Article(id=1210590157191910197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=1710345600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766556785152, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1726761600000, pubDateStr=2024-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766556785152, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766556785152, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766556785152, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210590152548807015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='165', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766556784044, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563998200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620410958312218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210590152548807015, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210590157468734268, articleId=1210590157191910197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Silicone rubber composites are widely used in wire and cable, electronic packaging and other fields due to their excellent weather resistance, electrically insulating properties, high chemical stability and other advantages. In this paper, the research progress of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites was reviewed from the aspects of thermal conductive mechanism, influencing factors of thermal conductivity, and strategies to improve the thermal conductivity of silicone rubber composites, and the research prospects of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites were prospected.

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硅橡胶复合材料因其优异的耐候性、电绝缘性、高化学稳定性等优点,被广泛应用于电线电缆、电子封装等领域。本文从导热机理、导热性能的影响因素及提高硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的策略等方面来阐述填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究进展,并对填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究前景进行了展望。

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付强(1972-),男(满族),黑龙江宁安人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力化学。

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付强(1972-),男(满族),黑龙江宁安人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力化学。

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figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料热导率/(W/(m·K))填料热导率/(W/(m·K))
氧化铝35429
氧化锌30317
氧化镁40121
氮化硼18080
氮化铝320237
氮化硅70炭黑6~174
碳化硅80碳纳米管3 000
白炭黑1.5石墨烯100~400
90碳纤维100
), ArticleFig(id=1218262755845521722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210590157191910197, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常用导热填料及其热导率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
填料热导率/(W/(m·K))填料热导率/(W/(m·K))
氧化铝35429
氧化锌30317
氧化镁40121
氮化硼18080
氮化铝320237
氮化硅70炭黑6~174
碳化硅80碳纳米管3 000
白炭黑1.5石墨烯100~400
90碳纤维100
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性能石英粉Al2O3AlNSiC
热导率/(W/(m·K))0.570.620.770.65
黏度/(Pa·s)2025.742.229.0
邵尔A硬度/度47435142
拉断伸长率/%10511088.6120
拉伸强度/MPa0.81.22.01.1
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填料种类对硅橡胶导热性能和力学性能的影响

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性能石英粉Al2O3AlNSiC
热导率/(W/(m·K))0.570.620.770.65
黏度/(Pa·s)2025.742.229.0
邵尔A硬度/度47435142
拉断伸长率/%10511088.6120
拉伸强度/MPa0.81.22.01.1
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填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究进展
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付强 1 , 李浩明 2 , 彭磊 1 , 李智 1 , 林木松 1 , 张丽 1 , 谢松瑜 1 , 唐征海 2 , 郭宝春 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(9): 1-14
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(9): 1-14
填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究进展
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付强1, 李浩明2, 彭磊1, 李智1, 林木松1, 张丽1, 谢松瑜1, 唐征海2, 郭宝春2
作者信息
  • 1广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 广东省电力装备可靠性重点实验室,广东 广州 510080
  • 2华南理工大学,广东 广州 510000
  • 付强(1972-),男(满族),黑龙江宁安人,正高级工程师,主要研究方向为电力化学。

Research progress of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites
Qiang FU1, Haoming LI2, Lei PENG1, Zhi LI1, Musong LIN1, Li ZHANG1, Songyu XIE1, Zhenghai TANG2, Baochun GUO2
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Power Equipment Reliability of Guangdong Province, Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
  • 2South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510000, China
出版时间: 2024-09-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.001
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硅橡胶复合材料因其优异的耐候性、电绝缘性、高化学稳定性等优点,被广泛应用于电线电缆、电子封装等领域。本文从导热机理、导热性能的影响因素及提高硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的策略等方面来阐述填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究进展,并对填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究前景进行了展望。

填充  /  导热性能  /  绝缘性能  /  硅橡胶复合材料

Silicone rubber composites are widely used in wire and cable, electronic packaging and other fields due to their excellent weather resistance, electrically insulating properties, high chemical stability and other advantages. In this paper, the research progress of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites was reviewed from the aspects of thermal conductive mechanism, influencing factors of thermal conductivity, and strategies to improve the thermal conductivity of silicone rubber composites, and the research prospects of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites were prospected.

