Article(id=1210577662817464329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703174400000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-22, revisedDate=1708444800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766553806261, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1724083200000, pubDateStr=2024-08-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766553806261, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766553806261, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766553806261, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210577662121209865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766553806095, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563971278, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620298043454174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210577662121209865, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210577663115259915, articleId=1210577662817464329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress in environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Epoxy resin has been widely used in the field of insulating materials due to its excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical stability, and electrical insulation. The stable three-dimensional cross-linked network structure not only gives epoxy resin excellent properties, but also brings great difficulties to its reprocessing, degradation, and recycling. At this stage, more and more researches have begun to focus on the environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials to solve problems such as reprocessing and degradation. In this paper, several typical design ideas and methods of epoxy resin based on dynamic covalent bonds were reviewed, and the environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials through introducting ester bonds, disulfide bonds, silicon-oxygen bonds, imine bonds, D-A structure, acetal bonds, host-guest interaction, and multiple dynamic bonds into the epoxy resin were introduced emphatically. Meanwhile, it is introduced that the topology structure of epoxy resin cross-linked network can be reversibly changed by dynamic covalent bonds under certain stimuli to realize the function of remodeling, reprocessing, self-repairing, and degradation. Finally, the application prospects of insulating materials based on dynamic covalent bonds were summarized and prospected.

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环氧树脂具有优异的力学性能、热稳定性、化学稳定性和电气绝缘性,已被广泛应用于绝缘材料领域。稳定的三维交联网络结构在赋予环氧树脂优异性能的同时,也给其再加工、降解和回收带来巨大的难题。现阶段,越来越多的研究开始关注于环境友好型环氧树脂材料,以期解决再加工、降解等问题。本文综述了基于动态共价键环氧树脂的几种典型设计思路与方法,重点介绍引入酯键、二硫键、硅氧键、亚胺键、D-A结构、缩醛键、主-客体作用以及多重动态键构造环境友好型环氧树脂绝缘材料,同时,介绍动态键在特定刺激下使环氧树脂交联网络拓扑结构发生可逆改变,实现重塑、再加工、自修复和降解等功能,最后总结并展望基于动态共价键绝缘材料的应用前景。

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彭磊(1989-),男(汉族),湖北仙桃人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事绝缘材料、新型电工材料的研究。

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彭磊(1989-),男(汉族),湖北仙桃人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事绝缘材料、新型电工材料的研究。

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彭磊(1989-),男(汉族),湖北仙桃人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事绝缘材料、新型电工材料的研究。

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Journal of Materials Chemistry A,2021,9(29):15975-15984., articleTitle=Self-healing of internal damage in mechanically robust polymers utilizing a reversibly convertible molecular network, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1218111695822700705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577662817464329, awardId=52220105002, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(52220105002), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218111681805337494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577662817464329, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111681809531799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577662817464329, companyId=1218111681805337494, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Electric Power Equipment Reliability, Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power 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环氧树脂类型拉伸强度/MPa重塑条件Tg/℃降解文献
酯交换94190℃下10 min135190℃下水解[14]
二硫键88室温下的2-乙基硫醇/DMF[4]
硅氧键46.6130℃[23]
亚胺键122206四氢呋喃水溶液[31]
D-A结构90~180℃室温下的丙酮[37]
缩醛键87169酸性环境下[42]
主-客体作用20.8紫外光照[2]
多重动态键90150℃下90 min220[47]
), ArticleFig(id=1218111695633957024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210577662817464329, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同动态共价键环氧树脂的特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环氧树脂类型拉伸强度/MPa重塑条件Tg/℃降解文献
酯交换94190℃下10 min135190℃下水解[14]
二硫键88室温下的2-乙基硫醇/DMF[4]
硅氧键46.6130℃[23]
亚胺键122206四氢呋喃水溶液[31]
D-A结构90~180℃室温下的丙酮[37]
缩醛键87169酸性环境下[42]
主-客体作用20.8紫外光照[2]
多重动态键90150℃下90 min220[47]
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环境友好型环氧树脂材料研究进展
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彭磊 1 , 付强 1 , 李智 1 , 林木松 1 , 钱艺华 1 , 孔晓晓 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(8): 1-16
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(8): 1-16
环境友好型环氧树脂材料研究进展
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彭磊1, 付强1, 李智1, 林木松1, 钱艺华1, 孔晓晓2
作者信息
  • 1广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广东省电力设备可靠性重点实验室,广东 广州 510080
  • 2天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
  • 彭磊(1989-),男(汉族),湖北仙桃人,高级工程师,博士,主要从事绝缘材料、新型电工材料的研究。

Research progress in environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials
Lei PENG1, Qiang FU1, Zhi LI1, Musong LIN1, Yihua QIAN1, Xiaoxiao KONG2
Affiliations
  • 1Guangdong Key Laboratory of Electric Power Equipment Reliability, Electric Power Research Institute of Guangdong Power Grid Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510080, China
  • 2School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
出版时间: 2024-08-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.001
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环氧树脂具有优异的力学性能、热稳定性、化学稳定性和电气绝缘性,已被广泛应用于绝缘材料领域。稳定的三维交联网络结构在赋予环氧树脂优异性能的同时,也给其再加工、降解和回收带来巨大的难题。现阶段,越来越多的研究开始关注于环境友好型环氧树脂材料,以期解决再加工、降解等问题。本文综述了基于动态共价键环氧树脂的几种典型设计思路与方法,重点介绍引入酯键、二硫键、硅氧键、亚胺键、D-A结构、缩醛键、主-客体作用以及多重动态键构造环境友好型环氧树脂绝缘材料,同时,介绍动态键在特定刺激下使环氧树脂交联网络拓扑结构发生可逆改变,实现重塑、再加工、自修复和降解等功能,最后总结并展望基于动态共价键绝缘材料的应用前景。

环氧树脂  /  动态共价键  /  环境友好  /  力学性能  /  绝缘

Epoxy resin has been widely used in the field of insulating materials due to its excellent mechanical properties, thermal stability, chemical stability, and electrical insulation. The stable three-dimensional cross-linked network structure not only gives epoxy resin excellent properties, but also brings great difficulties to its reprocessing, degradation, and recycling. At this stage, more and more researches have begun to focus on the environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials to solve problems such as reprocessing and degradation. In this paper, several typical design ideas and methods of epoxy resin based on dynamic covalent bonds were reviewed, and the environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials through introducting ester bonds, disulfide bonds, silicon-oxygen bonds, imine bonds, D-A structure, acetal bonds, host-guest interaction, and multiple dynamic bonds into the epoxy resin were introduced emphatically. Meanwhile, it is introduced that the topology structure of epoxy resin cross-linked network can be reversibly changed by dynamic covalent bonds under certain stimuli to realize the function of remodeling, reprocessing, self-repairing, and degradation. Finally, the application prospects of insulating materials based on dynamic covalent bonds were summarized and prospected.

