Article(id=1210577667154374727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701792000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-06, revisedDate=1710777600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766553807295, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766553807295, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766553807295, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766553807295, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210577662121209865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766553806095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563971278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=17, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210577667464753237, articleId=1210577667154374727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on failure mechanism and delay measures of inverter motors insulation, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The frequent disconnection of inverter power devices and load characteristics of motor can lead to high-frequency pulse overvoltage, which would lead to premature failure of generator insulation and bring challenges to the stability and reliability of system. From the failure mechanism of inverter motor insulation, the different stress failure forms of inverter motor insulation were investigated firstly, and the main factors affecting the failure of the insulation system were sorted out. Then the state detection methods of inverter motor insulation and the delay measures were comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the major challenges and future research direction currently faced by inverter motor insulation were emphasized.

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变频功率器件频繁开断与电机负载特性可导致高频脉冲过电压,进而引发电机绝缘过早失效,给系统稳定性和可靠性带来挑战。本文从变频电机绝缘失效机理出发,首先调研了变频电机绝缘的不同应力失效形式,梳理了绝缘系统失效的主要影响因素,然后对变频电机绝缘状态检测方法及延缓失效应对措施进行了全面综述,最后强调了变频电机绝缘目前面临的重大挑战及未来研究方向。

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袁树楠(2000-),女(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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袁树楠(2000-),女(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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袁树楠(2000-),女(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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应力形式老化因子老化现象
电应力局部放电,空间电荷漏电灼烧
热应力高次谐波、集肤效应热应力绝缘材料变质
机械应力机械振动、绕组端部电磁力分层、龟裂
环境应力湿度、温度、压力形成表面漏电通道和碳化灼痕
), ArticleFig(id=1218111692450484411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577667154374727, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各种老化应力对绝缘性能的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力形式老化因子老化现象
电应力局部放电,空间电荷漏电灼烧
热应力高次谐波、集肤效应热应力绝缘材料变质
机械应力机械振动、绕组端部电磁力分层、龟裂
环境应力湿度、温度、压力形成表面漏电通道和碳化灼痕
), ArticleFig(id=1218111693708775613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577667154374727, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Relative stress categories of Type I insulation systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力类别过冲因数Vpeak/Vdc脉冲上升时间tr/μs定子额定局部放电起始电压VL-G/V
A-良性≤1.1≥1.001 240
B-中等≤1.5≥0.301 691
C-中等≤2.0≥0.102 255
D-严重<2.5≥0.052 818
), ArticleFig(id=1218111693809438911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577667154374727, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

I型绝缘系统相对地的应力类别

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应力类别过冲因数Vpeak/Vdc脉冲上升时间tr/μs定子额定局部放电起始电压VL-G/V
A-良性≤1.1≥1.001 240
B-中等≤1.5≥0.301 691
C-中等≤2.0≥0.102 255
D-严重<2.5≥0.052 818
), ArticleFig(id=1218111693901713601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577667154374727, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of insulation detection methods for windings of inverter motor, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法优点缺点
HFCT法宽频带、抵制低频干扰效果好、与高压测试电路隔离无法分离陡脉冲耦合的强干扰
UHF法使用方便,信噪比高天线布置受限于电机结构,需结合HFCT法一起使用
耦合电容器法可将PD信号与电磁干扰噪声分离可能滤除截止频率下频率范围内大部分的PD特征
光测法信噪比较高需抑制可见光干扰,在暗室进行
), ArticleFig(id=1218111694010765511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577667154374727, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

变频电机绕组绝缘检测方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法优点缺点
HFCT法宽频带、抵制低频干扰效果好、与高压测试电路隔离无法分离陡脉冲耦合的强干扰
