Article(id=1210601629028577384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1710172800000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-12, revisedDate=1712851200000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766559520250, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1729353600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766559520250, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766559520250, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766559520250, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210601623135581115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='141', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766559518846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766564021205, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620507448275814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620507448275815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210601623135581115, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=16, endPage=25, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210601629502533759, articleId=1210601629028577384, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of high-temperature resistant and colorless transparent polyimide films based on side chain hydrogen bonding interaction, columnId=1203281640207393262, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High Performance Polyimide Materials, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the constant updating of flexible display devices, the researches on colorless transparent polyimide (CPI) films as substrate materials have attracted considerable attention. In order to solve the inherent contradictions among optical performance, high-temperature resistance, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties of CPI, we synthesized a series of semi-aromatic CIP films with side chains containing benzimidazole by copolymerization using cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) as the dianhydride monomer, 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-diaminobiphenyl (TFMB) and 2-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-benzimidazole (BBIA) as diamine monomers. The influence of hydrogen bonding, free volume, and main chain structure on the properties of films was systematically investigated by the Materials Studio software simulation and experimental results. The results show that the prepared CPI films have excellent optical transparency, thermal resistance, and mechanical properties. The average transmittance of CPI films in wave length of 380-780 nm is higher than 85%, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is above 400℃, the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is 15×10-6-17×10-6 K-1, the maximum tensile strength is 165 MPa, and the modulus is in the range of 3.7-5.2 GPa.

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随着柔性显示器件的不断更新,无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜作为衬底材料的研究备受关注。为解决CPI在光学性能、耐热性能、尺寸稳定性和力学性能之间的矛盾问题,本研究以环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)为二酐单体,2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4-二氨基联苯(TFMB)和2-(3,5-二氨基苯基)-苯并咪唑(BBIA)为二胺单体,通过共聚制备了一系列侧链含苯并咪唑的半芳香CPI薄膜。结合Materials Studio软件模拟和实验测试结果,系统研究氢键、自由体积、主链结构对薄膜性能的影响规律。结果表明:所制备的CPI薄膜具有优良的光学透明性、耐热性能和力学性能,在380~780 nm波长范围的平均透过率高于85%,玻璃化转变温度超过400℃,线性热膨胀系数(CTE)为15×10-6~17×10-6 K-1,最大拉伸强度达165 MPa,模量为3.7~5.2 GPa。

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李琇廷(1991-),女(汉族),安徽淮北人,讲师,博士,主要从事高性能纤维及复合材料的研究;
张清华(1970-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料的研究。
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杨雨箫(1999-),女(汉族),江苏连云港人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

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杨雨箫(1999-),女(汉族),江苏连云港人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

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杨雨箫(1999-),女(汉族),江苏连云港人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

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articleId=1210601629028577384, language=CN, label=图9, caption=无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的力学性能和疏水性能测试结果, figureFileSmall=8QRLRpJYXoNaz2F/7Gu4bQ==, figureFileBig=eExIVBjwPtvRthvCQ95+lA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218266780854833409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601629028577384, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The ratio of two diamines and corresponding CPI film markers, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品单体摩尔比例
TFMBBBIACBDA
CPI-H01.0001.00
CPI-H50.950.051.00
CPI-H100.900.101.00
CPI-H150.850.151.00
CPI-H200.800.201.00
), ArticleFig(id=1218266780976468233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601629028577384, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种二胺比例及对应CPI薄膜的命名

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品单体摩尔比例
TFMBBBIACBDA
CPI-H01.0001.00
CPI-H50.950.051.00
CPI-H100.900.101.00
CPI-H150.850.151.00
