Article(id=1210577664189010762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.017, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1692374400000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-19, revisedDate=1701187200000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766553806588, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766553806588, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766553806588, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766553806588, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210577662121209865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766553806095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563971278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=138, endPage=147, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210577664532943698, articleId=1210577664189010762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on mechanical characteristics and molecular dynamics simulation of composite insulator sheds in service, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to more finely evaluate the influence of factors such as the microstructure and material composition of the shed on the macroscopic performance of insulators, the mechanical properties, thermal weight loss, and Fourier infrared spectrum of AC composite insulators with different operating years were tested combined with the molecular dynamic simulation method in this paper. The results show that with the increase of operating years, the tear strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the insulator shed from low-voltage end to high-voltage end show a decreasing trend. The content of organic silicone and SiO2 in the outer layer of shed significantly decrease, which can cause a decrease in macroscopic mechanical properties. In the electro-thermal environment, the bulk modulus, Young′s modulus, and Poisson′s ratio of the shed decrease with the increase of temperature and fluctuate with the increase of electric field strength. The high-voltage end of insulator has the most severe electric field distortion and the worst mechanical properties. The multi-scale model of the composite insulator shed ageing established in this paper can provide a reference for evaluating the ageing state of insulator.

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为更精细化评估伞裙的微观结构和材料组成等因素对绝缘子宏观性能的影响,本文结合分子动力学模拟方法对不同运行年限的交流复合绝缘子进行力学性能、热失重、傅里叶红外光谱等测试。结果表明:随着运行年限的增加,绝缘子从低压端到高压端的伞裙抗撕裂强度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率整体呈下降的趋势;伞裙外层有机硅和SiO2的含量大幅下降,可造成宏观力学性能下降;在电-热环境下,伞裙的体积模量、杨氏模量和泊松比随温度的升高整体呈下降的趋势,随电场强度的升高整体呈波动性;绝缘子高压端的电场畸变最严重,力学性能最差。本文建立的复合绝缘子伞裙老化的多尺度模型,可为评估绝缘子老化状态提供参考。

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胡玉耀(1989-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要研究方向为极端环境下输电线路外绝缘状态评估的研究。
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韩飞燕(1998-),女(汉族),山东滨州人,硕士生,主要研究方向为输电线路绝缘子老化状态评估。

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韩飞燕(1998-),女(汉族),山东滨州人,硕士生,主要研究方向为输电线路绝缘子老化状态评估。

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韩飞燕(1998-),女(汉族),山东滨州人,硕士生,主要研究方向为输电线路绝缘子老化状态评估。

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波数/(cm-1)官能团
788、734Si(CH3)2中Si-C伸缩振动和CH3面内摇摆振动
1 008、1 076Si-O-Si伸缩振动
1 259Si-CH3中CH3对称变形振动
2 907、2 960C-H伸缩振动
3 378~3 660O-H的振动
), ArticleFig(id=1218111683072021448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577664189010762, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

硅橡胶主要官能团吸收峰

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
波数/(cm-1)官能团
788、734Si(CH3)2中Si-C伸缩振动和CH3面内摇摆振动
1 008、1 076Si-O-Si伸缩振动
1 259Si-CH3中CH3对称变形振动
2 907、2 960C-H伸缩振动
3 378~3 660O-H的振动
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运行复合绝缘子伞裙的力学特性及分子动力学模拟研究
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韩飞燕 1 , 胡玉耀 1 , 蒋兴良 2 , 刘辉 3 , 李天阳 1
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(8): 138-147
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(8): 138-147
运行复合绝缘子伞裙的力学特性及分子动力学模拟研究
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韩飞燕1, 胡玉耀1, 蒋兴良2, 刘辉3, 李天阳1
作者信息
  • 1山东理工大学 山东省智能电网及装备工程实验室,山东 淄博 255020
  • 2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室,重庆 400044
  • 3国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003
  • 韩飞燕(1998-),女(汉族),山东滨州人,硕士生,主要研究方向为输电线路绝缘子老化状态评估。

通讯作者:

胡玉耀(1989-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要研究方向为极端环境下输电线路外绝缘状态评估的研究。
Study on mechanical characteristics and molecular dynamics simulation of composite insulator sheds in service
Feiyan HAN1, Yuyao HU1, Xingliang JIANG2, Hui LIU3, Tianyang LI1
Affiliations
  • 1Shandong Provincial Smart Grid and Equipment Engineering Laboratory, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255020, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission and Distribution Equipment and System Safety and New Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 3State Grid Shandong Electric Power Company Electric Power Science Research Institute, Jinan 250003, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.017
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为更精细化评估伞裙的微观结构和材料组成等因素对绝缘子宏观性能的影响,本文结合分子动力学模拟方法对不同运行年限的交流复合绝缘子进行力学性能、热失重、傅里叶红外光谱等测试。结果表明:随着运行年限的增加,绝缘子从低压端到高压端的伞裙抗撕裂强度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率整体呈下降的趋势;伞裙外层有机硅和SiO2的含量大幅下降,可造成宏观力学性能下降;在电-热环境下,伞裙的体积模量、杨氏模量和泊松比随温度的升高整体呈下降的趋势,随电场强度的升高整体呈波动性;绝缘子高压端的电场畸变最严重,力学性能最差。本文建立的复合绝缘子伞裙老化的多尺度模型,可为评估绝缘子老化状态提供参考。

力学性能  /  热失重  /  硅橡胶  /  电场强度  /  FTIR

In order to more finely evaluate the influence of factors such as the microstructure and material composition of the shed on the macroscopic performance of insulators, the mechanical properties, thermal weight loss, and Fourier infrared spectrum of AC composite insulators with different operating years were tested combined with the molecular dynamic simulation method in this paper. The results show that with the increase of operating years, the tear strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break of the insulator shed from low-voltage end to high-voltage end show a decreasing trend. The content of organic silicone and SiO2 in the outer layer of shed significantly decrease, which can cause a decrease in macroscopic mechanical properties. In the electro-thermal environment, the bulk modulus, Young′s modulus, and Poisson′s ratio of the shed decrease with the increase of temperature and fluctuate with the increase of electric field strength. The high-voltage end of insulator has the most severe electric field distortion and the worst mechanical properties. The multi-scale model of the composite insulator shed ageing established in this paper can provide a reference for evaluating the ageing state of insulator.