UHF法使用方便,信噪比高天线布置受限于电机结构,需结合HFCT法一起使用
耦合电容器法可将PD信号与电磁干扰噪声分离可能滤除截止频率下频率范围内大部分的PD特征
光测法信噪比较高需抑制可见光干扰,在暗室进行
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变频电机绝缘失效机理及延缓措施研究进展
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袁树楠 , 高波 , 白长山 , 刘凯 , 吴广宁
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(8): 17-30
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(8): 17-30
变频电机绝缘失效机理及延缓措施研究进展
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袁树楠, 高波, 白长山, 刘凯, 吴广宁
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 611756
  • 袁树楠(2000-),女(汉族),江西赣州人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

Research progress on failure mechanism and delay measures of inverter motors insulation
Shunan YUAN, Bo GAO, Changshan BAI, Kai LIU, Guangning WU
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.002
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变频功率器件频繁开断与电机负载特性可导致高频脉冲过电压,进而引发电机绝缘过早失效,给系统稳定性和可靠性带来挑战。本文从变频电机绝缘失效机理出发,首先调研了变频电机绝缘的不同应力失效形式,梳理了绝缘系统失效的主要影响因素,然后对变频电机绝缘状态检测方法及延缓失效应对措施进行了全面综述,最后强调了变频电机绝缘目前面临的重大挑战及未来研究方向。

变频电机  /  逆变器  /  高频脉冲过电压  /  绝缘失效

The frequent disconnection of inverter power devices and load characteristics of motor can lead to high-frequency pulse overvoltage, which would lead to premature failure of generator insulation and bring challenges to the stability and reliability of system. From the failure mechanism of inverter motor insulation, the different stress failure forms of inverter motor insulation were investigated firstly, and the main factors affecting the failure of the insulation system were sorted out. Then the state detection methods of inverter motor insulation and the delay measures were comprehensively reviewed. Finally, the major challenges and future research direction currently faced by inverter motor insulation were emphasized.

inverter motor  /  inverter  /  high-frequency pulse overvoltage  /  insulation failure
袁树楠, 高波, 白长山, 刘凯, 吴广宁. 变频电机绝缘失效机理及延缓措施研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (8) : 17 -30 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.002
