==, figureFileBig=IYoy+BMK8NvE6m4sZSPtFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218266785229492623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601623940887485, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Formulas for the preparation of PI resins, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品质量/g
6FDA6FCDA6FODA6FAPBBAPP乙酸酐吡啶
PI-Ia22.212016.811530.619.0
PI-IIa22.911016.811530.619.0
PI-Ib22.212021.416530.619.0
PI-IIb22.911021.416530.619.0
PI-Ic22.212020.525530.619.0
PI-IIc22.911020.525530.619.0
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制备PI树脂的配方

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样品质量/g
6FDA6FCDA6FODA6FAPBBAPP乙酸酐吡啶
PI-Ia22.212016.811530.619.0
PI-IIa22.911016.811530.619.0
PI-Ib22.212021.416530.619.0
PI-IIb22.911021.416530.619.0
PI-Ic22.212020.525530.619.0
PI-IIc22.911020.525530.619.0
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样品特性黏度/(dL/g)分子量/(×104 g/mol)溶解性
MnMwPDINMPDMACDMFDMSOCPATHF
PI-Ia1.0211.5918.541.60+++++++++++-
PI-IIa0.685.257.881.50+++++++-+--
PI-Ib1.2119.5027.281.40+++++++++++-
PI-IIb0.897.5513.671.81+++++++-+--
PI-Ic1.1316.4425.161.53+++++++++++-
PI-IIc0.816.4011.901.86+++++++---
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PI树脂的特性黏度、分子量以及溶解性

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样品特性黏度/(dL/g)分子量/(×104 g/mol)溶解性
MnMwPDINMPDMACDMFDMSOCPATHF
PI-Ia1.0211.5918.541.60+++++++++++-
PI-IIa0.685.257.881.50+++++++-+--
PI-Ib1.2119.5027.281.40+++++++++++-
PI-IIb0.897.5513.671.81+++++++-+--
PI-Ic1.1316.4425.161.53+++++++++++-
PI-IIc0.816.4011.901.86+++++++---
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样品Tg/℃T5%/℃Tdmax/℃Rw750/%CTE/(×10-6K-1)DkDf
PI-Ia285.2549.7602.855.765.02.720.008 2
PI-IIa362.5507.8602.250.137.13.000.006 7
PI-Ib254.9544.6584.656.567.82.840.006 1
PI-IIb310.0535.2560.553.442.73.050.008 2
PI-Ic258.3520.5548.051.260.82.750.005 9
PI-IIc307.4487.4514.958.748.13.020.006 2
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PI薄膜的热性能与介电性能

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样品Tg/℃T5%/℃Tdmax/℃Rw750/%CTE/(×10-6K-1)DkDf
PI-Ia285.2549.7602.855.765.02.720.008 2
PI-IIa362.5507.8602.250.137.13.000.006 7
PI-Ib254.9544.6584.656.567.82.840.006 1
PI-IIb310.0535.2560.553.442.73.050.008 2
PI-Ic258.3520.5548.051.260.82.750.005 9
PI-IIc307.4487.4514.958.748.13.020.006 2
), ArticleFig(id=1218266785791529383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601623940887485, language=EN, label=Tab. 4, caption=Optical properties of PI films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品λcut/nmT450/%nTEnTMnavΔnL*a*b*雾度/%
PI-Ia35186.71.552 21.537 11.547 20.015 196.15-1.203.310.22
PI-IIa36983.91.577 61.526 21.560 70.051 495.75-1.063.360.08
PI-Ib34784.51.563 41.549 81.558 90.013 695.90-1.654.510.36
PI-IIb36884.21.587 71.539 81.571 90.047 995.47-2.025.641.28
PI-Ic36978.51.601 41.590 21.597 70.011 295.42-4.6310.960.47
PI-IIc37973.91.624 91.579 91.610 00.045 094.87-5.7814.541.35
), ArticleFig(id=1218266785892192682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601623940887485, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

PI薄膜的光学性能

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样品λcut/nmT450/%nTEnTMnavΔnL*a*b*雾度/%
PI-Ia35186.71.552 21.537 11.547 20.015 196.15-1.203.310.22
PI-IIa36983.91.577 61.526 21.560 70.051 495.75-1.063.360.08
PI-Ib34784.51.563 41.549 81.558 90.013 695.90-1.654.510.36
PI-IIb36884.21.587 71.539 81.571 90.047 995.47-2.025.641.28
PI-Ic36978.51.601 41.590 21.597 70.011 295.42-4.6310.960.47
PI-IIc37973.91.624 91.579 91.610 00.045 094.87-5.7814.541.35
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基于氧杂蒽含氟二酐单体的聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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王振中 1 , 何志斌 2 , 任茜 1 , 杨昶旭 1 , 韩淑军 1 , 齐悦新 1 , 于海峰 2 , 刘金刚 1
绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2024,57(10): 42-52
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绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2024, 57(10): 42-52
基于氧杂蒽含氟二酐单体的聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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王振中1, 何志斌2, 任茜1, 杨昶旭1, 韩淑军1, 齐悦新1, 于海峰2, 刘金刚1
作者信息
  • 1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100083
  • 2北京大学 材料科学与工程学院 教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871
  • 王振中(1985-),男(汉族),湖南株洲人,博士生,主要从事空间领域用聚酰亚胺薄膜材料的研究工作。

通讯作者:

刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事先进聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究。
Study on preparation and properties of polyimide films based on xanthene-based and fluoro-containing dianhydride monomer
Zhenzhong WANG1, Zhibin HE2, Xi REN1, Changxu YANG1, Shujun HAN1, Yuexin QI1, Haifeng YU2, Jingang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Geological Carbon Storage and Low Carbon Utilization of Resources, School of Materials Science and Technology, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.006
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采用含氟二酐单体9,9-双(三氟甲基)氧杂蒽-2,3,6,7-四酸二酐(6FCDA,II)分别与3种芳香族二胺单体,包括2,2ʹ-双(三氟甲基)-4,4ʹ-二氨基二苯醚(6FODA,a)、1,4-双[(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基)苯氧基]苯(6FAPB,b)以及2,2-双[(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPP,c),通过两步化学亚胺化工艺制备了3种含氟聚酰亚胺树脂PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc。采用同样的工艺,将6FCDA替换为4,4ʹ-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA,I)制备了3种参比树脂PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。然后采用高温固化工艺制备了6种PI薄膜,并研究其性能。结果表明:PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc树脂在有机溶剂中的溶解性比PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic树脂更低。PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc薄膜较PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic薄膜表现出更高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)、更低的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)以及略有下降的光学透明性和相对较高的介电常数(Dk)。其中PI-IIa(6FCDA-6FODA)薄膜显示出最优的综合性能,Tg与CTE分别为362.5℃和39.6×10-6 K-1,在450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)和10 GHz时的Dk值分别为83.9%和3.00。

聚酰亚胺  /  三氟甲基  /  氧杂蒽  /  光学性能  /  热性能

Three fluoro-containing polyimide (PI) resins (PI-IIa, PI-IIb, and PI-IIc) were prepared by two-step chemical imidization procedure using a fluoro-containing dianhydride 9,9-bis(trifluoromethyl)xanthene-2,3,6,7-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (6FCDA, II) and three kinds of aromatic diamines, including 2,2ʹ-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4,4ʹ-diaminodiphenylether (6FODA, a), 1,4-bis[(4-amino-2-trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]benzene (6FAPB, b) and 2,2-bis[(4-aminophenoxy) benzene]propane (BAPP, c), respectively. For comparison, the referenced PI resins (PI-Ia, PI-Ib, and PI-Ic) were prepared with the same procedure except that 6FCDA was replaced by 4,4ʹ-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)diphthalic anhydride (6FDA). And then six kinds of PI films were prepared by high temperature curing process, and their properties were studied. The results show that the solubility of PI-IIa, PI-IIb, and PI-IIc resins in organic solvents is lower than that of PI-Ia, PI-Ib, and PI-Ic resins. Compared with PI-Ia, PI-Ib, and PI-Ic films, PI-IIa, PI-IIb, and PI-IIc films show higher glass transition temperature (Tg), lower linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), little lower optical transparency, and relatively higher dielectric constant (Dk). The PI-IIa film has the optimal comprehensive properties, its Tg and CTE is 362.5℃ and 39.6×10-6 K-1, respectively, its optical transmittances at the wavelength of 450 nm (T450) is 83.9%, and the Dk at the frequency of 10 GHz is 3.00.