filling  /  thermal conductivity  /  insulating properties  /  silicone rubber composites
付强, 李浩明, 彭磊, 李智, 林木松, 张丽, 谢松瑜, 唐征海, 郭宝春. 填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (9) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.001
Qiang FU, Haoming LI, Lei PENG, Zhi LI, Musong LIN, Li ZHANG, Songyu XIE, Zhenghai TANG, Baochun GUO. Research progress of filled thermal conductive and electrically insulating silicone rubber composites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (9) : 1 -14 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.001
电能在生产生活中发挥着极其重要的作用,对电力的供应安全及电力系统的正常运转提出了更高的要求。电力变压器是电力系统中能量转换和传输的核心,其运行安全对电力系统的可靠性具有十分重要的地位。电力变压器在运行过程中会释放大量的热,热量积累可能会导致变压器发生故障,造成大面积停电,进而带来较大的经济损失,同时也会缩短其使用寿命[1-2]。因此开发高性能导热绝缘材料,提高器件散热效率,保证变压器安全运行尤为重要。
硅橡胶因其由硅和氧原子交替构成的分子结构而具有耐高低温、电绝缘、耐老化、高化学稳定性等优异的性能,被广泛用于建筑建材、电子电器、汽车、电线电缆和医疗健康等多个领域[3-4]。但硅橡胶是热的不良导体,本征热导率低,无法满足实际应用中的导热要求。研究表明,可以通过改变聚合物链结构和排列来提高聚合物的固有热导率,但其工艺复杂、成本高昂;而在聚合物基体中加入高导热填料是提高聚合物材料导热性能最有效的方法。
本文从导热机理、导热性能影响因素及提高导热性能策略等方面来阐述填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的研究进展。
声子作为大多数聚合物复合材料的主要传热载体,其传热速率取决于分子链段、相邻原子间及结合基团的振动,因此降低晶体结构缺陷,提高晶格有序性,都有利于减少声子散射,增强导热性能。聚合物大多数是饱和体系,内部没有自由移动的电子,无法形成足够有序的晶体结构,大量非晶区及材料缺陷的存在会导致声子散射严重,声子的热传导受到限制,使得聚合物的导热能力较低[6-10]。因此通过改变聚合物分子链的结构和排列或加入高导热填料可以提高聚合物复合材料的热导率[11-13]
对于本征型导热聚合物而言,其本征热导率的大小主要取决于微观结构的有序性,聚合物结构[14-17]、结晶[18-19]、取向[20-22]、分子间作用力[23-25]、交联剂种类及结构[26-27]等因素均会影响聚合物材料的热导率。如传统环氧树脂的本征热导率偏低不能满足实际应用场景要求,可以通过设计环氧单体分子结构或在交联剂结构中引入液晶单元(如联苯、芳酯等),或者通过优化和调控成型方法、固化工艺及外界条件(外场、温度等)来促进环氧树脂分子链规整排列,进而提高其本征热导率[28]
对于填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料而言,导热通路理论是当前最为广泛接受的导热机理。随着导热填料含量的增加,填料间开始相互接触、堆叠,逐渐形成更多完善的导热通路,热量将沿着导热通路或热阻较低的网络通路传递,有效提高硅橡胶的热导率。但填料的加入会导致填料间、填料与硅橡胶间形成新的界面,同时产生更大的界面热阻,从而影响硅橡胶复合材料热导率的提高[29-33]。后续主要从填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的影响因素及提高策略进行阐述。