epoxy resin  /  dynamic covalent bonds  /  environmentally friendly  /  mechanical properties  /  insulation
彭磊, 付强, 李智, 林木松, 钱艺华, 孔晓晓. 环境友好型环氧树脂材料研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (8) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.001
Lei PENG, Qiang FU, Zhi LI, Musong LIN, Yihua QIAN, Xiaoxiao KONG. Research progress in environmentally friendly epoxy resin materials[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (8) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.001
为了应对全球变暖和极端气候变化,国家将“碳达峰”、“碳中和”纳入生态文明建设整体布局,这对电力和能源系统的环保发展提出了新的要求。针对这一目标,学者们致力于通过积极探索生态友好型发电技术、加强可再生能源连接和开发环保型电力设备来构建生态友好型电力系统。目前,聚合物绝缘材料在电力系统中发挥着重要作用,主要是热固性材料,如环氧树脂(EP)。环氧树脂具有优异的热稳定性、抗蠕变性、电气绝缘性、化学稳定性和力学性能,已被广泛应用于电气设备领域,尤其是干式变压器、电力互感器、盆式绝缘子、复合绝缘子芯棒等。环氧树脂一般是通过含环氧基化合物与胺类或酸酐类固化剂交联而成,其分子中环氧基与固化剂中的活泼氢加成形成结构稳定的三维交联网络,这种结构赋予了环氧树脂优异的性能,同时也给其修复、降解、回收和再加工带来巨大的难题。热固性聚合物带来的环境问题主要表现为以下三个方面:①现有的聚合物绝缘材料主要由石油基原料生产。然而,这些化石资源是不可持续的,很可能在几十年内耗尽。化石燃料的使用造成二氧化碳的排放量也在稳步增加,这可能对环境和气候造成不可逆转的破坏;②目前,热固性绝缘材料主要通过热固化进行加工,尽管技术成熟度较高,但热固化仍存在能耗高、效率低、易产生挥发性有机物等缺点,容易造成能源浪费和空气污染问题;③由于热固性绝缘材料具有三维网络的分子结构,通常很难降解、熔化和溶解,退役后的聚合物绝缘材料回收利用难度很大,大多被废弃、填埋或焚烧,这会造成巨大的环保压力。
近年来,为降低废弃环氧树脂的环境污染,提升回收和再利用率,研究者们基于环氧树脂分子结构,提出了通过向三维网络中引入可逆非共价相互作用(如氢键[1]、主-客体包合[2])、可逆共价键(如酯键[3]、二硫键[4]、亚胺键[5]、硅氧烷键[6]、D-A结构[7]等)的策略,从源头上为环氧树脂的降解、回收等难题提供解决思路。而在实际验证中发现,基于可逆非共价相互作用的环氧树脂通常较脆,无法适应较大的应力[8]。基于可逆共价键的环氧树脂,主要分为解离型和结合型:解离型是通过化学键的可逆反应来重排,化学键在一个位点断裂并在另一个位点重组,而化学键断裂时往往会伴随着黏度的下降,导致材料的力学性能和耐溶剂性改变[7];结合型则通过动态共价键形成交联网络结构,当可逆反应发生时,其交联密度保持不变,不影响其力学性能和耐溶剂性[9]
2011年,D MONTARNAL等[3]基于酯交换反应制备了一种基于动态共价键的结合型环氧树脂。在使用温度下,该环氧树脂与传统的热固性材料类似,具有良好的耐热性能和力学性能。当温度高于其拓扑结构转变温度(Tv)时,酯交换反应引起拓扑结构重排,内应力急剧下降,使得材料具有一定的“流动性”。这为环氧树脂在成型后的再加工、重塑和回收等提供了示范作用。
目前,基于动态共价键构成的结合型环氧树脂因同时具备一定的耐热性能和力学性能,以及其交联网络拓扑结构重构时能够有效消除内应力,学界开展了广泛研究,已初步构成研究体系。本文将系统地介绍几种典型的环境友好型环氧树脂动态交联网络结构的设计思路与制备方法,分析材料相关的力学、热学等性能,梳理几种常规的重塑、再加工和降解等方法,并展望环境友好型环氧树脂在电气设备及其器件方面的潜在应用。
酯交换反应是指通过烷氧基部分互换使得一种结构的酯变为另一种结构的酯的反应,这一过程可以通过酸或碱类催化剂来促进。在高温下,酯键和羟基发生酯交换反应(如图1所示),诱导拓扑网络的重列,这赋予了含酯键的材料可重塑和再加工的性能。