polyimide  /  trifluoromethyl  /  xanthene  /  optical properties  /  thermal properties
王振中, 何志斌, 任茜, 杨昶旭, 韩淑军, 齐悦新, 于海峰, 刘金刚. 基于氧杂蒽含氟二酐单体的聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (10) : 42 -52 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.006
Zhenzhong WANG, Zhibin HE, Xi REN, Changxu YANG, Shujun HAN, Yuexin QI, Haifeng YU, Jingang LIU. Study on preparation and properties of polyimide films based on xanthene-based and fluoro-containing dianhydride monomer[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (10) : 42 -52 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.006
含氟聚酰亚胺(FPI)作为聚酰亚胺(PI)材料家族中重要的一员,近年来获得了国内外学术界与工业界的广泛重视[1-3]。尤其是经历了2019年日本限制对韩国出口高纯度氟化氢、含氟聚酰亚胺、光致抗蚀剂3种关键材料的贸易争端事件后,FPI更是以其在半导体、显示器等高技术产业的关键地位而备受关注[4]。FPI通常指的是一类分子结构中含有氟元素的PI材料,其发展几乎与1965年实现商业化的聚(均苯四甲酸二酐-4,4′-二胺基二苯醚)型PI薄膜(美国杜邦公司Kapton®)是同步的[5]。在随后的半个多世纪发展历程中,FPI以其优良的综合性能,在航空航天[6-8]、电讯电话[9-12]、气体分离[13]、集成电路[14]、先进显示[15]、能源环境[16-17]等高技术领域中得到了快速的应用与发展,逐渐成为现代高科技工业领域不可或缺的基础材料。
向PI材料分子结构中引入具有高电负性以及低摩尔极化度特征的含氟基团,如三氟甲基(-CF3)、六氟异丙基(-C(CF3)2)等,可在保持PI薄膜固有优良特性的同时赋予其优异的溶液可加工性、光学透明性以及低吸湿率、低介电常数(Dk)与低介质损耗(Df)等特性[18]。目前,主流的FPI薄膜主要是由含氟二酐4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA)与芳香族二胺聚合制备而成[19],如美国杜邦公司于1964年申请了6FDA单体专利[5],并开发了基于6FDA与含氟二胺2,2-双(4-氨基苯基)六氟丙烷(BAPF)的无色透明FPI薄膜。美国国家航空航天局(NASA)于1984年申请了基于6FDA与一系列芳香族二胺单体的可满足航天应用需求的无色透明FPI薄膜[6-7]。美国Hoechst Celanese公司于20世纪80年代商品化了基于6FDA与异构化BAPF二胺的Sixef®系列FPI材料,包括Sixef-44、Sixef-33和Sixef-34等[8],日本电讯电话公司(NTT)于20世纪90年代初开发了基于6FDA与含氟二胺2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4,4′-二氨基联苯(TFMB)的可满足光纤通讯应用需求的低折射率FPI涂层等[9-12]。从分子结构角度判断,6FDA中六氟异丙基的引入会从如下6个方面影响所制备FPI薄膜的性能:①六氟异丙基将6FDA分子结构中的两个酐基分开,聚合时不会引起立体障碍,进而赋予6FDA良好的聚合反应活性;②六氟异丙基对称性高,苯环的旋转障壁高,能抑制FPI玻璃化转变温度的降低,进而赋予薄膜良好的耐热性;③六氟异丙基耐热氧化稳定性优良,进而赋予FPI薄膜良好的耐热氧化稳定性;④六氟异丙基电负性高,可有效切断FPI分子链内电子云的共轭,进而赋予FPI薄膜良好的光学透明性;⑤六氟异丙基疏水性高,可降低FPI薄膜的吸水率,进而赋予薄膜稳定的介电性能;⑥六氟异丙基可有效阻碍FPI分子链的堆砌,造成FPI分子链的自由体积增加,从而提高FPI的有机溶解性,同时提高薄膜的气体透过性和线性热膨胀系数(CTE),并降低其折射率和介电常数。由此可见,基于6FDA的FPI薄膜与常规PI薄膜相比,其优势在于优良的光学透明性与低介电特性、良好的耐热及热氧化稳定性、低吸湿率以及良好的溶液可加工性等。而其劣势主要体现在薄膜的耐溶剂性能、玻璃化转变温度(Tg)有待提高以及CTE有待降低等方面。例如,杜邦公司开发的6FDA-BAPF型PI薄膜不但可溶解于极性非质子性溶剂中,而且可溶于氯仿、二氧六环、苯、丙酮等常见有机溶剂中。6FDA-TFMB型PI薄膜也可溶解于丙酮等溶剂中,但其CTE高达53×10-6~64×10-6 K-1[20]