对于填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料而言,硅橡胶本身的热导率较低,而高导热填料的加入能够显著改善硅橡胶复合材料的导热性能,其中导热填料的种类、用量、尺寸、加工方式等都会对硅橡胶复合材料的导热性能产生影响[34-36]
一般而言,电气设备、电子元器件等仪器装备的散热需要硅橡胶复合材料具备高导热性能,同时也需兼具一定的电绝缘性能。金属材料(如银、铜、铝等)主要依靠自由电子的运动来进行热量的传递;石墨由于自身的独特结构,依靠自由电子和声子共同作用实现热量传导,但金属材料和石墨自身的电导率均会影响硅橡胶复合材料的绝缘性能,故通常使用兼具良好导热性能和绝缘性能的氧化物及其他化合物(如氧化铝、氮化铝、氮化硼、氧化锌等)来制备导热绝缘聚合物基复合材料。表1为常见导热填料及其热导率[29]
王强等[37]以乙烯基硅油为基体,石英粉、氧化铝、氮化铝及碳化硅为导热填料,制备了导热硅橡胶复合材料,研究了不同填料种类对硅橡胶导热性能和力学性能的影响,结果如表2所示。
当导热填料添加量为160份时,石英粉、氧化铝(Al2O3)、氮化铝(AlN)及碳化硅(SiC)填充的硅橡胶热导率分别为0.57、0.62、0.77、0.65 W/(m·K),其中氮化铝的导热效果最佳。不同填料对硅橡胶复合材料热导率的影响不一致,当导热填料与硅橡胶的导热性能差距较大时,导热填料对于硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的贡献更为显著,因此选择本征热导率高的导热填料能够有效增强硅橡胶复合材料的导热性能。然而值得关注的是,氮化铝的加入对于硅橡胶复合材料力学性能和导热性能的增强效果最佳,但增稠严重,不利于硅橡胶的加工,同时氮化铝填充的硅橡胶复合材料拉断伸长率较小。
导热通路理论认为复合材料的热导率与导热填料的用量呈正相关,随着填料用量的增加,复合材料的热导率也随之增加[29]。一般情况下,导热填料填充量低时,导热填料被硅橡胶包覆,热量传递阻力增大,因此复合材料导热性能的改善不显著;而随着填料含量增加到某一临界值时,复合材料的热导率会突然增强。这主要是因为低填充量时导热填料难以相互搭接,当形成良好的导热路径和导热网络时,热量能通过导热路径快速传导。周文英等[38]探究微米级氧化铝用量对硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的影响,结果如图1所示。从图1可以看出,氧化铝用量的增加有效增强了硅橡胶复合材料的热导率。当氧化铝填充份数为80~120份时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率急速升高,这是因为填料在基体中形成了较为完善的导热路径;当填充份数超过280份时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率升高速度加快,其原因是填料间相互包围、分布趋于紧密、导热路径数量增多。然而过量添加导热填料会导致硅橡胶复合材料的加工性能、力学性能变差,加工成本升高。
导热填料具有球形、多面体、棒状、片层等几何形状,纳米到毫米等尺寸,这些特征均会影响填料在硅橡胶中的堆积方式,进而影响复合材料的导热性能[39]。复合材料的导热性能受限于界面热阻的大小,导热填料间接触面积的增大为声子的运动提供更宽的路径,能有效降低界面热阻,进而提升复合材料的导热性能[40]图2为填料间不同接触类型的示意图[39],从图中可以看出球形填料与球形填料、棒状填料、片层填料间只有点接触;与其对比,片层填料之间、棒状填料之间的面接触能有效提高声子的传播速率。
相关研究表明,与纳米颗粒、短柱状导热填料相比,四针状导热填料在相同填充量下能更显著增强复合材料的导热性能[41]。LI Y T等[42]研究了粒径相近但不同形状的导热填料(12~20 μm球形氧化铝、8~15 μm无规则氮化铝、15~20 μm片层氮化硼)填充量对硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的影响,结果如图3(a)所示。图3(b)为分别填充120份氧化铝、氮化铝、氮化硼的硅橡胶复合材料及纯硅橡胶的热导率及其增强率。从图3(b)可以看出,氮化硼对硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的增强效果最优,这可能是因为在填料份数为120份时,氮化硼能在填料中形成了更为完善的导热通路。