研究者们结合酯交换反应的特性,将酯键引入到环氧树脂中,制备出具备再加工和降解性能的环氧树脂。自2011年D MONTARNAL等[3]制备了基于酯键的动态环氧树脂网络结构开始,该研究成果冲破了传统热固性和热塑性材料的界限,其制备的新型环氧树脂兼具热固性材料和热塑性材料的特点,这为传统热固性环氧树脂的回收和再加工指明了方向。如ZHAO S等[10]制备了一种含动态酯键的环氧树脂,它由含单环和三环的两种氧化物衍生物与羧酸固化制备而成,具备优异的自愈性能和快速应力松弛效应,这赋予了环氧树脂再加工和重塑性能。同时,通过调节两种氧化物衍生物的比例,也可使其具备优异的热学和力学性能。
为进一步提升该类环氧树脂的再加工和重塑性能,研究者们开发出含有多个羧基或酸酐的酸作为固化剂,以提升环氧树脂网络结构的交联度,同时产生更多的酯键和羟基为酯交换提供更多的交换位点。如A DEMONGEOT等[11]使用二环氧化物与改性聚对苯二甲酸丁二酯通过交联反应制备了含多个酯交换位点的环氧树脂,材料具备更优异的可加工和重塑性能。
除了对酯交换位点的改进,研究者们也开展了大量关于催化剂的改进研究。常规的基于酯交换的环氧树脂通常是以碱金属或过渡金属作为催化剂,如YANG Y等[12]采用乙酰丙酮锌水合物作为催化剂,制备了一种可修复的硬质环氧树脂材料,该催化剂固化环氧树脂机理如图2所示。然而,这类过渡金属小分子催化剂与环氧树脂基体相容性差,导致其在基体中分散性不好,影响催化效果。因此,为提升催化剂的分散效果,研究者们开发了含碱金属或过渡金属的催化剂,该催化剂直接参与环氧树脂基体的反应,与环氧树脂基体成为一个整体,而不是以游离态分散。NIU X L等[13]开发了一种含Zn2+的聚合物催化剂——聚丙烯腈-甲基丙烯酸锌(Zn-PAM),并用于催化环氧树脂体系中的酯交换反应。结果表明该离子型聚合物的催化效果显著优于醋酸锌和1,5,7-三氮双环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯等小分子催化剂的催化效果,且所需催化剂的量更少,同时也能提高环氧树脂的力学性能。
虽然上述含碱金属或过渡金属聚合物的设计提升了酯交换反应的催化效果,但是在环氧树脂体系中使用金属离子可能会给电气设备带来不良影响。在充分证明金属离子的使用不会影响材料绝缘性能之前,该类环氧树脂在电气设备领域的应用受到一定的限制。相比于在环氧树脂体系中额外添加催化剂,另一种有效的方法是以固化剂本身作为催化剂,如有机胺在环氧树脂固化过程中既起到固化作用,同时也在酯交换反应中起到催化作用,这样就避免了催化剂分散不均以及与树脂基体不相容的问题。HAO C等[14]向环氧-酸酐固化体系中加入三乙醇胺制备得到了一种共价适应性环氧树脂网络体系。在环氧树脂体系中,叔胺基团促使环氧基开环生成羟基,此时富余的羟基则催化动态酯交换反应,催化过程如图3所示。这种依靠羟基催化的环氧树脂体系具有快速修复和再加工的效果(190℃下10 min),且在190℃的1.5%磷钨酸水溶液中5 h即可水解。同时,其力学性能(拉伸强度为94 MPa)也优于大多数电工装备用环氧树脂。因此,该环氧-酸酐固化体系的环氧树脂可作为一种具有较大潜在应用价值的可降解的电工装备用环氧材料。
除了以有机胺作催化剂来提升环氧-酸酐体系的力学性能外,另一种设计思路是将环氧树脂进行超支化处理,即预先制备超支化环氧树脂预聚物。HAN J R等[15]合成了两种超支化环氧树脂(HBE)预聚物,再与琥珀酸酐反应,制备了超支化动态交联环氧树脂体系,该环氧树脂动态酯交换反应及合成路线如图4所示。作为反应物和催化剂,这些超支化环氧树脂预聚物中含有丰富的游离羟基,它们加快了环氧树脂固化和酯交换的速度。结果表明这种动态交联环氧树脂具有优异的热稳定性以及与传统环氧材料相似的力学性能。因此,将环氧树脂进行超支化的设计思路在提升动态交联环氧树脂体系力学性能方面具有可观的前景。
另外,其他种类的催化剂也被应用于环氧树脂体系中酯交换反应的催化,如1,5,7-三氮杂双环[4.4.0]癸-5-烯(TBD)[16-18]、1,2-二甲基咪唑(DMI)[19]、2-甲基咪唑[11]、三苯基膦(PPh3)[20])、甘油[21]等。
二硫键是一种相对较弱的共价键,在紫外光或热的作用下,二硫键可以直接解离成稳定的硫醇自由基,然后通过加成反应或者与游离硫醇取代重构生成新的二硫键。与其他动态共价键的重构不同,二硫键的分解与重构可以在相对较低的温度下发生,同时,室温下在硫醇等溶剂中即可发生降解,这使其在降解型环氧树脂领域得到广泛应用。