针对6FDA基FPI薄膜存在的性能缺陷,研究人员采用各种手段对其进行了改性。目前常见的改性手段包括:①与刚性芳香族二酐单体,如均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA)、3,3′,4,4′-联苯四甲酸二酐(BPDA),或者刚性芳香族二胺单体等进行共聚[21-22],以降低薄膜的CTE和提高耐溶剂性,但是这往往以牺牲材料的溶液可加工性为代价;②采用无机纳米粒子对FPI进行改性,制备有机-无机纳米复合薄膜[23],以降低薄膜的CTE,但是涉及到纳米粒子的选型与分散问题;③开发新型刚性含氟二酐单体来替代6FDA[24]或者开发刚性含氟二胺单体等[25],以降低薄膜的CTE,此方法的综合改性效果最为明显,但成本相对较高,需要研制开发新型单体。
20世纪90年代初,杜邦公司的研究人员开发了一种含有氧杂蒽结构单元的新型含氟二酐单体——9,9-双(三氟甲基)氧杂蒽-2,3,6,7-四酸二酐(6FCDA),并开展了相关FPI的制备以及结构与性能关系研究[26-29]。该单体主要是针对微电子和集成电路工业上对层间绝缘膜、应力缓冲涂层、钝化膜等对特种PI材料的应用需求而开发。6FCDA分子结构中氧杂蒽环趋向于平面排列,整个分子链的平面度要高于6FDA,使得基于6FCDA二酐的PI分子链摩尔体积减小、排列更为规整、堆砌密度更高、分子链间作用力更强,由此带来PI在溶解性、耐热性以及光学和介电性能等方面的改变。
本研究利用6FCDA分子结构中刚性的氧杂蒽环来进一步提升FPI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),同时降低其线性热膨胀系数(CTE)。系统考察氧杂蒽环状结构的引入对最终FPI薄膜综合性能的影响,同时采用结构类似的6FDA基FPI薄膜作为参比。重点研究并揭示6FCDA基FPI薄膜的结构对其树脂溶解性,薄膜耐热性、光学透明性及介电性能等方面的影响机制,获得其性能调控方法,为未来拓展这类FPI薄膜在高技术领域中的应用提供理论依据与数据基础。
4,4′-(六氟异亚丙基)双邻苯二甲酸酐(6FDA,纯度≥99.5%),常州市阳光药业有限公司,180℃下真空干燥24 h后使用。9,9-双(三氟甲基)氧杂蒽-2,3,6,7-四酸二酐(6FCDA,纯度≥99.5%),天津众泰材料科技有限公司,180℃下真空干燥24 h后使用。2,2ʹ-双(三氟甲基)-4,4′-二氨基二苯醚(6FODA,纯度≥99.5%)、1,4-双[(4-氨基-2-三氟甲基)苯氧基]苯(6FAPB,纯度≥99.5%)、2,2-双[(4-氨基苯氧基)苯基]丙烷(BAPP,纯度≥99.5%),天津众泰材料科技有限公司,直接使用。超干N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、N,N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC,纯度≥99.8%,含水量≤50×10-6),乙酸酐、吡啶、无水乙醇等均为分析纯,北京伊诺凯科技有限公司,直接使用。
分别采用6FDA、6FCDA两种含氟二酐与3种二胺单体通过两步化学亚胺化工艺制备了6种PI树脂。选择的3种二胺单体在结构上各具特色,醚键的引入主要是赋予FPI树脂在有机溶剂中良好的溶解性,同时赋予FPI薄膜良好的力学性能。三氟甲基或异丙基的引入在改善FPI树脂溶解性的同时也可降低FPI薄膜的介电常数,进而拓展FPI薄膜的应用领域。PI树脂的命名和配方如表1所示,以PI-IIa(6FCDA-6FODA)为例说明PI树脂制备过程。首先在一个配有机械搅拌器、温度计、冷水浴和氮气入口的500 mL三颈玻璃烧瓶中加入超干NMP(100.0 g),并用连续的氮气流置换反应瓶中的空气。然后加入6FODA(16.811 5 g,50 mmol),并将反应体系冷却至5~10℃,在氮气流下搅拌10 min后获得澄清的二胺溶液。将二酐单体6FCDA(22.911 0 g,50 mmol)加入到二胺溶液中,同时加入额外的NMP(58.9 g),将反应体系固含量调整为20%,然后在冷水浴中搅拌反应1 h,撤去冷水浴,自然升温至室温后继续搅拌反应24 h。期间,可补加适量NMP以使反应体系可以均匀搅拌。随后,在得到的黏稠PAA溶液中加入吡啶(19.0 g,240 mmol)和乙酸酐(30.6 g,300 mmol),在室温下继续搅拌反应24 h。将得到的浅黄色黏稠PI溶液缓慢加入到过量的乙醇水溶液(体积分数为75%)中,得到浅黄色丝状沉淀。静置24 h后过滤收集得到的树脂,并在80℃下真空干燥24 h,得到PI-IIa树脂36.7 g,收率为96.7%。