此外,填料颗粒尺寸对硅橡胶复合材料的导热性能也有很大影响。大粒径导热填料与基体的接触面积要小于小粒径导热填料,界面传热阻力更小,可以有效增强复合材料的导热性能[38]。相同填充量下随着导热填料粒径的增大,填料颗粒在基体中更容易相互接触,复合材料的热导率也随之增大[43]。然而,也有一些研究表明,小粒径导热填料对导热性能的改善更为显著,相同填充量下小粒径颗粒数量远大于大粒径颗粒,颗粒间更容易接触形成更完善的导热路径[44]
加工工艺的选择对硅橡胶复合材料的导热性能具有显著影响。研究表明,在膨胀石墨(EG)/硅橡胶复合材料的制备过程中,采用溶液混合时,硅橡胶可进入EG孔洞,能够支撑EG的多孔结构;而采用直接混炼的加工工艺时,硅橡胶只能渗入EG较大的孔隙,同时EG的原始结构在应力作用下被破坏,表面体积比下降。因此采用溶液混合制备的硅橡胶复合材料可以在较低EG含量下得到较高的热导率,采用直接混炼制备的硅橡胶复合材料则需要更高份数的EG才能获得与前者相近的热导率[45]
然而在溶液共混、机械共混等常规共混方法制备的硅橡胶复合材料中,导热填料往往随机分布,需要大量填料才能形成完善的导热通路。定向拉伸、施加外场、平板热压、3D打印等加工技术可以有效改善导热填料在基体中的分散和堆积方式,进而影响复合材料的热导率[46-47]
通过双辊轧制施加剪切力或平板热压的方式施加压力能够诱导氮化硼定向排列,增加氮化硼填料间的接触概率,更利于导热通路的形成,有效提高复合材料的热导率[48]。KUANG Z等[49]通过二辊轧机施加强剪切作用实现了氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)的高度取向。当BNNS体积分数超过17.5%时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率急剧上升;当氮化硼纳米片体积分数为30%时,高取向BNNS/硅橡胶复合材料的热导率是随机分散BNNS/硅橡胶复合材料的2.5倍,如图4(a)所示。
LIU M等[50]将不同含量氮化硼与液体硅橡胶、固化剂及催化剂混合均匀后,使用3D打印机在施加一定压力下印成规则扁平板状的片层,其中氮化硼沿片层方向水平规整排列,如图4(b)所示。当片层堆叠到一定厚度后,固化得到的氮化硼/硅橡胶复合材料热导率高于随机分散的氮化硼/硅橡胶复合材料。
HU Y F等[51]使用预制导热网络(PCTCN)工艺制备了氮化硼/硅橡胶复合材料,即首先对填料进行平板压制得到填料片层,然后加入液体硅橡胶进行浸渍,如图4(c)所示。将PCTCN工艺与高速混合分散工艺(HSM)制备的硅橡胶复合材料进行对比,结果表明,PCTCN工艺制备的复合材料面外热导率比HSM工艺制备的复合材料高。随着球形氮化硼尺寸的增大,硅橡胶复合材料面外热导率的增强效果更显著。这是因为球形氮化硼颗粒在平板压制过程中能够紧密接触,建立良好的导热路径;而高速混合中填料颗粒完整性被破坏,填料-基体界面增多,界面热阻增大,导致其热导率较低。
另外加工过程中混炼时间、温度等因素均会对复合材料的导热性能产生一定的影响。相关研究表明,混炼时间过长,胶料由于热作用发生交联而导致体系黏度上升;混炼真空度上升,混炼胶内部气泡减少,填料堆积更为密集,一定程度上提升了复合材料的热导率。对于铂催化硅氢加成体系而言,硫化温度的变化主要影响含氢硅油的反应活性,室温下端氢与侧氢的反应活性相差不大,而加热条件下端氢优先发生反应,但其对硅橡胶复合材料的热导率基本无影响[52]。此外,在复合材料固化前施加压力,能够迫使填料进一步规整排列,进而有效提升其导热性能[53]。随着压力的加载,如图5所示,复合材料的面外热导率逐渐高于面内热导率[54]
使用单一粒径的填料通常需要高填充才可以获得较好的导热性能,但高填充量会导致成型加工困难;此外,导热填料的引入在填料与基体间产生更多的界面,导致界面热阻增加,从而影响复合材料导热性能的提升。因此,通过不同粒径或形状的导热填料杂化混合、增强填料间相互作用、改善填料取向排列等方式,形成更为紧密的堆积,构建更为连续的导热路径和网络;或通过导热填料的表面改性,改善填料-基体的界面相容性,降低界面热阻,可以提升复合材料的热导率[55]