G C TESORO等[22]在20世纪90年代就开始了此类可逆交联环氧树脂的研究,他们合成了几种含二硫键的环氧树脂胺类固化剂,通过固化商用环氧树脂将二硫键引入到交联网络中制备可降解的环氧树脂,在二甘醇二甲醚和还原剂中160℃下可降解。CHEN M等[16]以含羧酸的二硫化物为固化剂制备了一种具有二硫键复分解和羧酸酯交换两种模式的双动态环氧树脂,其交联网络重构过程如图5所示,可同时实现二硫键复分解和羧酸酯交换来进行交联网络重构。该双动态环氧树脂具有应力松弛快(在200℃下松弛时间仅为1.5 s)、可塑性好(100℃下1 h进行再加工)和可延展温度为65℃等优点,即使加工4个循环其力学性能也能完全恢复。因为部分电工装备(如干式变压器)的运行温度通常高于65℃,所以65℃的延展温度限制了该类环氧树脂在此领域的应用。A R DE LUZURIAGA等[4]以4,4-二氨基二苯二硫作固化剂制备了基于二硫键的可降解环氧树脂碳纤维复合材料,该复合材料具有优异的力学性能(拉伸强度为88 MPa),在热压条件下可再成型。环氧树脂基体在2-乙基硫醇/DMF溶液中室温浸泡24 h,即可降解。
由于二硫键键能较低,可被光、热、催化剂等多种因素诱发二硫键或与硫醇进行交换反应,这赋予了含二硫键环氧树脂优异的可降解性能。但同时,二硫键在各种因素诱导下产生自由基后,若自由基被淬灭而没有与另一个自由基反应时,其内部的交联网络结构则会受到一定程度的破坏。因此,在制备和使用含二硫键环氧树脂时,其热稳定性值得重点关注与探索。
有机硅具有优异的耐热性和耐氧化性,其中Si-O键具有较高的解离能,可通过游离羟基、烷氧基引入到聚合物中,同时,网络结构中的Si-O-Si键在特定环境下的分解和重构过程也是聚合物材料实现自愈合、回收和再利用的有效途径。研究者们据此开发了各种可回收、可再生的环氧树脂。
基于硅氧键动态平衡,LIU Q F等[6]以常规环氧树脂E44为原料,KOH作催化剂,制备了一种可回收环氧树脂。在环氧树脂内部的动态交联网络结构中,KOH促进了硅醚键的可逆断开和形成,实现了硅醚键的动态可逆,如图6所示。得益于硅氧键良好重构能力,该环氧树脂兼具了热固性材料优异的力学性能和热塑性材料的重塑再加工性能(回收率达到97%)。这为开发环境友好型环氧树脂提供了新的解决思路。
但是,在此类环氧树脂体系中,催化剂KOH处于游离状态,且与环氧树脂基体的相容性较差,在循环利用过程中无法保证其均匀分散,影响硅氧键的分解与重构,进而影响材料的热分解温度和杨氏模量。
为解决催化剂分散不均的问题,提高可回收环氧树脂的热分解温度和杨氏模量,以满足热固性树脂的典型应用,研究者们通过将动态硅氧烷键引入到固化剂体系中,再对环氧树脂进行交联,以此提升环氧的耐热性和模量。WU X等[23]以含有硅醇酸钾端基和氨丙基侧基的低聚硅氧烷为催化剂和固化剂,制备了一种基于硅氧烷平衡的高性能可回收环氧树脂,如图7所示。由于起催化作用的硅醇酸钾键合在聚硅氧烷长链上,能够均匀分布于基体中促进硅氧键的分解与重构,有效地保证了环氧树脂的网络结构。该环氧树脂具有较短的应力松弛时间(90℃时376.8 s,170℃时40.2 s)和良好的力学性能(断裂应力为46.6 MPa,杨氏模量为2.2 GPa)。由于硅醇酸钾的催化作用下,材料的结构内部保持了硅氧烷的动态平衡,表现出优异的自修复和回收能力(130℃下进行自修复和循环利用)。
现有报道的基于硅氧键的可回收环氧树脂体系中硅氧键的分解与重构都依赖于催化剂的促进作用,尽管可以实现多次可逆修复和重复利用,且重复利用后也能保持优异的力学性能,但是,由于钾盐等无机盐类催化剂通常与环氧树脂的相容性较差,无论催化剂是游离还是键合在体系中,都会影响材料的相关性能,尤其是介电性能、电气性能等,这直接影响了可回收环氧树脂在电气设备和绝缘材料领域中的应用,如环氧树脂干式变压器、复合绝缘子芯材等。因此,开发无催化剂的硅氧烷类环氧树脂体系是环境友好型固体绝缘材料的新方向。
亚胺键(或希夫碱)是一种弱可逆共价键,在受到酸、温度或水等刺激时可发生系列的动态可逆化学反应,包括水解/缩合、亚胺交换等。为制备具有可愈合、可回收、可加工、可降解等特性的环氧树脂,研究者们[5,24-28]将含亚胺键的聚亚胺类化合物引入到环氧树脂体系中,制备了各类动态亚胺键交联环氧树脂,该环氧树脂可结合聚亚胺的良好性能。
ZHAO S等[29]通过将亚胺键桥接的双酚单体与二缩水甘油醚、氨基封端的固化剂反应制造了一种具有亚胺键的环氧树脂,如图8所示。该环氧树脂不仅具有与传统双酚A热固性塑料相当的力学性能,而且当受到酸、温度或水等刺激时,还表现出可再加工性。此外,其刚度和韧性也可通过水分进行调节。