CPI-H200.800.201.00
), ArticleFig(id=1218266781068742924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601629028577384, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Feature parameters of the polyimide model, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品S2氢键数量FFV/%
CPI-H053.612.431.2
CPI-H540.726.927.6
CPI-H1036.1610.224.0
CPI-H1536.2312.828.6
CPI-H2035.3614.830.7
), ArticleFig(id=1218266781165211920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601629028577384, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

聚酰亚胺模型的特征参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品S2氢键数量FFV/%
CPI-H053.612.431.2
CPI-H540.726.927.6
CPI-H1036.1610.224.0
CPI-H1536.2312.828.6
CPI-H2035.3614.830.7
), ArticleFig(id=1218266781270069523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601629028577384, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Optical properties and GPC data of the CPI films, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T380~780/%T450/%λc/nmL*a*b*YI雾度/%分子量/(×105 g/mol)Mw/Mn
MwMn
CPI-H088.686.430995.17-0.103.686.890.332.722.361.15
CPI-H587.383.828395.410.014.087.690.6414.6612.641.16
CPI-H1086.381.927195.030.144.298.220.637.566.151.23
CPI-H1585.880.629894.160.007.1013.320.883.192.531.26
CPI-H2084.778.933294.62-0.026.3911.970.8410.759.911.08
), ArticleFig(id=1218266781387510041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210601629028577384, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的光学性能及GPC数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品T380~780/%T450/%λc/nmL*a*b*YI雾度/%分子量/(×105 g/mol)Mw/Mn
MwMn
CPI-H088.686.430995.17-0.103.686.890.332.722.361.15
CPI-H587.383.828395.410.014.087.690.6414.6612.641.16
CPI-H1086.381.927195.030.144.298.220.637.566.151.23
CPI-H1585.880.629894.160.007.1013.320.883.192.531.26
CPI-H2084.778.933294.62-0.026.3911.970.8410.759.911.08
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基于侧链氢键作用的高耐热无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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杨雨箫 , 李琇廷 , 许青松 , 董杰 , 赵昕 , 滕翠青 , 张清华
绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2024,57(10): 16-25
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绝缘材料 | 高性能聚酰亚胺材料专题 2024, 57(10): 16-25
基于侧链氢键作用的高耐热无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究
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杨雨箫, 李琇廷, 许青松, 董杰, 赵昕, 滕翠青, 张清华
作者信息
  • 东华大学 纤维材料改性国家重点实验室,上海 201620
  • 杨雨箫(1999-),女(汉族),江苏连云港人,硕士生,主要从事无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的研究。

通讯作者:

李琇廷(1991-),女(汉族),安徽淮北人,讲师,博士,主要从事高性能纤维及复合材料的研究;
张清华(1970-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料的研究。
Preparation and properties of high-temperature resistant and colorless transparent polyimide films based on side chain hydrogen bonding interaction
Yuxiao YANG, Xiuting LI, Qingsong XU, Jie DONG, Xin ZHAO, Cuiqing TENG, Qinghua ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Stata Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
出版时间: 2024-10-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.003
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随着柔性显示器件的不断更新,无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)薄膜作为衬底材料的研究备受关注。为解决CPI在光学性能、耐热性能、尺寸稳定性和力学性能之间的矛盾问题,本研究以环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)为二酐单体,2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4-二氨基联苯(TFMB)和2-(3,5-二氨基苯基)-苯并咪唑(BBIA)为二胺单体,通过共聚制备了一系列侧链含苯并咪唑的半芳香CPI薄膜。结合Materials Studio软件模拟和实验测试结果,系统研究氢键、自由体积、主链结构对薄膜性能的影响规律。结果表明:所制备的CPI薄膜具有优良的光学透明性、耐热性能和力学性能,在380~780 nm波长范围的平均透过率高于85%,玻璃化转变温度超过400℃,线性热膨胀系数(CTE)为15×10-6~17×10-6 K-1,最大拉伸强度达165 MPa,模量为3.7~5.2 GPa。

无色透明聚酰亚胺  /  柔性显示  /  氢键交联  /  耐热性能  /  光学性能  /  尺寸稳定性  /  力学性能  /  软件模拟

With the constant updating of flexible display devices, the researches on colorless transparent polyimide (CPI) films as substrate materials have attracted considerable attention. In order to solve the inherent contradictions among optical performance, high-temperature resistance, dimensional stability, and mechanical properties of CPI, we synthesized a series of semi-aromatic CIP films with side chains containing benzimidazole by copolymerization using cyclobutanetetracarboxylic dianhydride (CBDA) as the dianhydride monomer, 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-diaminobiphenyl (TFMB) and 2-(3,5-diaminophenyl)-benzimidazole (BBIA) as diamine monomers. The influence of hydrogen bonding, free volume, and main chain structure on the properties of films was systematically investigated by the Materials Studio software simulation and experimental results. The results show that the prepared CPI films have excellent optical transparency, thermal resistance, and mechanical properties. The average transmittance of CPI films in wave length of 380-780 nm is higher than 85%, the glass transition temperature (Tg) is above 400℃, the linear coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is 15×10-6-17×10-6 K-1, the maximum tensile strength is 165 MPa, and the modulus is in the range of 3.7-5.2 GPa.