mechanical properties  /  thermogravimetric analysis  /  silicon rubber  /  electric field strength  /  FTIR
韩飞燕, 胡玉耀, 蒋兴良, 刘辉, 李天阳. 运行复合绝缘子伞裙的力学特性及分子动力学模拟研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (8) : 138 -147 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.017
Feiyan HAN, Yuyao HU, Xingliang JIANG, Hui LIU, Tianyang LI. Study on mechanical characteristics and molecular dynamics simulation of composite insulator sheds in service[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (8) : 138 -147 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.017
硅橡胶因具有良好的电气绝缘、耐热耐寒性、高机械强度等特点,在电力系统中得到了广泛应用[1-2]。然而,随着运行年限的增加,在强电场[3]、紫外辐射[4]、高温高湿[5]、污秽[6]等因素的协同作用下,硅橡胶材料逐渐老化,导致复合绝缘子力学性能下降,危害输电线路的安全运行[7]。2016—2021年间浙江省发生多起复合绝缘子断裂或击穿事故,其主要原因是伞裙力学性能下降造成伞裙或护套开裂,随后水分侵入芯棒,致使芯棒酥朽劣化,最终绝缘强度下降[8]。2020—2021年间沿海地区因台风和强降雨天气发生多起绝缘子故障事件,通过分析发现与绝缘子本身的力学性能降低有关[9]。因此,研究服役多年的复合绝缘子力学性能,以此作为绝缘子状态检测和老化程度的评价指标,具有重要的工程应用价值。
近年来,学者们针对绝缘子力学性能开展了大量的研究,主要包括:①力学性能用于各种老化寿命预测模型的评价指标。文献[10-12]对挂网运行绝缘子开展了拉伸强度等力学性能测试,并基于相关曲线和时间预测模型定量分析了伞裙力学性能和运行年限的关系。②力学性能用于自然和人工加速老化实验的宏观表征方法。在人工模拟酸性腐蚀环境下,马晓丹[13]针对复合绝缘子开展了带电运行力学性能实验,得出拉伸强度与断裂伸长率随腐蚀时间增加而降低。刘丁华[14]通过对硅橡胶绝缘子进行人工和自然辐射实验的对比分析,发现UVB紫外辐射对拉伸性能变化影响较大。③对改性前后的硅橡胶伞裙进行力学性能测试。文献[15-17]分别对填料改性硅橡胶前后的伞裙进行力学性能对比测试,研究表明,填料改性可使力学性能显著提高。
随着科学技术的发展,各种先进的检测技术和仿真已用于分析硅橡胶材料的微观演化过程[18]。高婷等[19-21]以高温硫化硅橡胶为研究对象,基于分子模拟法,研究了该材料在不同温度和电场强度下微观特征量变化以及硅橡胶微观结构演化进程。文献[22-23]采用传统的热失重实验解析盆式绝缘子热解反应过程,并建立了基于泄漏电流无损伤绝缘子计算电导活化能的方法,为采用热失重实验解析复合绝缘子伞裙老化过程提供了新思路。宋新明等[24]通过使用热重分析法对硅橡胶主要成分进行标定,得出了基于硅橡胶密度和热失重过程中关键转折点的质量剩余比例来推算出硅橡胶样品的胶含量的结论。夏云峰等[25]综合现有的硅橡胶研究分析方法,提取了热失重转折点和终点的残留率等特征量作为评估复合绝缘子老化状态的指标。任鹏等[26]通过开展热失重实验,建立了活化能与质量损失率的定量关系,提出了GIS盆式绝缘子的剩余寿命预测模型。