Shunan YUAN, Bo GAO, Changshan BAI, Kai LIU, Guangning WU. Research progress on failure mechanism and delay measures of inverter motors insulation[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (8) : 17 -30 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.002
以硅碳化物(SiC)为代表的新型宽禁带功率器件因其在高温、高效率和高频操作等方面的卓越性能[1-3],在逆变器系统中得到广泛应用。这种器件提供了更广泛的电压和频率范围,然而,它所引入的高压应力可能超出电机绝缘的承受范围,从而面临着比传统的绝缘栅双极型晶体管(IGBT)逆变器更为严重的击穿等问题。在交流变频牵引系统中,基于工频电压的传统绝缘设计方法已经不再适用[4-5]。为此,有必要对交流变频电机的绝缘破坏机制进行深入研究,从而为其绝缘设计提供基础理论依据。目前,关于牵引电机系统的研究主要集中于IGBT逆变器方面,而关于SiC、GaN等宽禁带逆变器的研究相对较少。
本文调研了20多年来国内外学者对交流变频电机绝缘失效的研究,旨在回顾逆变器驱动下电机绝缘失效机理的研究进展,并探讨相关的防护措施,以期为宽禁带驱动电机系统绝缘失效的后续研究提供参考。通过系统地梳理文献,主要深入探讨高频脉冲过电压引起的电机绝缘失效机理、寿命预测方法和防护策略,为更全面地评估电机绝缘失效带来的风险提供基础预防和解决方案。
变频牵引调速系统的运行模式并不单一,且其运行环境多变,导致电机绝缘处于高频高压[6-7]、交热变化[8-10]、轴承电磁力转矩分布不均[11]以及恶劣环境[12-13]等极端工况,严重影响变频电机的运行寿命。
变频电机与逆变器之间通过电缆连接,容易在电机端子处引起浪涌过电压[5,14],K B LEE等[15]通过试验研究表明,变频器输出的重复脉冲信号会在变频电机端子处产生高压过冲及振荡,如图1所示。该浪涌冲击又极易引起连接处电缆爆裂以及电机定子绕组匝间绝缘击穿或相间绝缘失效等问题[16],如图2所示。其主要原因在于电缆或电机绕组绝缘长期遭受过电压侵袭[17],在重复脉冲冲击下最终引发绝缘缺陷,使其性能迅速劣化。其次,变频电机高负载运行、频繁启停及变频器引入的高频电流和磁效应等导致电机内部形成高温环境,进而使绝缘材料性能及稳定性下降。此外,逆变器功率器件高频切换导致电机内部和机械传动系统中的高频振动,会引起绝缘材料疲劳、增加电机内部机械磨损,例如绝缘材料的剥离或裂纹等。
据统计,约四分之一的变频电机轴承损坏是由变频器造成的[16]。同时,牵引电机常用于电力机车等大型交通工具,在不同的季节和气候条件下运行,面临较大的温、湿度差异,电机绝缘系统处于受潮、腐蚀降解等威胁中[18-19]。随着新型电力电子逆变器的应用,逆变器供电电机绝缘系统运行条件更为复杂。因此,其工程设计、绝缘失效风险评估以及绝缘安全防御面临巨大挑战,在构建新型机车牵引系统的背景下,发生故障对电力机车系统造成的冲击和产生的后果将更加严重。
变频电机端绝缘承受多种应力,具体见表1。深入研究引起变频电机绝缘失效的不同应力形式及绝缘老化影响因素对于改善变频驱动电机系统的绝缘设计具有重要意义。
变频功率器件长期频繁开断,导致电机绕组端出现尖峰过电压,使得变频电机处于过冲电应力的作用下。为了研究电机绕组的高频特性,R LEUZZI等[5]分别对逆变器端和电机端的电压波形进行测试,结果如图3所示,发现相较于逆变器端,电机端存在严重的高频振荡过电压。为探究该过电压对电机寿命的实际影响,王鹏[20]通过对不同上升时间下接触试样的局部放电测试结果进行Weibull计算,得到的寿命测试结果如图4所示。结果表明,电机试样寿命与脉冲电压上升沿时间成正比,与电压频率成反比,这一结果强调了电机在面对高频振荡过电压时的脆弱性。
变频电机绝缘电应力失效的宏观表现为局部放电(PD),该现象可导致绕组绝缘的逐步劣化。为了评估脉冲宽度调制(PWM)电压波对交流电机绕组绝缘造成的冲击,国内外学者针对宽禁带半导体(WBG)转换器的电气参数做了大量研究,包括波形[21]、极性[6,22-24]、频率[6-7]、上升时间[6,22,25]和脉冲宽度[26],为保护电机绝缘免受WBG转换器带来的弊端提供解决思路。
在微观电场方面,空间电荷在绝缘内部和表面累积,并在绕组绝缘内部和相邻绕组匝间气隙中引发电场畸变[24,27-28],也会导致绝缘失效。研究表明,绝缘界面累积电荷的性质、陷阱密度和陷阱深度与绝缘材料的特性密切相关[28]。为了更好地量化材料陷阱深度,G MAZZANTI等[29]采用条约模型,以解释迁移率的变化,并提出了寻找相关聚合物材料中电荷极化/去极化过程信息的方法。