colorless and transparent polyimide  /  flexible display  /  hydrogen bonding interaction  /  heat resistance  /  optical properties  /  dimensional stability  /  mechanical properties  /  software simulation
杨雨箫, 李琇廷, 许青松, 董杰, 赵昕, 滕翠青, 张清华. 基于侧链氢键作用的高耐热无色透明聚酰亚胺薄膜的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (10) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.003
Yuxiao YANG, Xiuting LI, Qingsong XU, Jie DONG, Xin ZHAO, Cuiqing TENG, Qinghua ZHANG. Preparation and properties of high-temperature resistant and colorless transparent polyimide films based on side chain hydrogen bonding interaction[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (10) : 16 -25 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.003
随着超大屏、曲面屏及折叠屏等柔性显示器件的不断发展,人们对柔性显示器件的综合性能提出了更高的要求。其中承担着器件支撑和保护作用的基板是柔性显示器件所需的关键材料之一,决定了整个器件的柔韧性和透明性。基板材料不仅需要具有优异的力学性能和耐热性能,以满足后续器件的温度制程(>400℃),还要具有较低的热膨胀系数,才能与金属、无机半导体等材料相匹配[1]。此外,由于目前大部分柔性显示器件还存在着摄像头裸露等问题,未来衬底材料必将向着无色透明的方向发展,以更好地实现屏下摄像或透明显示[2],这对基板材料的透明性也提出更高的要求。为此,研究者们开发了超薄玻璃(UTG),其延续了普通玻璃的高透明、耐高温、低膨胀等优点,是目前极具发展潜力的基板材料之一,但抗冲击性能不佳、制备工艺复杂、成本较高等缺点限制了其广泛应用[3-4]
聚合物薄膜具有优异的柔韧性,可设计性强,是柔性显示领域的重要材料。其中,芳香族聚酰亚胺(PI)因其刚性梯形主链结构和较强的分子间作用力,具有良好的耐高温性能、介电性能、尺寸稳定性和力学性能,被广泛应用于微电子[5-7]、航空航天等领域。但由于PI分子结构中存在较强的电子供体和电子受体,会在分子链间或分子链内形成强烈的电荷转移络合物(CTC),使得传统PI聚酰亚胺大多呈现棕黄色,极大地限制了PI在柔性透明显示领域中的应用。因此,无色透明聚酰亚胺(CPI)衬底材料的开发制备是目前研究者关注的焦点之一[8]
为提高PI的透明性,研究者大多通过分子结构设计减弱或破坏分子链内/间的CTC效应,主要分为以下3类[9]:①使用弱给电子基团的二胺、弱吸电子基团的二酐为单体反应生成PI,例如引入吸电子能力很强的-CF3可以降低二胺的给电子能力,减弱分子链内CTC效应,有利于光学性能提升,但热性能也会随之下降。高升[10]利用2,2′-二(三氟甲基)-(1,1′-二苯基)-4,4′-二胺(TFMB)和六氟二酐(6FDA)两种含氟单体制备了PI薄膜,其在450 nm处的透光率可达90.7%,但玻璃化转变温度(Tg)仅为304℃。