目前的研究主要基于机械实验等方法评估复合绝缘子伞裙的宏观力学性能,而伞裙的微观结构和材料组成等因素对宏观性能的影响,以及结合分子动力学模拟等方面的研究相对较少。此外,热失重技术较少用于测试硅橡胶伞裙的力学性能,存在很大的应用空间。因此,本文以运行不同年限的交流复合绝缘子为研究对象,对绝缘子伞裙开展力学性能实验,并通过热失重分析(TGA)和傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析测定伞裙的材料组成和微观结构变化,从理化层面分析伞裙的力学性能。然后采用分子动力学软件仿真分析电场和温度的协同作用对硅橡胶材料微观特征量的影响,进而从微观分子层面探究硅橡胶的力学性能变化。将伞裙宏观和微观力学性能相结合,期望建立复合绝缘子伞裙老化的多尺度模型,为绝缘子老化状态的精细化评估提供参考。
实验所用试样取自运行不同年限的220 kV交流输电线路复合绝缘子。将绝缘子样品编号为A串(运行9年,记为9a,下同)、B串(10a)、C串(11a)、D串(14a)、E串(15a)、F串(15a;沿海区)、G串(15a;化工区)、H串(15a;变电站)、I串(16a)、J串(19a),未标明区域的均来自农田区,分别取每个试样的高、中、低压端伞裙进行测试分析。
为测量伞裙的抗撕裂强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,使用标准模具分别将复合绝缘子伞裙裁剪为直角型和哑铃Ⅰ型试样,如图1所示。用磨片机打磨试片厚度控制在(2.0±0.2)mm,直角型试样割口深度为(1±0.2)mm。将JDL-5000N型电子拉力实验机作用力误差控制在2%内,实验过程中夹持器移动速度对两种试样分别保持规定恒速(500±50) mm/min和(200±20)mm/min。采用METTLER TOLEDO公司生产的Perkin Elmer STA6000型热重分析仪对绝缘子样品的热失重情况进行定量表征,在流速为50 mL/min氮气氛围内进行测试,温度范围为室温至800℃,升温速率为10℃/min[27]
硅橡胶的乙烯基是活性基团,是形成硅橡胶网状结构的交联点,其含量影响着硅橡胶的力学性能。本文设计的分子模型参数为:乙烯基含量为1.097%,一条甲基乙烯基硅氧烷分子链包含683个原子。为使分子链交联结构的强度增大,以C-C键为交联键,采用过氧化物作为交联剂,将4条甲基乙烯基硅氧烷分子链交联连接。根据上述结构参数,建立高温硫化硅橡胶交联分子模型,交联优化后的分子模型如图2所示。高温硫化硅橡胶分子模型总共包含2 663个原子,即279个Si原子、276个O原子、578个C原子、1 530个H原子。
本文首先采用Material Studio软件建立单个分子链构型,然后根据硅橡胶硫化交联机理,基于perl语言编写交联程序,通过Amorphous Cell模块实现多条分子链的自动交联,选择COMPASS为交联力场,最后采用Forcite模块对交联后的模型进行优化[28]
DL/T 376—2010《复合绝缘子用硅橡胶绝缘材料通用技术条件》指出,交流电压下硅橡胶电气强度不得小于20 kV/mm,直流电压下的电气强度不得小于30 kV/mm。大量实验研究表明,普通高温硫化硅橡胶的平均电气强度约为25 kV/mm[20]。在分子动力学模拟中,需综合考虑复合绝缘子在运行中可能遇到的高场强以及高温条件。因此,本文将温度和电气强度分别设置在-60~60℃和10~40 kV/mm,间隔分别为20℃和5 kV/mm,方向为笛卡尔坐标系中的X方向。
为探究温度和电场的协同作用对复合绝缘子硅橡胶微观结构的影响,选用GULP/Dreiding模块进行仿真,仿真背景取标准大气压。在上述温度和电场范围内,将硅橡胶分子模型置于不同环境下,统计其微观特征量的变化规律,选择NVT系综,积分步长为1fs=1×10-15 s,迭代步数为20 000步,即20.0 ps。
对不同运行年限的10个样品的高、中、低压端伞裙取样,通过测量形变曲线得到每个样品的抗撕裂强度,结果如图3所示。由图3可知,整体上,运行年限较短的A~D串绝缘子抗撕裂强度普遍较高,运行年限较长的E~J串绝缘子抗撕裂强度整体较低。但整体上运行年限越长,抗撕裂强度越差,力学性能越差。从高压端至低压端,绝缘子抗撕裂强度均升高,低压端力学性能更为优异。
对不同运行年限的10个绝缘子通过测量形变曲线得到每个绝缘子的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率,结果如图4所示。由图4可知,运行10年以上的绝缘子,半数伞裙拉伸强度低于DL/T376—2010中规定的4 MPa,几乎所有的伞裙断裂伸长率都不符合标准规定的大于150%的要求,且运行年限越长,断裂伸长率越低。其中,运行15年左右的F串和I串绝缘子的拉伸强度最低。从高压端至低压端,几乎所有绝缘子的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均升高,相较于中、低压端,高压端的两项力学性能指标值基本处于最低水平。