填充型硅橡胶复合材料的热导率也与导热填料在基体中的排列方向有关。通过外力、磁场、电场的作用实现棒状或片层导热填料在硅橡胶中定向排列,可以促进复合材料沿取向方向的热导率增长[56-57]。于天骄等[58]利用磁性的四氧化三铁包覆碳化硅晶须,通过磁场作用使碳化硅在基体中取向,如图6(a)所示。当取向碳化硅质量分数为10%时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率较未取向碳化硅填充的复合材料高40%。韩毓旺等[59]利用具有电场响应性质的氮化硼作为导热填料,在外加直流电场或交流电场下制备了硅橡胶复合材料。当氮化硼体积分数为23%时,直流电场和交流电场作用下制备的硅橡胶复合材料热导率分别比未施加电场时提高了62%和152%,如图6(b)所示。
此外,通过层层组装技术能够使填料在平面方向上获得更高程度的取向排列。XUE Y等[60]通过两辊开炼机制备氮化硼/硅橡胶薄层(BN/SR)及膨胀石墨/硅橡胶薄层(EG/SR),再交替组装得到具有高度取向分散的BN/EG填料网络的多层定向硅橡胶复合材料(SABE复合材料),如图7(a)所示。当组装层数为6时,SABE-6复合材料的面内热导率能够达到23.4 W/(m·K),同时保持优异的电绝缘性能,如图7(b)所示。这得益于氮化硼和膨胀石墨在机械剪切下沿水平方向高度取向,相互平行堆积构造出连续有效的导热路径。此外,交替组装的方式一定程度上阻断了导电路径,使硅橡胶复合材料能够保持优异的电绝缘性能[61]
不同导热填料的热导率、长径比不同,对复合材料的影响也不一致。与单一填料相比,混合填料形态各异,更容易搭接相连,堆积紧密,形成三维导热路径。除了通过直接机械共混处理杂化填料外,还可以使用化学键合方法,通过共价键有效地提高填料间相互作用,改善其在基体中的分散情况,降低填料-填料界面热阻,进而促进复合材料导热性能的提升[29]
刘旺冠等[62]采用3种不同维度的导热填料(氮化铝(AlN)、碳纳米管(CNTs)、氮化硼(BN))设计杂化导热网络,并通过外力作用使氮化硼实现取向,如图8(a)所示。在添加80份氮化铝、68份氮化硼、2份碳纳米管时,硅橡胶复合材料水平方向的热导率为2.853 W/(m·K)。金天鹏[63]探究了不同粒径、形貌的氧化铝和碳化硅对硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的影响,结果如图8(b)和(c)所示。从图8(b)可以看出,35 μm和10 μm碳化硅颗粒质量比为2∶1时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率为1.54 W/(m·K),高于单一粒径填充的复合材料,这是因为大尺寸颗粒间的空隙被小尺寸颗粒所填充,有效降低了填料间空隙对硅橡胶导热性能的影响。从图8(c)可以看出,在填料总份数为600份时,随着氧化铝/碳化硅混合填料中碳化硅含量的增加,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率先增加后降低,当氧化铝与碳化硅质量比为6∶4时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率最大,达到2.09 W/(m·K)。
填料的引入会在复合材料中形成许多接触界面,而填料与填料间、填料与硅橡胶间界面处的声子散射会导致热量损失,极大地降低热传导的效率。此外,无机填料与有机硅橡胶的界面相容性差,使得填料难以有效分散在硅橡胶基体中,特别是纳米颗粒填料更易发生团聚现象而导致界面热阻进一步提高,限制了复合材料热导率的提升。截至目前,对填料进行表面功能化的方法包括机械化学法、化学改性、酸碱处理、表面涂层等。其中化学改性常使用偶联剂对导热填料进行表面处理,改善填料与基体界面或增强填料之间的结合,减小界面热阻,从而有效地提高复合材料的导热性能[29]