②引入大体积侧基、非对称结构(包括扭曲、非共平面结构)等破坏PI分子间的规整性,增大链间自由体积,减弱分子链间CTC效应,有利于提高薄膜透明性[11]。但自由体积的增加往往伴随着耐热性能和力学性能的降低[12]。③引入脂肪环结构,破坏PI分子链的共轭效应,从而抑制分子链内的CTC效应[13]。但由于酯环结构的耐热稳定性不足,研究者一般通过共聚制备半芳香PI[14],如卢春燕[15]采用脂环二胺双环[2,2,1]庚烷二甲胺(NBDA)与多种芳香族二酐均聚,制备出的薄膜具有良好的光学性能;为了改善材料的耐热性能,又引入刚性2,6-二氨基甲苯(2,6-DAT)进行共聚改性,使其Tg从203℃提高至288℃。酯环单体如环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)、带桥环或螺环结构的单体降冰片烯-2-螺环-α-环戊酮-α′-螺环-2″-降冰片烷-5,5″,6,6″-四羧酸二酐(CpODA)等,由于其刚性较高,制备的聚酰亚胺表现出较高的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)。李丹丹[16]探究了1,2,4,5-环己烷四甲酸二酐(HPMDA)与CBDA不同共聚比例下的薄膜综合性能,发现随着CBDA含量增加,薄膜的玻璃化转变温度从359℃提高到377℃,且拉伸强度和初始模量均有所提高;但由于酯环的引入降低了分子链间相互作用(如π-π相互作用、偶极-偶极相互作用、氢键等),薄膜的的尺寸稳定性不足,其CTE值为29.5×10-6~43×10-6 K-1。罗伟等[17]选用不同商业化二胺单体与CpODA进行聚合,发现由于酰胺基团会产生分子间氢键作用,阻碍分子链段运动,对薄膜的热膨胀系数、玻璃化转变温度、拉伸强度和弹性模量都产生了突出贡献,含酰胺结构的薄膜CTE低至7.9×10-6 K-1Tg达到472℃;但与此同时,薄膜的光学性能受损,450 nm处的透过率仅为57%,薄膜颜色较深。因此,CPI的研究重点是通过分子结构设计和制备工艺等寻找光学性能、耐热性能、力学性能、尺寸稳定性能等之间的平衡。
基于此,本研究采用脂肪族环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA)为二酐单体,选取含三氟甲基的2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4-二氨基联苯(TFMB)和侧链含苯并咪唑基团的2-(3,5-二氨基苯基)-苯并咪唑(BBIA)作为二胺单体,采用两步法热酰亚胺化制得一系列侧链含苯并咪唑结构的半芳香聚酰亚胺(CPI-Hx)。通过调节BBIA单体比例调控体系内氢键含量,并借助Materials Studio软件模拟手段,研究分子链刚柔性、氢键含量对薄膜光学性能、热性能、尺寸稳定性和力学性能等的影响规律,以期为制备柔性显示衬底材料提供理论基础。
2,2′-双(三氟甲基)-4-二氨基联苯(TFMB),纯度为99%,常州阳光药业有限公司;2-(3,5-二氨基苯基)-苯并咪唑(BBIA),纯度为97%,实验室自制;环丁烷四酸二酐(CBDA),纯度为99%,天津众泰材料科技有限公司;N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)、无水乙醇,均为分析纯,国药集团上海化学试剂公司。
调节TFMB、BBIA、CBDA物质的量之比,制备一系列CPI薄膜,具体配方如表1所示,合成方法如图1所示。以CPI-H20为例,在氮气氛围下,称取TFMB (2.56 g,8 mmol)、BBIA(0.45 g,2 mmol)和NMP(45 g,0.45 mol)加入到三颈烧瓶中,经机械搅拌溶解后,再加入CBDA(1.96 g,10 mmol),冰水浴反应24 h后,将聚合液过滤流延在玻璃板上,并在80℃的真空烘箱中干燥12 h。然后将固体薄膜分别缓慢加热至100、200、300℃各保持1 h,自然冷却退火至室温,最后剥离得到厚度为20~30 μm的CPI薄膜。