研究者们发现,在开发动态亚胺环氧树脂交联网络过程中,由于醛基和氨基反应形成亚胺键的过程极为迅速(常温下即可反应),在环氧树脂体系固化过程中,醛基和氨基一旦开始反应,体系黏度急剧增加,反应物扩散受限,阻碍亚胺键的形成,导致环氧树脂体系的交联度下降,而大量未反应的醛基和氨基还会造成其他副反应生成,影响材料性能。为解决此类问题,MO R B等[30]直接采用已预先形成亚胺键的线型聚亚胺和环氧树脂反应,再将具有可逆亚胺键和富余仲胺基团的线性聚亚胺引入到双酚A环氧树脂中反应构建了动态交联环氧亚胺网络,从而提升环氧树脂体系交联度,同时获得更多的亚胺键动态位点。该材料在3次回收利用后还可保持其可再加工性和强度。另外,通过调节交联密度和玻璃化转变温度可获得不同的特性,如室温下具有58 MPa的拉伸强度,自愈能力等。
另外,基于动态亚胺键的环氧树脂交联网络或复合材料的降解条件通常较为温和。如XU X W等[31]将双苯环共轭的希夫碱二环氧基单体与4,4′-亚甲基二苯胺交联反应制备了含亚胺键的新型环氧树脂,它在具备优异的力学性能(拉伸强度达122 MPa,拉伸模量为2 646 MPa)和热性能(Tg高达206℃)的同时,还能可控降解(如图9所示),如在酸性四氢呋喃水溶液中12 h内完全降解。
从目前研究来看,尽管部分含动态亚胺键的环氧树脂具有优异的力学和热学特性,也可降解回收,但是由于亚胺键易水解,导致含亚胺键结构的环氧树脂材料耐湿热性能无法完全满足相关的应用要求,这影响了其在变压器等电气设备中的应用。如何提升其耐湿热性能将是具有前景的研究方向之一。为克服这类问题,研究者们做了相关的尝试性研究,如LIU H C等[32]采用双酚F二缩水甘油醚与主链带有亚胺和苯环、末端为氨基的新型固化剂交联制备得到一种耐水型的含有动态亚胺键的环氧树脂,如图10所示。由于该环氧树脂网络结构本身具有优异的疏水性能,使得其对水分不敏感,表现出突出的耐水性。尽管该项研究在耐湿热方面取得了一定进展,但是大部分含有动态亚胺键的环氧树脂体系仍然受限于水分的影响,在此方面获得一定的突破将有利于该类型环氧树脂在注入干式变压器等电气设备中的广泛应用。
D-A加成反应是指共轭双烯与取代烯烃(一般为亲双烯体)反应生成取代环己烯的过程。低温下共轭双烯与取代烯烃会发生交联生成致密的网状结构;高温下,则发生可逆D-A反应,交联网状结构发生解离。这种温度调节且无需催化剂的可逆反应为环氧树脂材料的再加工提供了思路。研究者们将D-A结构引入到环氧树脂中制备具有重塑性能的环境友好型环氧树脂。
目前,制备含D-A结构的可回收环氧树脂主要有两个思路:一是对固化剂进行改性,把D-A结构引入固化剂中,这样改性后的固化剂既能与环氧基团进行开环反应生成交联网络结构,同时D-A结构也可控制网络结构的解离与重生。如BAI N等[33]采用二氨基辛烷、顺丁烯二酸酐和糠胺合成了一种具有D-A结构的二胺基交联剂,再与双酚A二缩水甘油醚反应制备含D-A结构的环氧树脂。KUANG X等[34]合成了一种含有D-A结构的二胺基交联剂,再用交联剂和聚醚胺配合固化双酚A二缩水甘油醚,成功制备了D-A结构的环氧树脂,如图11所示。
二是先将共轭双烯引入到环氧树脂反应单体中制备相应的低聚物,再与含有取代烯烃的相应衍生物反应制备环氧树脂网络结构,此时环氧树脂中共轭双烯与取代烯烃形成动态D-A结构,在不同温度下完成网络结构的解离与重生。如FAN M J等[35]用含有氧乙烯基的双酚A型环氧树脂与糠胺反应生成带有呋喃官能团的聚羟基氨基醚预聚物,然后再与1,5-双(马来酰亚胺顺丁烯二酰亚胺)-2-甲基-戊烷交联形成含可逆D-A结构的环氧树脂,如图12所示。该材料在135℃、10 MPa即可重塑,在120℃下可以溶解回收。
LI J H等[36]采用酚醛环氧树脂和糠醇制备了具有呋喃侧基团的改性酚醛环氧树脂,再通过D-A加成反应与双官能马来酰亚胺交联,得到含热可逆键的自修复酚醛环氧树脂,如图13所示,该材料具有优异的力学性能(储能模量在30℃时达到2.37 GPa)和优异的耐热性能(热解温度为348℃)。
I LORERO等[37]以双酚A二缩水甘油醚、间二甲苯二胺、糠胺和马来酰亚胺为原料制备了一种含D-A结构的环氧树脂。该材料加热到90~180℃时即可再加工和重塑,当温度冷却到60℃以下时又恢复到原来的性能。同时,在室温下丙酮或N,N-二甲基甲酰胺等溶剂中24 h可溶解回收。虽然D-A结构赋予了该环氧树脂重塑和可回收性能,但是D-A结构的引入会降低材料的力学性能,因此只能在力学性能、可回收性能之间寻找一个合适的平衡,以满足材料的工业应用。
通过以上两种思路可制备出含动态D-A结构的环氧树脂。但是键的断裂与重生只发生在部分D-A结构之间,这影响了材料的可回收与自修复性能。为进一步提升含有D-A结构环氧树脂的回收与自修复性能,研究者提出了一种双重动态可逆键的方法,如与氢键结合,在双重动态键的作用下,强化回收与自修复效果,如ZHANG B R等[38]在呋喃-马来酰亚胺基环氧树脂体系中引入氢键,由于氢键和D-A结构的共同作用,材料在90℃下7 h断裂面几乎完全修复。合成机理如图14所示。