刘涛[64]利用化学改性在碳化硅和氮化硼填料表面形成聚(邻苯二酚/多胺)并采用硅烷偶联剂进行接枝改性,如图9(a)所示;当添加100份填料时,改性碳化硅/硅橡胶复合材料(rSR/mSiC)的热导率为0.78 W/(m·K),改性氮化硼/硅橡胶复合材料(rSR/mBN)的热导率为1.26 W/(m·K),两者均高于未改性填料填充硅橡胶复合材料的热导率,如图9(b)和(c)所示。这是因为填料的表面改性增强了填料间的相互作用,更利于导热通路的构筑。HAN H等[65]利用化学接枝的方法制备了具有“点-面”结构的异质结构导热填料氮化硼纳米片@氧化铝(BNNS@ Al2O3),并通过剪切涂层法制备室温硫化硅橡胶导热复合薄膜(BNNS@Al2O3/RTV-2SR导热复合薄膜),如图9(d)所示。结果表明,当填料BNNS@ Al2O3-Ⅱ(BNNS与Al2O3质量比为1∶1)质量分数为30%时,复合薄膜水平方向热导率(λ)和竖直方向热导率(λ)均最高,分别为2.86、0.89 W/(m·K),均高于单一填料及BNNS/Al2O3简单共混的热导率,如图9(e)(f)所示。说明通过化学接枝形成共价键能有效提高填料间相互作用,减少BNNS和Al2O3的团聚,降低填料之间界面热阻,更利于导热路径的构建。
通过高填充量、不同填料杂化等方法能够有效提升复合材料的导热性能,但填料颗粒彼此接触较少,形成的导热路径并不连续[66]。三维连续填料网络的构建能够使导热填料均匀分散在导热网络中,提供更多的导热路径,并通过对预设结构的设计,控制导热网络的取向,可以使复合材料在低填充量下获得更优异的导热性能,这是因为填料的低填充量减少了填料间、填料与基体间的界面,进而降低了界面热阻的不良影响。三维连续导热网络的构建方法包括化学气相沉积法、自组装法、模板法、隔离结构等[31,67-69]
化学气相沉积(CVD)法是一种通过气相前驱体在基体表面发生化学反应沉积薄膜的技术,通过控制反应温度、反应时间、压力等参数可以得到不同组成结构及厚度的薄膜。CVD法根据压力、反应物类型及反应特点可分为常压化学气相沉积、低压化学气相沉积、金属有机化学气相沉积、引发式化学气相沉积等[70-71]。YIN Y等[72]利用低压化学气相沉积法在泡沫镍模板上生长氮化硼泡沫,在镍/氮化硼泡沫骨架上涂覆聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,然后使用盐酸腐蚀镍骨架,并在700℃下加热1 h去除聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯,最后得到了高孔隙率、结构稳定且具有超低介电常数的超轻泡沫骨架。FANG H等[73]采用真空辅助渗透法将氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)/聚二甲基硅氧烷(PDMS)混合物渗透到CVD合成的氮化硼泡沫骨架(BNF),制备BNNS/BNF/PDMS复合材料,如图10(a)所示。当BNNS及BNF总质量分数为10%时,BNNS/BNF/PDMS复合材料的热导率可以达到0.56 W/(m·K)。
自组装是指基本结构单元(分子、纳米材料、微米或更大尺寸的物质)通过非共价相互作用(如氢键、静电相互作用)自发形成有序结构的过程[74-75]。通过自组装技术构建有序的填料导热网络结构,可以促进硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的增强。HONG H等[76]提出了一种在四面体结构上实现氮化硼纳米片连续排列的有效组装技术,通过将氮化硼的异丙醇溶液涂覆在具有四面体结构的模具上得到氮化硼片层,并用聚二甲基硅氧烷包覆得到氮化硼-聚二甲基硅氧烷复合材料薄膜,如图10(b)所示。在氮化硼质量分数为16%的情况下,复合材料的面外热导率为1.15 W/(m·K),面内热导率为11.05 W/(m·K)。DENG B等[77]利用静电相互作用促进表面包覆聚多巴胺的氮化硼与石墨烯自组装得到氮化硼-石墨烯杂化纳米片,当其填充质量分数为10%时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率为0.69 W/(m·K),同时保持较高的体积电阻率。
模板法是以冰、盐、糖等为模板剂,利用模板结构的空间限位作用将导热填料组装成三维导热网络结,通过控制材料类型和工艺参数,可以实现复合材料中导热填料的有序堆积[78-79]。LIANG Y等[80]首先将氮化硼纳米片(BNNS)分散到去离子水中制备成悬浮液,然后将其倒入表面铺设有序排列铜线的模具中并进行冷冻。在冷冻过程中冰晶沿铜线表面生长,迫使BNNS规整排列于冰晶间孔隙,再通过冷冻干燥除去冰晶,得到一种具有六角形蜂窝状结构的氮化硼三维网络骨架。最后加入硅橡胶渗透三维网络骨架,固化得到BNNS/硅橡胶复合材料,如图10(c)所示。当氮化硼质量分数为0.85%时,硅橡胶复合材料的热导率达到1.54 W/(m·K)。