采用全数字化核磁共振谱仪(NMR,AVANCE IIITM HD 600MHz型)测试样品的1H NMR,用四甲基硅烷作为内标物,溶剂为氘代二甲基亚砜(DMSO-d6)。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR,Nicolet iS50型)测试样品的红外光谱图及升温红外光谱图,分辨率为4 cm-1,波数为4 000~400 cm-1,扫描次数为32次,原位升温FTIR测试的扫描温度范围为80~400℃,每个采样点保温5 min。采用广角X射线衍射仪(WAXD,Rigaku D/max-2550VB+/PC型)测试样品的链段堆积情况,测试射线源为Cu/K-α反射靶(λ=1.54 Å),扫描范围为5°~60°。采用凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC,Waters ACQUITY APC System)测试样品的分子量及其分布,以聚苯乙烯为标准物,色谱级DMAC为洗脱剂,样品溶于同级别DMAC中,质量浓度为2.5 mg/mL。采用热重分析仪(TGA,NETZSCH Libra/209F3型)测试样品的热稳定性,试样质量为5~10 mg,温度为30~800℃,吹扫气体为氮气,升温速率为10℃/min。采用动态热机械分析仪(DMA,TA-instrument Q800型)测试样品的动态力学性能,温度为50~500℃,升温速率为5℃/min,预设应力为0.01 N。采用热机械分析仪(TMA,TA-instrument Q400型)测试样品的尺寸稳定性,预设应力为0.05 N,样品尺寸为10 mm×5 mm,温度为40~25℃,升温速率为5℃/min。采用紫外分光光度计(UV-vis,Lambda 95型)测试PI薄膜在室温下250~800 nm处的光学透过率;采用颜色光度计(3bhYS6010型)测试样品的颜色指数(L*、a*、b*、YI)及雾度。采用电子万能材料试验机(Instron 5969型)测试样品的力学性能,矩形薄膜样品尺寸为20 mm×5 mm,拉伸速率为10 mm/min,每个薄膜至少测试5个样品。
图2是采用不同配比TFMB和BBIA制备出的CPI薄膜的1H NMR和FTIR谱图。从图2(a)可以看出,化学位移δ=7.3×10-6~8.4×10-6的质子峰主要归属于苯环上的质子氢,环丁烷上的氢质子峰出现在δ=3.8×10-6处,且随着BBIA的加入,化学位移δ=13.2×10-6处出现苯并咪唑环结构中的仲胺氢质子特征峰。从图2(b)可以看出,所有样品曲线均出现了聚酰亚胺的特征峰:波数为1 782 cm-1和1 714 cm-1处分别是酰亚胺环上C=O的非对称伸缩振动吸收峰与对称伸缩振动峰吸收峰,1 364 cm-1处是酰亚胺环上C-N键的伸缩振动吸收峰,意味着聚酰亚胺结构的成功合成[18]。此外,因选用的二胺单体TFMB中存在-CF3基团,在波数为1 100~1 300 cm-1处出现了C-F的伸缩振动吸收峰。在1 421 cm-1处出现咪唑环的特征吸收峰,说明制备出的CPI薄膜符合预期。为了进一步证明分子间氢键的作用,选取氢键含量最多的CPI-H20样品进行升温红外测试,如图2(c)所示。变温红外光谱中,波数为3 050~3 500 cm-1处主要是氢键的N-H伸缩振动区,包括3 475 cm-1处自由氢键的伸缩振动以及3 077 cm-1处酰胺的泛频N-H键伸缩费米共振。从图2(c)可以看出,随着温度升高,N-H键的吸光度系数逐渐向高波数移动,且伸缩振动峰逐渐变窄、高度降低,说明随着温度的升高,氢键逐渐减弱。