尽管D-A加成反应具有合成简单、条件温和等优点,且改性后的环氧树脂具备可再生重塑等性能,但是,D-A反应的生成产物键能较低,这降低了该类型环氧树脂的热稳定性,因此限制了该类环氧树脂在某些局部高温环境下的应用,如在干式变压器的应用中,由于超负荷运行等工况或者高温等气候,干式变压器内部出现局部高温,这可能使得D-A结构断裂,导致材料力学和电气性能下降,引起设备故障。因此,目前来看,寄希望于含D-A结构的环氧树脂作为电气用环氧材料,需提高其热稳定性。
缩醛键一般由醛基(或酮基)与羟基在弱酸性条件下脱水缩合而成,在非酸性条件下能保持稳定结构,而在酸性条件下则可发生逆反应,水解为醛和醇。另外,通过简单的接枝反应即可将缩醛键引入到环氧树脂交联结构中。缩醛键的引入既不影响环氧树脂的固化也能保持树脂原有的性能。S L BUCHWALTER等[39]首次成功将缩醛基团引入到环氧树脂中,用常规的胺类固化剂即可得到环氧树脂可逆网络结构。
LI Q等[40]探索了含缩醛键环氧树脂的重塑和再加工性能。通过采用乙烯基醚和羟基的点击反应制备了含缩醛键的热固性环氧树脂。由于环氧树脂体系中缩醛键的存在,可通过缩醛的复分解和可逆反应赋予材料良好的延展性,在150℃无催化剂的条件下,10 min内就可以完全重塑(可逆反应如图15所示)。同时,该含缩醛键的环氧树脂在热水中1 h就能完成降解,表现出了优异的可降解性。
T HASHIMOTO等[41]使用双酚A与线性含有缩水甘油基的乙烯基醚合成了4种含有缩醛键的可降解环氧树脂。其中,环己烷二甲醇乙烯基缩水甘油醚与含甲酚的树脂合成的环氧树脂的Tg为110℃,可以替代一般环氧树脂。此外,在室温下0.1 mol/L的盐酸溶液中(V(THF)/V(H2O)=9),该环氧树脂在24 h内完全降解。
虽然T HASHIMOTO等制备的环氧树脂表现出良好的可降解性,但是其力学性能却不尽人意。为了提高含缩醛结构的环氧树脂的力学性能,研究者们从环氧树脂结构入手,将缩醛的线性结构替换为螺环结构。如MA S Q等[42]首先通过生物基香草醛和季戊四醇制备含有螺环结构的缩醛二酚单体,再将其引入到环氧树脂体系中制备含有螺环缩醛结构的可降解树脂,如图16所示。相较于线性缩醛结构,这种螺环缩醛结构赋予了环氧树脂体系更好的力学性能(拉伸强度为87 MPa,拉伸模量为3 131 MPa,Tg约为169℃),与传统的双酚A环氧树脂相比,这种含有螺环缩醛结构的环氧树脂拥有与传统的双酚A环氧树脂相似甚至更高的热力学性能,同时在酸性环境下也能够很快降解。
含缩醛键的可降解环氧树脂的降解和反应条件较温和,结构合理时其耐热性能和力学性能也优于传统的双酚A环氧树脂,但是在弱酸性含水溶剂下容易发生复分解反应。为提升其耐水性,可通过接枝疏水基团提升环氧树脂网络结构本身的疏水性能,在一定程度上增加耐水性。但是,作为热固性绝缘材料的重要组成部分,在电气设备运行时,不可避免地出现酸性环境(如密封问题、副产物生成等),这种不确定的运行环境与电气设备极高的可靠性要求,会制约含缩醛键的环氧树脂的使用。
主-客体作用是主体分子和客体分子在满足形状和结构互补、能量匹配等条件下,通过非共价相互作用选择性结合的过程,其中在热、水分、光照等刺激下客体分子并入主体内部空腔中,形成包合物,这赋予了材料再生能力,因此常被用于自修复材料。
鉴于主-客体作用的这种再生能力,研究者们将其引入到可回收环氧树脂的设计中,如HU Z等[2]以丙烯酰胺偶氮苯基团为客体,以酰胺化后的β-CD/石墨烯基团作为主体,通过共聚反应引入环氧树脂体系中制备了基于可逆主-客体网络的环氧树脂,如图17所示。该环氧树脂复合材料拉伸强度为20.8 MPa,在加热条件下裂缝的愈合效率高达79.2%。
HU Z等[8]以乙烯基环糊精(6-GMA-β-CD)为主体,丙烯酰胺偶氮苯基团(AAAB)为客体合成了6-GMA-β-CD/AAAB包合物,环氧丙烯酸酯再通过自由基共聚与6-GMA-β-CD/AAAB包合物进行交联制备含有主-客体结构的环氧树脂。该环氧树脂复合材料拉伸强度为14.8 MPa,在加热条件下裂缝的愈合效率高达63.3%。
尽管通过在环氧树脂体系中引入主-客体结构的方法能赋予材料可回收、自修复等性能,但是也降低了热固性材料的力学性能和热性能。因此,就目前基于主-客体结构环氧树脂的研究进展来看,该类环氧树脂还较难应用在电工用环氧树脂领域。如何增强材料的力学性能和热性能,寻找合适的平衡点,将成为基于主-客体相互作用的环氧树脂的研究方向之一。