对不同运行年限的10个样品的高、中、低压端伞裙取样,通过邵氏硬度计测量每个样品6个点的硬度值,计算每个样品的硬度平均值,结果如图5所示。由图5可知,整体上,硬度与运行年限并未呈现出明显规律。但从低压端至高压端,绝缘子硬度值逐渐升高。伞裙不同位置硬度值的差异原因如下:绝缘子高压端在恶劣天气下的电场畸变更严重,从而使得伞裙硅橡胶的化学键发生断裂,断裂后的自由基相互作用产生交联结构,从而使材料变硬变脆,力学性能下降。
上述宏观力学性能变化根本原因在于微观结构和组成的变化。因此,需要进一步探究复合绝缘子伞裙化学组分和微观结构的变化。
对上述不同运行年限的10个绝缘子样品进行热失重测试,结果如图6(a)所示。根据T/CEC 271—2019,分别对硅橡胶主要组分(有机硅、Al(OH)3、SiO2)和产品试样进行测试,将两者的热失重率代入式(1)中,得到10个绝缘子的3种主要组分的相对百分含量,如图6(b)所示。以F串绝缘子为例,对绝缘子高、中、低压端伞裙表面分别进行热失重实验,获得了伞裙不同位置各组分相对百分比含量如图7所示。
η1=Δm-Δm3×Δm2'-Δm3'-Δm'-Δm3'×Δm2-Δm3Δm1-Δm3×Δm2'-Δm3'-Δm1'-Δm3'×Δm2-Δm3η2=Δm3-Δm3-Δm1-Δm3×η1Δm2-Δm3η3=100%-η1-η2
式(1)中:∆m、∆m′分别为硅橡胶绝缘子试样在30~360℃、360~700℃测试范围内的热失重率;∆m1、 ∆m1′分别为有机硅原料在30~360℃、360~700℃测试范围内的热失重率;∆m2、∆m2′分别为原料Al(OH)3在30~360℃、360~700℃测试范围内的热失重率;∆m3、∆m3′分别为原料SiO2在30~360℃、360~700℃测试范围内的热失重率。
图6可得到如下结论:
(1)运行年限较短的A~D串绝缘子伞裙SiO2内外浓度差很小,运行年限较长的E串、F串、G串和J串绝缘子伞裙SiO2内外浓度差较大,说明在长期运行中,伞裙表面结构遭到破坏,SiO2析出,在内外浓度差的影响下,SiO2会进一步析出。H串和I串绝缘子虽然运行年限较长,但伞裙表面结构仍保持良好状态,SiO2析出较少,SiO2内外浓度差较小。而SiO2不仅具有物理吸附部分聚硅氧烷分子链的作用,还能通过共价键与硅橡胶进行结合。E串、F串、G串和J串绝缘子SiO2析出,SiO2与硅橡胶的结合力降低,伞裙内部结构变得松散,导致伞裙的抗撕裂强度下降,与图3结果一致。
(2)整体上,运行年限较短的A~D串绝缘子的Al(OH)3内外层浓度差较小,说明伞裙表面Al(OH)3的流失较少;相反,除H、I串外,运行年限较长的E~J串绝缘子的Al(OH)3内外层浓度差较大,说明表面Al(OH)3的流失较多,伞裙内部空隙随之增多,硅橡胶劣化严重,力学性能差。
(3)随着运行年限的增加,聚硅氧烷PDMS(有机硅)的分子量减小,分子间作用力减弱,交联密度降低,从而伞裙的力学性能下降。整体上,运行年限较短的A~D串绝缘子的有机硅含量普遍较高,从而力学性能较为优良;相反,运行年限较长的E~G串绝缘子的有机硅含量整体较低,说明伞裙的力学性能下降。H~J串绝缘子有机硅含量可能受运行环境和绝缘子伞裙内部副反应的影响反而呈现增加趋势。
F串绝缘子已运行15年,其整体力学性能较差,结合图4(a)高压端拉伸强度最低。由图7可知,与中、低压端相比,高压端SiO2和Al(OH)3内外层的浓度差最大,说明SiO2和Al(OH)3析出最多,伞裙表面破坏严重,SiO2和硅橡胶的结合力降低,高压端伞裙力学性能最差,与第2.2节力学实验结果相符。
采用Thermo Electron Nicolet 5700型傅里叶红外光谱仪分别对I串绝缘子高压端内外层和F串绝缘子高、中、低压端进行FTIR分析,结果如图89所示。高温硫化硅橡胶材料中主要官能团及吸收峰波数如表1所示。