为了定量表征出分子间氢键的存在,从而更好地预测并辅助分析聚合物宏观性能及其变化规律,本研究利用Materials Studio软件对制得的CPI薄膜进行了分子结构模拟计算。首先根据TFMB和BBIA的物质的量之比构建包含50个重复单元的无规共聚分子链,通过Forcite模块的Geometry optimization对其进行构型优化,然后在周期性晶胞单元内放入3条结构优化后的PI分子链,密度(ρ)设置为1.3 g/cm3,装入盒子后选取能量最低的一个构象再进行构型优化,并经历从800~298.5 K的等温等压(NPT)动态优化,最后根据平衡好的无定形结构进行计算[19]。采用Forcite模块中的Analysis功能对均方回转半径(S2)进行统计分析;采用软件自带的脚本文件模拟计算100个构象中的氢键数量,并计算求取平均值;采用Tools模块中Atom Volumes & Surfaces功能计算自由体积分数(FFV),算法选用Connolly surface,Connolly半径设置为1.0 Å,自由体积分数为由自由体积占总体积的比例。图3为分子模拟的CPI聚集态结构模型及自由体积分布图,5种CPI的回转半径、氢键数量以及自由体积分数列于表2中。
理想状态下,CPI-H0具有最伸展的构象,因为随着BBIA含量的增加,CPI分子间会形成氢键作用力,使分子结构更加卷曲,通过计算材料的均方回转半径S2,可以表征材料的刚性[20]。从表2可以看出,随着BBIA含量的增加,S2数值减小,说明理论上分子弯曲程度增大,整体呈柔性增加的趋势。随着侧链含咪唑结构单元比例从0增加到20%,通过模拟计算出的每个构象中的氢键数量平均值从2.4增加到14.8,证明分子间氢键相互作用力不断增强,而自由体积分数呈现先减小后增大的趋势,这可能是因为随着BBIA的加入,其相互之间碰撞概率增大,容易在分子链间产生氢键作用,增大分子间作用力,进而使分子间的间距缩小,堆砌更加紧密,而在形成一定量的氢键之后,由于BBIA中含有大体积苯并咪唑侧基,会在一定程度上撑开分子链间的堆积,扩大分子间的距离,有利于获得更大的自由体积[21]
利用广角X射线衍射研究聚合物的链段堆积情况,CPI的XRD谱图如图4所示。从图4可以看出,各样品在10°~20°范围内出现非晶态弥散峰,证明所制备的CPI薄膜为无定形态[22]。利用布拉格方程(如式(1)所示)计算出CPI的链间距(d)可以发现,随着BBIA含量的增加,CPI的链间距呈先增大后减小的趋势,即侧链咪唑摩尔分数不超过15%时,薄膜的d值逐渐增大,当侧链咪唑的摩尔分数为20%时,其d值又明显减小;然而,d值的变化趋势与模拟计算出的FFV结果相反,这可能是因为对于无定形聚合物来说,d值不仅与体系内的自由体积有关,还与分子链的有序程度、堆砌密度、分子链间距[23-24]等有关。
2dsinθ=
式(1)中:d为链间距;θ为入射角;n为衍射级数;λ为X射线波长。
目前,柔性显示器件的制备多采用低温多晶硅(LTPS)技术,加工处理温度需要在350℃以上甚至超过400℃,这要求CPI材料具有较高的耐温等级。本研究采用DMA、TGA以及TMA对CPI薄膜的热性能及尺寸稳定性进行了研究,结果如图5所示。以图5(a)中CPI薄膜的损耗因子(tanδ)曲线峰值温度作为玻璃化转变温度(Tg),可以看出,制备出的CPI薄膜Tg均高于400℃,可以满足柔性衬底的基本耐热要求。随着BBIA含量的增加,其Tg逐渐升高,从CPI-H0的402.9℃提升到CPI-H20的418.3℃。根据表2中的氢键数量推测,Tg的升高可能是由于体系内氢键数量的提升,增强了分子链间相互作用,进而限制了分子链的运动。从图5(b)可以看出,在氮气气氛下,CPI薄膜的初始分解温度(Ti)均高于431℃,最大热分解速率对应的温度(Tmax)≥545℃,800℃下的残炭率(Rw800)为39.4%~48.2%,说明所制备薄膜的耐热稳定性整体较优异,且分子结构中TFMB与BBIA的物质的量之比对耐热稳定性影响较小。