在一个配有机械搅拌的100 mL三口瓶中加入上述制备的PI-IIa树脂(12.0 g)以及超干DMAC(68.0 g)。室温下搅拌24 h,得到固含量为15%的浅黄色黏稠PI溶液。将制得的PI溶液经过过滤精度为0.45 μm的聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)针筒过滤器过滤,去除不溶物。滤液静置脱泡后采用刮刀均匀涂敷在洁净的玻璃板上。将玻璃板置于洁净的程序控温氮气保护烘箱中,按照80℃/1 h+120℃/1 h+150℃/1 h+180℃/1 h+250℃/1 h+280℃/1 h的程序进行干燥处理。自然降温后,将玻璃板浸泡于去离子水中,得到PI-IIa薄膜。将该薄膜置于洁净鼓风干燥箱中在100℃下干燥3 h,得到浅黄色透明薄膜。其他复合薄膜按照类似的方法制备。
PI树脂:采用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)系统(LC-20AD型,日本岛津公司)测定PI树脂的数均分子量(Mn)和重均分子量(Mw)。采用核磁共振波谱仪(AV 400型,日本电子株式会社)测定PI树脂的核磁氢谱(1H-NMR),溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d6)或者氘代N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF-d7)。采用X射线衍射仪(D8 Advance型,德国Bruker公司)测试PI树脂的X射线衍射(XRD)谱图,2θ为5°~90°。PI分子链间距(d)依据布拉格方程=2dsinθ计算,其中n代表衍射级数(n=1),λ代表入射光波长(1.54 Å),θ代表衍射半角。溶解性测试:将PI树脂按照固含量为10%的比例加入测试溶剂中进行溶解性测试,观察树脂在室温下溶剂中浸泡24 h后的溶解情况。
PI薄膜:采用机械式测厚仪(CHY-CA型,济南赛成电子科技有限公司)测试PI薄膜的厚度。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR,Tensor-27型,德国Bruker公司)分析PI薄膜的微观结构,波数为4 000~400 cm-1。采用紫外分光光度计(UV-Vis,U-3210型,日本日立公司)测试PI薄膜的光学透明性。采用棱镜耦合仪(Model 2010/M型,美国Metricon公司)测试PI薄膜的折射率,包括面内折射率(nTE)和面外折射率(nTM),测试波长为632.8 nm。平均折射率(nav)按照nav=[(2nTE2+nTM2)/3]1/2计算。双折射(Δn)按照Δn=nTE-nTM计算。采用分光光度计(Ci7800型,美国X-rite公司)测试PI薄膜的CIE Lab参数,PI薄膜厚度为25 μm。L*代表亮度,当其接近100时,表示趋于白色,接近0表示趋于黑色。参数中的a*若为正值则表示趋于红色,若为负值则表示趋于绿色;b*若为正值则表示趋于黄色,若为负值则表示趋于蓝色。采用热重分析仪(TGA)(STA-8000型,美国Perkin-Elmer公司)测试PI薄膜的热稳定性,测试温度为30~760℃,升温速率为20℃/min,氮气气氛,气体流量为20 mL/min。采用动态机械分析仪(DMA)(DMA 242E型,德国耐驰公司)测试PI薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg),测试温度为30~400℃,升温速率为5℃/min,频率为1 Hz,氮气气氛,气体流量为20 mL/min,Tg采用损耗因子(tanδ)曲线峰值温度判定。采用热机械分析仪(TMA,TMA 402F3型,德国耐驰公司)测试PI薄膜的线性热膨胀系数(CTE),氮气气氛,升温速率为10℃/min,测试温度为30~400℃。采用网格分析仪(E5063A型,美国安捷伦公司)测试PI薄膜的介电常数(Dk)与介质损耗因数(Df),测试温度为室温,相对湿度为51%,频率为10 GHz,样品尺寸为5 cm×12 cm× 0.025 mm,测试结果取5个平行样品测试数据的平均值。
图1给出了6种PI树脂的制备反应方程式。研究工作中也尝试选择刚性的TFMB二胺单体与含氟二酐进行聚合,但初步实验结果发现基于6FCDA与TFMB的树脂体系不溶解于反应溶剂中。本研究中,所有树脂体系在聚合过程中均保持了均一的状态,证明所制备的PI树脂均溶解于反应溶剂体系中,这主要是由于二酐分子结构中存在六氟异丙基以及二胺分子结构中存在柔性醚键、三氟甲基以及异丙基的缘故。