随着绝缘材料的发展,其力学可靠性、耐热等级等要求不断提升。既要满足热学、力学性能的要求,同时兼具环境友好的特性,这为材料的设计提出了极高的挑战。近年来的研究成果表明多重动态键协同作用是有效的方法之一。多重动态键的协同指在材料的交联网络结构中构建两种或两种以上的动态键(一般为强动态键和弱动态键的结合),共同赋于材料的力学、重塑和再加工等性能。这是因为交联网络结构中强动态键可以保证材料的力学性能,如大幅提升拉伸强度、模量等[43],但是若只存在强动态键则交联网络结构的韧性可能不足;而弱动态键则可在材料承受应力时发生可逆的断键-重构或转换,消除应力,提高材料韧性,同时,弱动态键的解离与重构的条件比较温和,这赋予了材料相对温和的回收性能和延展性。因此配合强动态键和弱动态键,在保证力学性能的同时,也能赋予材料可回收性和重塑性。
LIU J等[44]将咪唑-锌离子配位键和动态二硫键共同引入到环氧网络中,合成路线如图18所示。由于锌离子配位键的交联作用和应力耗散,材料的弹性模量、机械强度和韧性得到了提升。同时,锌离子配位键和动态二硫键的共同交联网络也赋予了材料通过热压机进行再加工的能力。
FENG X M等[45]通过低分子量支链聚乙烯亚胺和含酯环氧单体制备了一种同时含酯键和氢键的双重动态交联网络环氧树脂,如图19所示。这两种互补的交联作用提升了材料的力学性能,抗拉强度高达61.6 MPa,弹性模量为1.6 GPa。支链单元及其末端基团形成多个氢键,氢键之间的高交换能力赋予该聚合物良好的自修复能力。β-羟酯的存在和仲/叔胺的内部催化作用使材料能够在约150℃下通过无催化剂酯交换过程并溶解在乙醇中,表现出优异的回收性能。但是该材料的Tg仅为40℃左右,较难作为可回收的绝缘材料在电气设备中使用。
XU Y Z等[46]以环氧化马来酸酐和胺化环氧化大豆油制备了基于酯键和氢键的双动态网络的无催化剂生物基环氧树脂,如图20所示。由于大量的动态酯基团、多个氢键和叔胺基团的存在,材料表现出一定的力学性能(拉伸强度为29.1 MPa)和耐热性能(Tg为80.2℃)。在高温下,由于氢键的解离,材料网络结构具备了延展性,表明多重动态键的协同作用有助维持材料的力学性能。
ZHOU L F等[47]通过以含二硫键的胺类和含吲哚的胺类固化剂与双酚A环氧树脂固化交联,制备含动态二硫键和阳离子-π相互作用以并联结构交联的“并联互锁”型双动态环氧树脂,如图21所示。该环氧树脂表现出优异的力学性能,拉伸强度为90 MPa,储存模量1.37 GPa。同时,在温度的刺激下环氧树脂网络结构中的二硫键和阳离子-π相互作用迅速重排,表现出快速的应力松弛行为(220℃下12.5 s的应力松弛)和重塑性能(150℃、10 MPa条件下热压90 min即可再加工成型)。总体来看,此类型环氧树脂的力学性能达到了常规电工环氧树脂的要求,可初步替代现有环氧树脂在电气设备中进行试用。
由于多重动态键之间的键能不同,各动态键的断裂与生成的能量也不一致,使得各动态键的断裂与生成无法保证一致性,影响了材料交联网络结构中动态键的交换。因此有必要在保证协同作用的同时提升多重动态键的交换率。XU X W等[48]提出了一种“分离-转移-交换”效应来解决动态共价键之间的交换问题。他们通过亚胺键和二硫键串联链接的方式制备出多重动态键的环氧树脂,在温度的刺激下,短时间内环氧树脂交联网络中聚合物链大量断裂,这增加了与断裂点串联的动态键的交换活性,从而提升动态共价键的交换率,过程如图22所示。采用此串联链接的方式制备的环氧树脂材料,具有较佳的力学性能(拉伸强度为56 MPa)和热学性能(Tg为137℃),且应力松弛速度比通过并联链接方式制备的环氧树脂快了1倍,比单独含有亚胺键和二硫键的环氧树脂分别快了5倍和10倍。这是因为二硫键在高温刺激下短时间内的大量解离大幅提高了亚胺键的迁移率,有效加快了交联网络中动态键的交换速度,表明通过“分离-转移-交换”效应可以提升动态键的交换率,进而提升材料的应力松弛速度。尽管亚胺键的不耐湿热等性能制约了此类环氧树脂在电工材料中的使用,但是该类“分离-转移-交换”的设计思路亦可作为其他类型环氧材料的设计方向。
多重动态键的协同作用为热固性环氧树脂材料增韧、可回收和重塑提供了新思路。然而值得注意的是,多种动态键的引入,可能会引起材料力学性能与热学性能的下降,因此在环氧树脂体系中引入多种动态键的同时应该平衡材料原始力学、热学和可回收等性能的平衡。
利用环氧基团的高活性,除了上述几种典型的动态交联体系外,研究者们也开发了其他种类的可逆交联环氧树脂,如生物基环氧树脂(包括木质素[49]、松香[50]、丁香酚[51])、基于间乙烯氨酯的环氧树脂[52]、基于二硒化物的环氧树脂[53]等,这些非典型的设计对于扩展可逆交联环氧树脂体系具有重要的参考价值。
上述不同动态键环氧树脂的相关特性见表1
动态共价键的可逆反应引起的交联网络的拓扑结构变化赋予了传统热固性环氧树脂诸多新的优异性能,包括重塑再加工、快速应力松弛、自修复、可降解等。