CPI薄膜的尺寸稳定性也是衡量其能否作为柔性基板的重要指标之一,在AMOLED制备过程中,需要在柔性基板上沉积功能层,该过程会经历冷/热循环,因此需要基板材料与功能层材料的热膨胀系数(CTE)相匹配,避免产生热应力而导致相互剥离甚至损坏器件,如铜的CTE为17×10-6 K-1,金的CTE为15×10-6 K-1[25]。从图5(c)可以看出,通过TMA热机械分析仪测试得到CPI薄膜的CTE值均在15×10-6~17×10-6 K-1,远低于常规PI薄膜的CTE(20×10-6~60×10-6 K-1)。一方面,大体积侧基咪唑结构的引入会增大分子链间距,减弱分子间作用力,进而使CTE值增加;另一方面,由于侧链咪唑结构的存在,有利于增加分子间氢键交联作用,如表2中氢键数量增加,从而有利于降低薄膜的CTE值[26]。因此,随着BBIA含量的增加,两个相反的作用贡献也随之改变,使得薄膜的CTE值相对稳定。
为了满足未来屏下摄像头的应用场景,人们对CPI衬底的光学性能提出更高要求。含有脂环结构的CBDA能够抑制分子链内的CTC效应,再加上TFMB含有的三氟甲基、BBIA的大体积侧基,可以增大聚合物链间的自由体积,抑制分子链间的CTC效应,有利于薄膜光学透明性的提升。图6是CPI薄膜的光学透明性对比,光学性能数据如表3所示。从图6可以看出,随着BBIA含量的增加,薄膜的光学透明性下降,表现出更深的黄色,表3中的黄度值(YI)也证明了薄膜的颜色更深。进一步,基于密度泛函理论(DFT)计算出均聚物TFMB/CBDA和BBIA/CBDA的分子轨道能量,如图7所示。从图7可以看出,TFMB/CBDA的分子轨道能隙(ΔE)大于BBIA/CBDA的ΔE,说明引入BBIA会使得CTC效应有所增强,薄膜颜色变深。图8是CPI薄膜的紫外-可见光谱图,从图8表3可以看出,CPI薄膜在380~780 nm下的平均透过率(T380~780)为84.7%~88.6%。CPI薄膜的a*较小,b*为3.68~7.10,可见其对于蓝紫光有一定的吸收,导致薄膜呈现黄色;而CPI薄膜的L*均高于94,明度高、颜色亮;雾度均在0.88%以下,表明CPI薄膜具有较高的透明度。因BBIA单体本身呈黄色,且其侧链含有的苯并咪唑结构刚性较大,故随着BBIA含量的增加,薄膜的光学性能逐步下降,但CPI-H15在380~780 nm下的平均透过率为85.8%,450 nm下的透过率(T450)为80.6%,仍具有较好的光学透明性。由此可见,为了平衡光学性能和力学性能,使薄膜达到较优的综合性能,BBIA的摩尔分数不能过大。
为了保证柔性显示器件具有长期服役性能,衬底薄膜还需要具有良好的力学性能和疏水性能,CPI薄膜的相关性能测试结果如图9所示。从图9(a)(b)可以看出,所制备的CPI薄膜具有较优异的力学性能,拉伸强度为114~169 MPa,弹性模量为3.7~5.2 GPa。随着BBIA含量的增加,CPI薄膜的强度和模量整体呈现上升趋势,这可能是因为氢键数量增多,使得分子间作用力变强,薄膜整体的力学性能有所提高。但值得注意的是,CPI-H15的拉伸强度和模量偏低,这可能与聚合物的分子量、聚集态结构、纯度等有关。进一步对CPI的分子量进行表征,结果见表3中的GPC测试数据。从表3可以看出,CPI薄膜的重均分子量(Mw)和数均分子量(Mn)分别为2.72×105~14.66×105 g/mol和2.36×105~12.64×105 g/mol,MwMn的比值为1.08~1.26,表明制备的CPI具有足够的分子量可以成膜,对照力学性能测试可以发现,CPI的分子量大小与所制备出的薄膜力学性能也有相关性,CPI的分子量越大、分子量分布越均匀,薄膜的力学性能越好。CPI-H15的强度和模量偏低可能是由于其分子量较小,分子链间缠结减少,作用力减弱,对应的拉伸强度和模量下降。