然而,当前关于变频电机系统中空间电荷积累的研究大多集中在基于Si器件的系统上,而SiC器件在转换器中的应用将在电机绕组上引起更为严峻的电气应力。因此,有必要确定基于WGB转换器的机车牵引系统中影响空间电荷的主要参数。WANG Y L等[30]对相关问题进行了具体的研究,通过仿真一种紧凑型高压SiC模块,探讨了模块封装绝缘中的空间电荷动力学,计算得到的电场分布如图5所示,研究表明电荷容易在有机硅封装胶中累积并致使局部电场畸变,对绝缘可靠性构成威胁。然而,上述研究只考虑了变频电机电应力的单独作用,缺乏对其他应力作用的影响机制研究。同时,目前空间电荷累积对电机绕组PD特性的影响尚不明确,还需进行深入研究。
变频器输出的高次谐波在电机绕组中感应出谐波电流,导致铁损、铜损和介质损耗增加,并以热能形式消散,致使变频电机本体温升过高。TONG W M[31]对变频器电源条件下的永磁同步电机进行了热场仿真,结果如图6所示,直观展示了电机在运行中的温度分布。与此同时,在频繁的变频启停及过载工作下,由热裂解形成的小分子更容易在介质中迁移,最终导致绝缘热应力失效。
此外,PWM调控方式引起的趋肤效应也加重了电机的热应力。李世杰等[11]提出,在长期交变热作用下,牵引电机轴承涂层的绝缘性能可能受到破坏,严重情况下将导致绝缘层剥落。为了探究绝缘热应力失效与局部放电的内在联系,F GUASTAVINO 等[32]进行了重复局部放电起始电压(RPDIV)测试,发现RPDIV值与温度呈负相关,如图7所示。此外,有机物的离解热在高电场下可引起空间电荷积累,从而导致电机绕组局部过热[33]。热刺激电流法(TSC)是观察绝缘材料微观特性的重要研究方法,为深入研究变频电机微观绝缘领域提供了基础。周凯[34]研究发现,温度升高有利于电荷注入,记录的TSC电流曲线如图8所示。
随着变频器开关频率的提高,绝缘材料的热效应变得愈发严重。虽然已有研究集中测量和分析电机绝缘材料的温度分布,但对于热应力失效的诊断方法尚需更多的研究来发展先进的故障预测算法,以提前识别电机绝缘热应力失效的迹象。同时,可以进一步研究和改进电机的热管理技术,以降低电机工作温度并提高其可靠性。
电机运行时的机械振动会导致交变机械负荷,对绝缘的槽部和端部施加挤压或拉伸力,在电场的协同作用下,这些机械振动应力可能使绝缘出现缺陷,产生新的局部放电,由此引起绝缘的不同程度损伤如磨损、裂纹、分层、断裂等。同时,电磁线在加工、浸漆等工序中可能引入固体缺陷[35],进一步增加绝缘的复杂性。在变频电源中,各次谐波与牵引电机机械振动谐波相互干涉,形成各种电磁激振力。当电磁频率和电动机机体的固有振动频率一致或接近时,将产生共振现象[36],引起绕组端部振动、位移、绝缘磨损,加速电机机械应力带来的疲劳老化。为了合理设计定子端部结构,乔长帅等[37]对定子端部绕组电磁力进行了分析,研究表明电磁力在线圈出槽口处和线圈两端集中,因此应对此处进行加固来提高绕组整体刚度。
综合上述分析,当前关于变频电机绝缘机械应力失效的研究较为充分,主要侧重于电机、电磁线的绝缘性能分析。相比之下,对电机振动水平的研究相对较少,然而持续的电机振动可能导致机械部件的疲劳和绝缘材料的破损。在未来的研究中,应更加关注电机振动对绝缘薄弱点的影响,特别是在使用WBG逆变器的情况下。应进一步研究其对绝缘材料和机械部件所带来的挑战和潜在危害,发展实时振动监测技术。
环境应力,如湿度、温度及压力等,对变频电机绝缘重复脉冲老化寿命产生显著影响:①环境湿度决定绝缘表面状态和空气击穿场强,影响其表面电位分布以及空间电荷传导。②环境温度会改变空间电荷的累积特性[13,38],温度升高将增大后续放电的概率。其次环境温度还直接影响电机散热性能,在牵引电机中,空气的体积比热随环境温度的变化而变化。此外,某些地区恶劣的高温或低温环境将对电机绝缘造成严重影响。高温干燥条件可能导致绝缘胶水流失、干燥、变形及开裂,而极端低温则使橡胶绝缘硬化、脆化,也会影响润滑脂和冷却液等的性能。③环境气压会对RPDIV测试产生影响。文献[38]中定义RPDIVn是RPDIV在100 kPa下的归算值,得到RPDIVn的压力依赖性对比如图9所示,结果表明RPDIVn与气压近似线性相关。这说明气压的变化会直接影响RPDIV测试值,尤其在高海拔地区,空气密度较低,有利于在较低电压下产生局部放电。因此,在进行相关实验和测试时,需要充分考虑并控制环境条件的变化,以确保实验结果的可靠性和准确性。
综上,局部放电导致的电应力失效与绝缘材料过热导致的热应力失效是电机绝缘失效的主要原因,而存在的环境应力和机械振动等多种因素均加速了绝缘材料的老化过程。机械应力及环境应力作用使绝缘出现缺陷,为电应力发挥主导作用创造了条件,同时热应力导致的温度变化又显著影响局部放电特性。此外,环境应力和热应力会增强绝缘内部自由电子对材料分子链的撞击作用,加速绝缘内部分子链的断裂,致使绝缘内部陷阱密度和陷阱深度增加,从而缩短绝缘寿命[40-42]。针对实际应用中变频电机绝缘材料承受电热应力、机械应力、环境应力的综合作用,可构建电-热-机械-环境应力协同作用寿命模型,如式(1)所示。