甲基乙烯基硅橡胶以Si-O-Si为主链,其硅原子上连着甲基、乙烯基等官能团[27]。结合表1图8可以看出,运行16年的I串绝缘子伞裙外层各官能团均出现不同程度的减少,表明复合绝缘子伞裙在运行过程中,受到电场、温度和紫外辐射等影响,导致分子键断裂,破坏了硅橡胶的微观分子结构,使其主链和侧链均出现老化,尤其主链下降最多,最终硅橡胶出现劣化,使得伞裙的力学性能下降。
图9可知,从低压端至高压端,硅橡胶各官能团含量下降幅度越来越大,这表明高压端主链和侧链断裂严重,老化程度最深,力学性能最差,即从高压端至低压端,力学性能逐次升高,与第2.2节力学实验结果相符。
宏观老化特征变化源于内部微观特征的累积,宏观实验现象是内部微观结构质变后的结果,因此,探究微观结构特征量的演变规律对于揭示硅橡胶伞裙老化机理具有重要意义。硅橡胶分子的内能相关量和弹性模量在不同电-热环境下的变化能反映硅橡胶材料力学性能的变化,下面对两者展开仿真分析。
在不同温度和电场强度协同作用下,高温硫化硅橡胶分子的特征量会呈现出不同的变化趋势。硅橡胶在不同温度和电场强度下的分子动能、分子势能变化趋势测试结果如图10所示。
图10可得到如下结论:
(1)随着环境温度的升高,硅橡胶分子动能增大;而电场强度对硅橡胶的分子动能基本无影响。硅橡胶的分子动能越高,其分子链段和原子的运动剧烈程度越大,使得SiO2与硅橡胶分子链的黏附力减弱,伞裙内部结构变得松散,绝缘子伞裙力学性能随之下降。
(2)随着环境温度的升高,硅橡胶分子势能增大,该结果会导致分子间距随之增加,分子间作用力减弱,分子链变得不稳定,内部键能变小,原子间化学键更易断裂,导致硅橡胶微观分子结构遭到破坏,最终硅橡胶劣化,伞裙的力学性能下降。当测试温度为低温段(213~253 K)时,分子势能仅在25 kV/mm处出现波动。而处于高温段(273~333 K)时,分子势能波动较大,且波动次数多。温度越高,分子链段间作用力变化不稳定。因此,在高温段对电场强度的检测越需要重视。
内能相关量(分子动能和分子势能)并不能单独反映伞裙力学性能随电场和温度变化的规律,因此对硅橡胶分子链的弹性模量进行进一步仿真分析。在213~333 K的环境温度下,测试不同电场强度对硅橡胶体积模量、杨氏模量和泊松比的影响,结果如图11所示。
图11可得到以下结论:
(1)材料的体积模量可以反映其抗体积变化能力。硅橡胶的体积模量越高,说明其微观结构越稳定。图11(a)中,除293 K外,在同一温度下,随着电场强度增加,体积模量均呈现先上升后下降的趋势。原因如下:在实验前期,施加的电场强度较小,电、热作用对硅橡胶的影响不明显,对硅橡胶的微观结构破坏较小,同时,硅橡胶的分子链发生热重排现象,使聚集态得到优化[27],化学键进一步交联,分子链的缠结作用加强,分子间作用力增大,因此体积模量越高,伞裙的力学性能上升。随着电场强度的进一步增大,硅橡胶材料内部因为电-热协同作用发生降解,部分分子键断裂,其影响大于因热重排作用而发生的交联,抗体积变化的能力减弱,导致伞裙的力学性能下降。而在293 K时,体积模量呈现相反趋势,与化学键对应伸缩性能的变化有关[19]。此外,除293 K外,在同一电场强度下,随着温度的升高,体积模量逐渐减小,抵抗形变的能力减小。这是因为温度越高,电-热协同作用对硅橡胶微观结构的破坏越大,硅橡胶材料内部降解越快,导致体积模量越小,伞裙力学性能越差。
(2)微观上,杨氏模量可以反映硅橡胶机械刚度的高低,且该值越大,分子间作用力越强,硅橡胶的形变能力越小,硅橡胶的机械刚度越高。宏观上,采用硬度来衡量硅橡胶的刚度。图11(b)中,在较低温度范围内(213~273 K),随着电场强度的增加,杨氏模量呈现先上升后下降的趋势。在较高温度范围内(293~333 K),杨氏模量大致处于35 GPa以下,且随着电场强度的增加,杨氏模量呈现波动性,其中,333K时呈现波动性为整体下降。主要原因为:在前期阶段,温度和电场都处于较低水平,电、热作用对硅橡胶的影响不明显,对硅橡胶的微观结构破坏较小,且热重排作用使杨氏模量升高,硅橡胶的机械刚度增加,伞裙硬度上升。随着电场强度继续增加,部分分子键断裂的影响大于热重排,导致硅橡胶内部发生降解,杨氏模量降低,伞裙硬度下降。而随着温度升高,硅橡胶内部进一步降解,导致高温段杨氏模量均处于较低水平,且电场强度对其无法产生较大影响,因此杨氏模量在高温段呈现波动性变化。在20~30 kV/mm区间内,材料在各个温度下的杨氏模量均处于较高水平,即伞裙的硬度值较高,应注意该场强段内伞裙的运行状况,防范因伞裙脆化引起绝缘子故障。整体上,当温度较高时,硅橡胶的杨氏模量较低,刚度低,应注意高温时硬度值的变化,使硅橡胶伞裙避免外界机械应力的破坏。