图9(c)可以看出,由于TFMB中的氟原子半径小,成膜过程中会富集在薄膜表面,使CPI-H0表现出一定的疏水性;而随着BBIA的加入,吸水率逐渐增大至3.2%,水接触角减小至75°,这是因为苯并咪唑基团容易与水形成氢键,从而使膜呈现出亲水的特性,因此为了保证器件具有良好的长期服役性能,需要控制BBIA单体的摩尔分数。
(1)所制备的CPI中,CPI-H10的自由体积分数最小,分子链间堆积最为紧密,而XRD分析与模拟计算出的FFV值结果恰恰相反,这可能是因为对于无定形聚合物来说,d值不仅与体系内的自由体积有关,还与分子链的有序程度、堆砌密度、分子链间距等有关。
(2)所制备的CPI薄膜具有良好的热性能,玻璃化转变温度为403~418℃,50~250℃范围内的热膨胀系数为15.77×10-6~16.88×10-6 K-1,分子间氢键作用力提高了其耐热性。
(3)所制备的CPI薄膜具有良好的光学透过率,在 380~780 nm的平均透过率为84.7%~88.6%,随着BBIA含量的增加,光学透过率逐渐下降,但仍在应用要求的范围内。
(4)所制备的CPI薄膜具有良好的力学性能,其拉伸强度为114~169 MPa,弹性模量为3.7~5.2 GPa。
(5)制备出的CPI-H10综合性能最优,其在380~780 nm处的平均透过率为86.3%,玻璃化转变温度为408℃,同时具有较低的CTE值(16.30×10-6 K-1)和优良的力学性能,其拉伸强度和弹性模量分别为165 MPa和4.8 GPa。通过引入适量的苯并咪唑基团有利于CPI薄膜热学性能及力学性能的提升,且能够使光学性能保持在应用要求的范围内。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3603102)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(U21A2087)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52203033)
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2024年第57卷第10期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.10.003
  • 接收时间:2024-03-12
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-10-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-12
  • 修回日期:2024-04-12
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2022YFB3603102)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(U21A2087)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52203033)
作者信息
    东华大学 纤维材料改性国家重点实验室,上海 201620

通讯作者:

李琇廷(1991-),女(汉族),安徽淮北人,讲师,博士,主要从事高性能纤维及复合材料的研究;
张清华(1970-),男(汉族),山东济宁人,教授,博士,主要从事高性能聚酰亚胺材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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