lA,B,C,D=l0exp(-i=A,B,C,Dj=a,b,c,dij+i,j=A,B,C,Dijbijij-i,j,k=A,B,C,Dijkbijkijk+bABCDABCD)
式(1)中:lA, B, C, D为变频电机电-热-机械-环境应力联合老化寿命参数;l0是为基准寿命,其数值取决于绝缘材料的属性参数;A为电应力尺度参数;B为热应力尺度参数;C为机械应力尺度参数;D为环境应力尺度参数;a为参考温度T0下绝缘材料的耐压系数;b为参考场强E0下变频电机绝缘材料的耐热系数;c为基准温度T0和基准场强E0下的机械寿命系数,d为基准温度T0、基准场强E0和基准机械应力M0下的环境应力寿命系数;bijbijkbABCD分别是电-热-机械-环境应力双因子、三因子、四因子的协同作用系数。
然而,对于这些因素如何影响新一代WBG牵引系统电机的绝缘失效情况,往往缺乏充分的实验数据和案例研究。因此,有必要深入研究不同环境条件,包括现场不同温度、湿度、气压范围运行条件下电机绝缘承受的各种应力性能。了解这些条件下绝缘的响应机制,有助于更好地设计和维护电机系统,提高其稳定性和寿命。
变频电机绝缘失效主要受到两个关键因素的影响:①机端绝缘长期承受超过额定电压的高频电压应力冲击;②逆变器输出高频脉冲具有陡峭的上升沿,在定子绕组内形成谐波过电压,导致绝缘系统内电磁场分布严重畸变,定子绕组电压分布不均。深入研究这些因素对逆变器牵引电机系统绝缘设计的影响对于提高系统可靠性具有重要意义。
局部放电是导致绝缘过早击穿的主要原因[43-44],目前已经有许多学者对变频电机端过电压特性进行了研究。万健如[45]和马洪飞等[46]建立了适用于电机端电压的高频系统仿真模型,如图10所示[45],并探讨了电缆中重复电压的反射过程,发现在施加单脉冲时,电机端过电压较逆变器侧的过电压近似加倍,导致绝缘迅速老化甚至击穿。D B HYYPIO[47]计算了电机绝缘系统的瞬间电晕能量,精确拟合了每个瞬态脉冲相对电晕能量与绝缘破坏度之间的函数关系,发现绝缘寿命与过电压瞬态能量成反比,这表明电机端剧烈的过电压对绝缘寿命存在严重威胁。上述研究均表明电机端过电压确实存在,且对绝缘性能有着显著的影响。变频电机牵引系统中,电机端过电压对绝缘的影响程度主要取决于变频器输出电压脉冲特性、电缆传输特性和电机输入特性。
脉宽调制电压相较于工频正弦电压更严重地威胁电缆和牵引电机的绝缘,李金泉等[48]通过试验表明,重复脉冲电压波形对变频电机绝缘系统的运行可靠性构成威胁。有关研究主要集中在重复方波电压参数方面的探讨,如上升时间[49-50]、占空比[51-52]、死区时间[53]、极性[54]、方波脉冲频率[55]等。关于变频器输出电压脉冲特性对牵引电机端过电压的影响,王剑等[49]指出,上升时间越短,过电压幅值越大。郑昌江等[50]则利用局部放电紫外光子辐射量与重复脉冲上升时间的关系,得到了4种上升时间下局部放电幅值的数据,如图11所示。然而,现有研究成果仍是侧重于重复方波脉冲对绝缘放电特性的影响,而逆变器调制输出方波的占空比及形状并非固定。因此,现场逆变器输出波形特性对变频电机绝缘放电特性的影响仍存在不明确之处。
除了逆变器的影响,电缆和电机的高频特性也对牵引电机浪涌电压产生影响。WANG L W等[56]进行了关于电机过电压瞬变的研究,其测量结果显示,随着电缆长度的增加,过电压振荡频率减小,线间过电压峰值呈波动趋势。黎燕[57]研究发现,长电缆波反射效应导致电机端出现2倍甚至2倍以上的过电压,从而导致电机绝缘损坏。电压反射系数由电缆和电机阻抗决定,精确提取电机阻抗能够高精度地拟合电机端的电压尖峰。然而,在目前针对电缆电机的特性阻抗参数研究中,很难实现和现场测试的一比一还原。国内外各研究团队针对电缆电机高频特性行为展开了大量实验和仿真测试,对电缆长度特性与电机端过电压的关联关系进行了研究。相比之下,对于不同电缆线径,不同屏蔽接地状态等因素共同作用下传播的脉冲过电压特性,其现有研究成果的适用性还有待验证,特别是对于新一代牵引电机——永磁同步电机的高频响应,研究尚不足。
变频电机内部绝缘线圈在高频脉冲电压作用下,由于线圈匝电压分布不均,可能诱发局部放电[58],导致电机绝缘性能劣化。经过多次重复实验表明,电机绕组首端第一匝承受最大过电压幅值。D H HWANG等[59]构建并分析了一相五匝感应牵引电机同相线圈电压分布的模型,如图12所示,该图展示了用于测量电压分布的抽头,并通过仿真和试验得出了电压分布特点:第一匝线圈的电压通常比其他匝高,且上升时间越短,其电压越大。