图2对比了6FDA与6FCDA两种含氟二酐单体的化学结构,以及基于密度泛函理论并采用Gaussian 09软件模拟计算的两种二酐单体前线分子轨道中最低未占有分子轨道(LUMO)的能量(εLUMO[30]。通过对比二酐单体的εLUMO数值大小可以近似地判断其聚合反应活性[31]εLUMO数值越低,则其在与二胺单体聚合过程中表现出的活性越高。6FDA与6FCDA的εLUMO值分别为-3.42 eV与-3.56 eV,由此可见,两种二酐单体表现出相近的反应活性,但是低于常见的均苯四甲酸二酐(PMDA,εLUMO=-4.17 eV)[32]。6FDA分子结构中,两个苯环与六氟异丙基间的扭转角(θ1)为111.3°,而6FCDA的该角度(θ2)为111.9°,同时6FCDA分子结构中两个苯环与氧桥键(-O-)之间还存在121.1°的扭转角(θ3),这种结构特征使得6FCDA-PI薄膜的性能与6FDA-PI薄膜存在差异。
首先对PI树脂的特性黏度与分子量以及溶解性进行了测试,结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,对于同一种二胺而言,6FDA-PI树脂均表现出高于6FCDA-PI的特性黏度与分子量数值。例如,PI-Ia(6FDA-6FODA)的特性黏度与数均分子量(Mn)分别为1.02 dL/g以及11.59×104 g/mol,均高于PI-IIa(6FCDA-6FODA)树脂(特性黏度为0.68 dL/g,Mn为5.25×104 g/mol)。对于同一种二酐单体而言,采用二胺单体6FAPB、BAPP、6FODA制备的PI树脂特性黏度与分子量依次减小。上述变化规律与单体的反应活性、PI分子链的构象排列以及PI树脂在反应溶剂中的溶解度等因素密切相关。虽然6FDA与6FCDA具有相近的反应活性,但后者相对平面、刚性的结构特性会造成PI分子链更为紧密的排列,同时PI分子链间作用力更强。这一点可以从PI树脂的XRD谱图中得到验证,如图3所示。从图3可以看出,对于同一种二胺而言,6FCDA-PI分子链间距(d)均小于相应的6FDA-PI。这种分子链的紧密排列也会增强其分子链间的相互作用,从而降低6FCDA-PI树脂在有机溶剂中的溶解性,PI树脂的溶解性测试结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,由于分子结构中含有六氟异丙基、三氟甲基、醚键等众多柔性基团,6FDA-PI树脂可以在室温下溶解于大部分测试溶剂中,包括极性非质子性溶剂(NMP、DMAC、DMF、DMSO等)与环戊酮(CPA),同时在四氢呋喃(THF)中也具有部分溶解性。相比之下,6FCDA-PI仅可全部溶解于NMP、DMAC与DMF中,而在其他测试溶剂中均只是部分溶解或者不溶解。
由于6FCDA-PI树脂在常见的核磁试剂DMSO-d6中仅是部分溶解,采用溶解性能更优的DMF-d7对其核磁氢谱进行测试,而6FDA-PI树脂仍采用DMSO-d6溶剂进行测试,结果如图4所示。从图4(b)(d)(d)可以看出,对于6FCDA-PI树脂而言,6FCDA基团中的H1质子由于受邻位强吸电子基团六氟异丙基的影响而在谱图的最低场出现吸收峰。六氟异丙基对位的H2质子以及二胺单元中三氟甲基邻位的Hc质子的吸收峰出现在谱图的次低场。而二胺单元中,柔性醚键邻位的H质子,包括PI-IIa的Hb质子、PI-IIb的Hb与Hd质子、PI-IIc的Hb与Hc质子的吸收峰出现在谱图的最高场位置。从图4(a)(c)(e)可以看出,对于6FDA-PI树脂而言,各种H质子的吸收也表现出类似的规律。上述表征结果证明成功制备了预期结构的PI树脂。
将上述PI树脂溶解于干燥的DMAC中配制成PI溶液,然后在80~280℃进行干燥固化,制得相应的PI薄膜,并采用FTIR手段验证PI薄膜的化学结构,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,酰亚胺环的特征吸收峰包括羰基分别位于1 787 cm-1与1 723 cm-1处的非对称和对称伸缩振动峰以及位于723 cm-1处的弯曲振动吸收峰,酰亚胺环C-N键位于1 371 cm-1处的伸缩振动峰均可以准确地加以指认。而苯环C=C键位于1 490 cm-1处的特征吸收峰以及六氟异丙基C-F键位于1 000~1 300 cm-1处的伸缩振动吸收峰也可以显著地观察到,表明成功制备了预期结构的PI薄膜。
图6是PI薄膜的TGA与失重微分(DTG)曲线(氮气环境测试),TGA、DMA和TMA等测试数据列于表3中。从图6表3可以看出,PI薄膜在450℃的质量损失均较低,而超过500℃后,薄膜显著分解,其5%失重温度(T5%)为487.4~549.7℃。而且6FDA-PI薄膜的T5%值均高于相应的6FCDA-PI薄膜样品。例如,PI-Ia薄膜的T5%为549.7℃,较PI-IIa高出41.9℃。这表明6FCDA结构中的氧桥键(-O-)在受热时会首先发生分解,这种现象在文献中也多有报道[33]。由于6FCDA分子结构中氧桥键的易热分解特性,加上BAPP分子结构中耐热稳定性相对较低的异丙基脂肪链,造成PI-IIc(6FCDA-BAPP)薄膜显示出最低的T5%(487.4℃)。随着测试温度的进一步升高,薄膜快速发生热分解。从DTG曲线可以看出,PI薄膜分解速率最快时对应的温度(Tdmax)为514.9~602.8℃,而且6FCDA-PI薄膜多表现出二次分解的特征,其中首次热分解主要是二酐氧杂蒽环中C-O-C键的断链与分解,而第二次热分解则是主链的断裂与分解。最终,PI薄膜在750℃时的残留率(Rw750)为50.1%~58.7%。