(3)微观上,泊松比用于衡量硅橡胶的塑性,泊松比越大,硅橡胶塑性越好。宏观上,断裂伸长率用以衡量硅橡胶的塑性,断裂伸长率大即表示硅橡胶的质地软、塑性好。图11(c)中,在213~273 K下,随着电场强度的增加,泊松比逐渐降低,表明硅橡胶质地变硬,塑性变差,力学性能变差。在293~333 K下,随着电场强度的增加,泊松比先下降后上升,但总体呈现下降趋势,说明硅橡胶力学性能下降。整体上,高温段的硅橡胶分子泊松比相较低温段更小,力学性能更差。原因在于在高温段,电场强度对硅橡胶塑性的破坏比低温段更加显著,分子间相对位移变大,泊松比变小,力学性能下降幅度更大。
内能相关量和弹性模量反映瞬时电场和温度对硅橡胶化学键的破坏作用,受时间所限,电-热协同作用并不能使化学键断裂,而绝缘子老化是长期累积质变的结果。结合FTIR分析可知,伞裙外层硅橡胶基团大幅度减少,化学键断裂严重,硅橡胶劣化降解。结合热失重实验验证可知伞裙外层硅橡胶和SiO2的含量均大幅减少,造成宏观力学性能下降。
(1)随着运行年限的增加,绝缘子抗撕裂强度呈下降趋势。对于运行10年以上的绝缘子,半数伞裙拉伸强度低于标准值,几乎所有的伞裙断裂伸长率均不符合标准要求,且运行年限越长,断裂伸长率越低。不同运行年限下的绝缘子高压端的抗撕裂强度、拉伸强度、断裂伸长率均低于中、低压端,而硬度呈现相反趋势。
(2)热失重测试中伞裙各组分的含量随着不同运行年限、不同伞裙位置、不同伞裙深度呈现出不同的规律。与伞裙其他位置相比,高压端力学性能最差,进一步验证了力学实验结果。
(3)在FTIR谱图中,相比于伞裙内层,长期挂网运行的绝缘子伞裙外层各官能团均出现不同程度的减少,硅橡胶结构出现劣化。与伞裙其他位置相比,高压端伞裙老化程度最深,力学性能最差,与力学实验结果一致。
(4)长期电-热协同作用累积使化学键断裂,硅橡胶劣化降解,力学性能下降。温度升高,各内能相关量均呈现上升趋势,各弹性模量随着温度的升高均呈下降趋势。不同的温度区间内,随着电场强度增加,各弹性模量均表现出不同的变化趋势。硅橡胶材料的微观演化过程能在一定程度上反映伞裙力学的宏观特性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907109)
  • 山东省高等学校“青创团队计划”项目(2022KJ227)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023ME129)
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2024年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.017
  • 接收时间:2023-08-19
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-19
  • 修回日期:2023-11-29
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(51907109)
山东省高等学校“青创团队计划”项目(2022KJ227)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023ME129)
作者信息
    1山东理工大学 山东省智能电网及装备工程实验室,山东 淄博 255020
    2重庆大学 输配电装备及系统安全与新技术国家重点实验室,重庆 400044
    3国网山东省电力公司电力科学研究院,山东 济南 250003

通讯作者:

胡玉耀(1989-),男(汉族),山东菏泽人,副教授,主要研究方向为极端环境下输电线路外绝缘状态评估的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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