制备具有隔离网络结构的聚合物复合材料是一种显著提高材料热导率的方法。导热填料受聚合物颗粒体积排斥效应的影响,分布在颗粒间的界面处,使其可以在聚合物基体中形成连续网络结构,进而显著提升复合材料的导热性能。目前有两种方法构建隔离网络结构,一种是将填料分布在聚合物相或两个互不相容的聚合物相界面上,以实现填料的连续分布;另一种是将填料分布在聚合物颗粒表面,然后在模具中热压形成连续的填料网络[78,81]。DING J W等[82]在机械混合过程中通过剪切力作用控制改性氮化硼沿硅橡胶颗粒分布,成功制备了具有隔离网络结构的高导热氮化硼/硅橡胶复合材料(M-BN@SRP/SR复合材料),如图10(d)所示。当氮化硼质量分数为30%时,复合材料的热导率达到2.24 W/(m·K)。
本文从导热填料的种类、粒径、形貌等特性讨论了填充型导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料热导率的影响因素,提高复合材料导热性能的重点在于改善填料与基体的界面相容性,降低界面热阻的影响。
现阶段,已有不少研究工作通过填料的功能化改性、多元混合填料的填充、三维连续网络的建立等方法制备出导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料,这类硅橡胶复合材料比单一填料填充的复合材料具有更高的热导率。
对于导热填料表面功能化改性来说,探索更丰富有效的功能化手段,深入研究分析表面功能化导热填料与硅橡胶复合材料热导率的关系,可以实现复合材料导热性能的提升。对于多元填料的杂化来说,金属材料及碳基材料是硅橡胶复合材料绝缘性能的不利因素,因此改善该类型复合材料导热性能的同时保持良好的绝缘性能是仍待解决的问题。此外,拓宽多元填料杂化的加工方法,实现杂化填料的高效混合、均匀分散,可以促进硅橡胶复合材料导热性能的提高。尽管三维连续网络的制备方法丰富,能够实现低填充高导热硅橡胶复合材料的制备,也不会对复合材料的力学性能和加工性能产生不利影响,但制备过程耗时、工艺复杂,难以应用于实际工业生产,因此开发在基体中构建填料网络结构的新方法是未来的研究方向之一。
在实际生产过程中,往往采用高填充量来获得优异的导热性能,但易导致硅橡胶黏度急剧增大,对硅橡胶复合材料的加工性能、力学性能等产生不利影响,制约了导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料的商品化应用。基于此应更加重视导热绝缘硅橡胶复合材料在工业应用中的工程问题和相关基础研究,探索出更高效简便的加工工艺。
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2024年第57卷第9期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.09.001
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-09-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
  • 修回日期:2024-03-14
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中国南方电网有限责任公司科技项目(GDKJXM20220120)
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    1广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院 广东省电力装备可靠性重点实验室,广东 广州 510080
    2华南理工大学,广东 广州 510000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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