图7是PI薄膜的DSC曲线。从图7可以看出,所有PI薄膜在DSC测试中均表现出明显的玻璃化转变行为,薄膜的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)为258.3~362.5℃。对于同一种二胺而言,6FCDA-PI薄膜的Tg均高于结构类似的6FDA-PI薄膜,即PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIcTg值均分别高于相应的PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。这主要由于6FCDA-PI分子结构中存在高度平面与刚性的氧杂蒽环的缘故。氧杂蒽环的存在增加了PI分子链的堆砌密度并增强了PI分子链间的相互作用,有效抑制了温度升高时PI分子链段的自由活动,从而提升了PI薄膜的Tg值。
图8是PI薄膜的TMA测试曲线。
图8可以看出,所有PI薄膜在250℃之下均显示出线性膨胀行为,在50~250℃的线性热膨胀系数(CTE)为37.1×10-6~67.8×10-6 K-1。对于同一种二胺而言,6FCDA-PI薄膜的CTE均低于结构类似的6FDA-PI薄膜,即PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIc的CTE均分别低于相应的PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。对于同一种二酐单体而言,采用二胺单体6FODA、6FAPB、BAPP制备的PI薄膜CTE依次升高。BAPP分子结构中柔性异丙基与醚键的存在使其分子链在高温下易于运动,从而表现出较高的CTE值。当温度超过薄膜的Tg值后,所有薄膜均表现出一定程度的收缩,这种现象对于具有较高Tg的PI薄膜较为常见,这通常是由于PI薄膜的制备温度低于其Tg值。因此在TMA测试中,当温度达到薄膜的Tg时,材料内部发生玻璃化转变,链段在外力作用下重新进行排列,使得薄膜表现出收缩特性[34]。当薄膜内部链段重新排列完成后,随着温度的升高则继续呈现出正常的受热膨胀行为,直至薄膜完全屈服。
表3列出了PI薄膜在10 GHz频率下的介电常数(Dk)与介质损耗因数(Df)测试结果。从表3可以看出,所有含氟PI薄膜均表现出了较低的Dk(2.72~3.05)与Df(0.005 9~0.008 2)。这主要是由C-F键较低的摩尔极化率以及三氟甲基和六氟异丙基相对较大的摩尔体积所导致的。对于同一种二胺而言,6FCDA-PI薄膜的Dk均高于结构类似的6FDA-PI薄膜,即PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIcDk值均分别高于相应的PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。这主要是由于6FCDA分子结构中平面刚性的氧杂蒽环增加了分子链的堆砌密度,降低了其分子链的摩尔体积,从而增大了薄膜的Dk[35]
图9是PI薄膜的UV-Vis谱图,光学数据列于表4中。
图9表4可以看出,含氟系列PI薄膜表现出较好的光学透明性,所有薄膜的紫外截止波长(λcut)均低于380 nm,而450 nm波长处的透光率(T450)为73.9%~86.7%。对于同一种二胺而言,6FCDA-PI薄膜的T450值均低于结构类似的6FDA-PI薄膜,即PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIcT450均分别低于相应的PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。这主要是由于6FCDA分子结构中平面刚性的氧杂蒽环增加了分子链的堆砌密度,降低了其分子链的摩尔体积,从而阻碍了光的透过。
对于同一种二酐单体而言,采用二胺单体6FODA、6FAPB、BAPP制备的PI薄膜T450值依次降低。6FODA与6FAPB二胺分子结构中的高电负性三氟甲基可有效切断PI分子链中电荷从二胺单元(电子给体)向二酐单元(电子受体)间的电荷转移(CT)作用,从而减少了对可见光的吸收,赋予了PI薄膜良好的光学透明性。而BAPP分子结构中的异丙基具有较强的供电子效应,可加剧PI分子链的CT作用,从而降低了薄膜的光学透明性。这种光学透明性的变化趋势也可以近似地通过上述PI分子链的前线轨道以及电子跃迁的能级差(Δε)模拟计算结果来进行解释。模拟计算得到几种PI分子链的最低未占有分子轨道(LUMO)与最高占有分子轨道(HOMO)之间的Δε值由小到大的顺序为PI-IIc、PI-Ic、PI-Ib、PI-IIb、PI-IIa、PI-Ia。一般而言,Δε值越小表明PI分子链内部发生电荷跃迁的势垒越低,CT相互作用也就越强,而PI薄膜的光学透过率会越低[36]。因此,按照理论模拟PI薄膜的光学透明性也会按照上述顺序变化,而这个规律与PI薄膜T450的实测值(见表4)变化规律基本是一致的。