为确定绕组中匝电压分布,需获取绕组的特性参数,通常使用有限元方法计算每匝的集总参数值[60-61],并通过施加低频解析的限制条件计算感应电机的每个线圈电阻、电感和电容值。基于计算得到的线圈特性参数,构建牵引电机线圈集总参数的等效电路[62]。S SUNDEEP 等[63]认为绕组内线圈的相对位置也是确定线圈绝缘两端电压应力的重要因素,并提出了包含时域受控电压源且线圈之间相互耦合的多导线传输线(MCTL)模型。同时,传统的绞合随机绕组导线分布也会对寄生参数值产生重大影响。为研究线圈随机绕组电压应力,XIE Y Y等[64]提出采用特制的随机三相绕组进行电压传导和电压应力仿真及测试,研究结果表明,无论是无转子的单相绕组还是三相绕组,亦或是带转子的三相绕组,其端绕组绝缘的最大电压应力存在于任意两相的第一个线圈之间,最高幅值可达到直流母线电压的1.25倍。
总体而言,针对变频电机绕组电压分布不均的问题,已开展了较多研究,并初步构建了变频电机匝间电应力评估等效模型。然而,目前的研究主要是对集总参数模型施加外部脉冲方波激励,无法充分模拟宽禁带器件生成的脉冲激励。得到的仿真只能定性确定各匝线圈承受电压的程度,无法为分析匝间绝缘材料的设计等提供定量数据支撑。因此,有必要进一步研究如何模拟宽禁带器件生成的脉冲激励,并提供更为精确的定量数据,以支持匝间绝缘材料设计等方面的分析。
现有研究普遍认为,绝缘缺陷引起的局部放电及空间电荷累积是导致变频电机绝缘破坏的主要原因[5,14,21-30]。高频方波脉冲电源具有极陡的上升沿,传感器耦合得到的局部放电信号中包含大量低频干扰成分,且变频电机在方波脉冲条件下运行,其空间电荷作用机理极为复杂。因此,国内外学者为探寻适用于变频电机绝缘检测的高频测试方法进行了广泛研究。
在检查和维修期间,对绕组绝缘系统进行诊断测试是确保电机运行可靠性的关键手段之一。IEC 60034-18-41:2014[65]和IEC 60034-18-42:2017[66]详细讨论了I型和II型变频电机绕组的鉴定和验收测试,表2列出了I型相对地绝缘系统的应力类别。
尽管脉冲多普勒信号可以作为绝缘击穿的前兆,但其隐藏于波前陡峭的逆变器浪涌脉冲中。因此在具有高频振荡的重复电压脉冲下,脉冲多普勒信号的检测变得更具挑战性,成为当前变频电机绝缘问题的研究热点。现有的局部放电检测技术主要有特高频天线(UHF)法、高频电流耦合(HFCT)法、耦合电容器法和光测法[67-70],这几种方法的优劣势对比详见表3。UHF法和HFCT法是目前用于电机绕组绝缘局部放电测试的两种主流方法,其中,UHF法可测量的频段范围一般在几百兆赫兹到几千兆赫兹之间[71],HFCT法可测量数百千赫兹到几兆赫兹之间;从频段范围的角度来看,UHF测量的频段范围比HFCT大,但HFCT更专注于高频电流的测量,通常用于某些特定应用场景[72]。王鹏等[21,54]通过搭建包含法拉第屏蔽技术的局部放电测试平台,利用天线对绕组线圈进行局部放电测试,图13为该平台示意图。为解决传统无源外置传感器天线信噪比不理想、测试位置限制大等问题,马世金等[68]设计了一款柔性天线,其弧度与电机定子内外壁拱形吻合度较高,且具有较高检测灵敏度,成功实现了电机局部放电的近场耦合。
聚合物绝缘材料容易受到空间电荷积累的影响,许多研究者认为,空间电荷是绕组绝缘失效的关键因素[73-78]。目前,对空间电荷的测量主要采用电声脉冲法(PEA)和热刺激电流法(TSC)。刘洋等[74]对扁平样品施加高压,利用PEA技术测试了样品表面积累的空间电荷,其测量装置如图14所示。K LAU等[75]对缠绕在绝缘棒上的两层绝缘电磁线进行TSC测量,证明了随机绕线电机绝缘在PWM快速电压脉冲老化时有明显的电荷注入。然而,在复杂的聚合物分子中,陷阱能量分布可能形成了一个错综复杂的能量谱。为了直接确定高场电荷注入后电介质中的陷阱能量分布,G MAZZANTI等[76]引入迭代算法简化了陷阱能量分布问题,并通过对聚二甲酸乙二醇酯的TSC实验结果进行验证,证明了所改进算法的可行性。
在高电压变化率环境下,电机系统产生电磁干扰和高噪声,同时伴随着轴承电流增加、绕组端处的电压波反射以及绕组匝间电压分布不均[49-50]等问题,降低功率器件波前陡度及电机端过电压峰峰值可有效降低变频系统绝缘材料承受的电热应力。在变频电机牵引驱动系统中,目前采用的措施有以下3类。
(1)改变功率器件驱动方式,通过有源栅极驱动增加半导体器件的开关时间,如ZHAO S等[79]提出通过在栅极添加可变输入电容器Cgs-ext的方式,其结构图如图15所示。但由于目前栅极电容无法实现实时控制,这类方法在应用中并不灵活。LI X等[80]提出通过开关瞬变时插入带延迟时间的子模块及使用冗余子模块向变频器的输出端注入反向电压变化率的方法,将逆变器模块电压变化率限制在50%左右。然而,在某些情况下,降低电压变化率的同时需平衡调整开关的速度及开关引起的功率损耗等副作用。
(2)改变逆变器调制策略,如使用分离输出混合有源中性点钳位(S-HANPC)转换器拓扑,可成功限制SiC逆变器的过压峰值[81-82]
(3)在变频器输出端或电机端外添加无源[83-84]或有源滤波器,其中无源滤波器滤波效果如图16所示。