6FCDA-PI分子链的堆砌密度较高,因此具有更小的摩尔体积。按照Lorentz-Lorenz方程,其会表现出更高的折射率[36]表4中PI薄膜的面内折射率(nTE)、面外折射率(nTM)、平均折射率(nav)和双折射(Δn)测试结果也验证了这一点。从表4可以看出,PI-IIa、PI-IIb、PI-IIcnav分别高于结构类似的PI-Ia、PI-Ib、PI-Ic。对于同一种二酐单体而言,采用二胺单体6FODA、6FAPB、BAPP制备的PI薄膜nav值依次增大,这是因为前两种二胺分子结构中具有低摩尔极化率特性的三氟甲基降低了PI薄膜的折射率。所有薄膜均表现出较低的双折射数值(0.011 2~0.051 4),这与薄膜分子结构中大量柔性基团如醚键的存在有关。同样,6FCDA-PI也均表现出高于6FDA-PI薄膜的Δn值。
最后,考察了PI薄膜的CIE Lab光学参数,结果如表4所示。从表4可以看出,所有薄膜均表现出较高的明度参数(L*>94.00),而且薄膜的红-绿参数(a*)值为负,而黄-蓝参数(b*)值为正,表明薄膜的颜色偏向黄绿色系。对于无色透明或者浅色PI薄膜而言,b*值在实际应用中的参考价值较高,较低的b*值常代表薄膜具有更优的光学特性。本研究中PI薄膜的b*值在3.31~14.54,表明薄膜的颜色从浅黄色到中等黄色之间。其中,对于同一种二胺而言,6FCDA-PI薄膜的b*值均略高于结构类似的6FDA-PI薄膜。对于同一种二酐而言,采用二胺单体6FODA、6FAPB、BAPP制备的PI薄膜b*值依次升高,这表明6FODA体系PI薄膜具有最优的颜色参数。此外,所有PI薄膜均表现出较低的雾度(0.22%~1.35%),这对于其在光学领域中的应用是十分有利的。
(1)6FCDA-PI树脂与6FDA-PI树脂相比表现出较低的分子量以及相对较低的溶解性。
(2)6FCDA-PI薄膜与6FDA-PI薄膜相比具有较低的热分解温度,但是表现出更高的Tg与更低的CTE数值。
(3)6FCDA-PI薄膜表现出略低于6FDA-PI薄膜的光学性能,包括相对较低的透光率以及相对较高的黄度指数。
(4)6FCDA-PI薄膜表现出略高于6FDA-PI薄膜的介电常数。综合各方面性能,PI-IIa(6FCDA-6FODA)薄膜显示出最优的综合性能,包括良好的耐热稳定性(Tg=362.5℃,T5%=507.8℃,CTE为37.1×10-6 K-1)、良好的光学透明性(λcut=369 nm,T450=83.9%,b*=3.36,雾度为0.08%)以及良好的介电性能(10 GHz下Dk=3.00,Df=0.006 7)。上述综合性能使得这种含氟PI薄膜未来在先进光电子领域具有良好的应用前景。
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(JSGG20210629144539012)
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2024年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.006
  • 接收时间:2024-04-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-25
  • 修回日期:2024-05-13
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深圳市科技计划项目(JSGG20210629144539012)
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    1中国地质大学(北京) 材料科学与工程学院 地质碳储与资源低碳利用教育部工程研究中心, 北京 100083
    2北京大学 材料科学与工程学院 教育部高分子化学与物理重点实验室,北京 100871

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刘金刚(1973-),男(汉族),内蒙古赤峰人,教授,博士,主要从事先进聚酰亚胺材料的基础与应用研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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