为增强变频电机绝缘性能以抵抗电晕损伤,许多学者专注于研究具有出色热稳定性和高电气强度的绝缘高分子材料。一方面,掺杂氧化锌或碳同位素异形体等填料的复合材料成为研究的焦点。在此领域中,文献[85-87]报道了TiO2等纳米复合填料有助于改善绝缘材料的抗电晕特性。然而,上述研究未涉及高频传导与纳米颗粒含量之间的关系,也未考察微观结构对高频传导的影响。另一方面,为更有效地抵御脉冲电压波的影响,需提高绝缘材料抗热熔、抗振动和抗电磁激振力性能。此外,有必要增强绝缘系统的整体机械强度,以减缓电机使用过程中机械振动的影响,同时提升电机绝缘材料对各种热效应的适应能力。
为了克服未来绝缘材料面临的挑战,解决关键技术及瓶颈[88],需要开发耐高温、耐电晕、具备良好的化学稳定性及足够的机械强度、可添加无机高导热环保填料的新型绝缘材料,以及制造适用于高频条件下的绝缘材料测试设备和建立试验标准。
当前关于变频电机绝缘材料损伤的研究面临多重挑战。首要问题在于未来宽带隙电力电子器件在逆变器中的潜在应用及其要求,将导致变频电机绝缘面临更为严峻的电应力与热应力。其次,对于电机振动水平的研究相对有限,特别是在WBG功率器件驱动下,使得电机绝缘的潜在机械损伤更为显著,需要深入研究。此外,目前国内外对于变频电机环境应力失效研究多基于额定工况,缺乏对高海拔,复杂温湿度等不同环境条件下的绝缘失效风险评估和综合防御数据支撑。最后,现有的绝缘失效研究大多只考虑单因子失效,无法准确模拟实际工况,无法确切解释老化过程中的相关机理,只能实现对绝缘寿命的粗略估计,限制了材料实际应用价值。
在复杂绝缘结构中,局部放电及空间电荷测试技术对特定材料和结构存在一定依赖性,难以实现成熟可靠的应用。同时统一的标准化测试方法的缺失,导致其在实际工程中的可靠性和实用性还有待进一步验证和提升。一般地,高频条件下,电磁效应、电缆与绕组间的传输线效应、逆变器高频谐波成分等对变频电机电气参数会产生显著的影响。当前提出的高频模型主要基于电机单个对象,将变频器、电缆元件与电机割裂化,无法全面模拟即将成为主流的宽禁带器件生成的脉冲激励对变频电机绝缘的冲击。
在未来的研究中,为更全面地理解变频电机绝缘材料损伤的复杂机制,需要整合各方面的实验数据和理论研究,为电机绝缘的设计和防护提供更可靠的指导。对新一代变频电机牵引系统绝缘失效的研究,应关注以下4点:
(1)发展实时故障预测技术,建立电-热-机械-环境应力联合老化模型以估算绝缘材料在多重应力的老化降解程度。研究可从微观角度切入,考虑引入自由能势垒概念,将绝缘材料受各种应力影响的情况进行参数化,从而使寿命预测更能适应复杂多变的环境。
(2)采用数字孪生技术,通过提供物理实体与虚拟体的全息特征映射,构建一个宽禁带逆变器-电缆-变频电机整体仿真测试平台,实现变频电机牵引系统绝缘状态的综合评估。
(3)通过改进逆变器拓扑设计、优化电缆排布方式和接地拓扑形式,以及使用滤波器降低输出谐波等措施,解决系统电路固有缺陷引起过压电应力的关键技术问题。
(4)针对变频电机,积极推动新型电磁线和绝缘材料的研发,加速适用于高频条件下的绝缘材料性能测试设备的开发,以解决新型机车牵引动力系统绝缘在承受逆变器引起的浪涌电压应力时的薄弱问题。
本文综述了变频电机端绝缘的失效机理,概括了引起变频电机绝缘失效的应力表现包括局部放电及空间电荷积聚所致的电应力、绝缘本体过热的热应力、不可逆的机械应力如磨损、振动、位移等,以及恶劣环境应力如腐蚀、降解、冷冻等。其中,电应力及热应力是变频电机绝缘材料失效的主要应力形式。外部环境和机械振动等多重应力在绝缘表面形成缺口,当绝缘局部场强达到临界场值时,最终导致绝缘性能失效。在影响变频电机绝缘失效的关键因素中,高频电压过冲以及绕组电压分布的不均匀性占据着主要地位,二者均可能引发电机绕组绝缘内部的局部放电现象,导致绝缘逐渐劣化,从而降低电机的寿命。
采用变频电机牵引系统整体综合建模,考虑逆变器、电缆及电机各个模块参数的优化及协调工作,可降低电机端受到的高频过冲电压。其次,使用自身抗电晕性能好、耐压耐高温的新型材料有助于增强材料本身抗外界应力的屏障效果。
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2024年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.002
  • 接收时间:2023-12-06
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-06
  • 修回日期:2024-03-19
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    西南交通大学 电气工程学院,四川 成都 611756
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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