基于动态共价键的环氧树脂在外界因素作用(包括温度、酸碱、紫外光等)刺激下,动态共价键发生可逆的断裂与重生,交联网络的拓扑结构发生变化而导致内应力耗散,出现应力松弛现象。典型的环氧-羧酸类(或环氧-酸酐类)树脂,其黏度随温度出现线性的均匀变化,包括在Tg附近。而对典型的聚苯乙烯等热塑性材料,其黏度在Tg附近出现指数型的突变。与热塑性材料相比,基于动态共价键的环氧树脂表现出一种类玻璃特性,在应力松弛状态时,黏度与温度的均匀变化使得环氧树脂具有一定的延展性,可以像玻璃一样再加工和回收,如图23所示。这是由于含动态共价键的环氧树脂在升温过程中会经过玻璃态、高弹态和黏流态的转变。在Tg以下,该材料处于玻璃态,分子链和链段都不能运动,只是原子或基团在其平衡位置作振动;升温至Tg以上时,交联网络的结构是“锁住”的,分子链不能移动,但链段开始运动,表现出高弹性质;温度再升高至粘流温度(Tf)以上时,分子链运动,并加速交换反应。当交换反应所需的时间比材料形变所需的时间短时,交联网络的拓扑结构发生重排而“流动”,类似无定形聚合物的“黏流态”,如图24所示。
传统环氧树脂为热固性材料,由于其不溶性和不熔性,在固化后不具备重塑和再加工性能,也很难在固化过程中直接获得复杂的三维结构。与之相比,含动态共价键的环氧树脂由于其交联网络拓扑结构可进行重排,在热[54]、光[55]、溶剂[56]、水[29]等条件刺激下,在微观和宏观尺度上能进行复杂结构的重塑和再加工。在宏观尺度上,WU X等[23]采用热压工艺将所制备的基于硅氧烷平衡的环氧树脂在130℃下热压40 min(或170℃下15 min)成型,重塑后的样品具有与原始样品几乎相同的力学性能,如图25所示。在微观尺度上,G B LYON等[57]通过纳米压印光刻技术在环氧树脂表面创建微尺度图案,如图26所示,通过微米结构的模板,在基于酯交换的硫醇-烯环氧树脂表面进行光刺激,环氧树脂交联结构进行拓扑结构重排,固化后脱模即可得到微尺度图案。
动态共价键的断裂与重生赋予了材料断面修复的功能[58]。WU X等[23]制备的基于硅氧烷平衡环氧树脂上的断面能够通过加热的方式愈合。如图27所示,将样品切成两半,在110℃下加热24 h后样品断面粘合在一起,为观察样品内部的愈合情况,将断面进行横切,发现样品内部已完全愈合,无断面痕迹,愈合后的样品拉伸强度恢复到81%。同样,HU Z等[8]基于主-客体包合作用制备的环氧树脂、HAO C等[14]基于酯交换反应制备的环氧树脂、WANG N等[59]基于氢键制备的环氧树脂、张伦亮等[60]基于D-A结构制备的环氧树脂都具有自修复的功能,表明在基于动态共价键环氧树脂体系中动态共价键的存在对其自修复性能起到了至关重要的作用。同时,交联网络中永久交联位点的存在,也为整个体系的力学性能提供了支撑,保证了材料一定的机械强度。
传统的环氧树脂及其复合材料作为功能性绝缘材料,被广泛应用于干式变压器等电气设备中,但是,这些材料通常难以降解和回收,造成了严重的资源浪费。而基于动态共价键的环氧树脂,则可通过溶剂进行溶解或降解。如ZHAO S等[29]制备的基于亚胺键的环氧树脂在HCl环境下溶解在DMF中,并可再次重新成型,如图28所示。A R DE LUZURIAGA等[4]所制备的基于二硫键的环氧树脂复合材料在2-乙基硫醇/DMF溶液中于室温下24 h即可降解,如图29所示。KUANG X等[34]制备的一种含D-A结构的环氧树脂在DMF溶液中130℃下30 min可完全降解。
环氧树脂由于其优异的力学、热学和绝缘性能,被广泛应用于电气设备的支撑、绝缘等关键部件。电气设备中常用的盆式绝缘子、复合绝缘子芯棒等环氧树脂绝缘器件通常采用高温固化的工艺制备三维交联网络结构,在制备过程中因热收缩等工艺条件不可避免地出现应力残余,在微观尺度上出现裂纹和缺陷。一方面,在运行过程中,这些裂纹和缺陷会随着温度、载荷不断扩展,从而发生局部放电,甚至击穿等现象,导致绝缘失效;另一方面,在环氧树脂绝缘器件失效或退役后,无法进行修复、回收和降解,通常采用焚烧或填埋处理,造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费[61]。因此用于电气设备中的动态键环氧树脂应具有传统环氧树脂的耐热、力学及绝缘性能[62]
基于动态键的环氧树脂材料在一定温度等条件刺激下,动态键发生可逆断裂与重生,这赋予了材料微裂纹修复的功能,因此环氧树脂绝缘材料在制备和运行过程中产生的微裂纹可通过温度调节进行自修复,减少环氧树脂内部微小缺陷,从而降低局部放电水平,提高环氧树脂器件的安全性和使用寿命。SUN W J等[63]开发了一种新型具有电损伤修复能力的环氧树脂网络,该动态网络由胺基开环环氧树脂和双官能异氰酸酯组成。为测试该材料电损伤修复能力,在不同温度(160、180、200℃)和压力(1、3、5 MPa)下开展绝缘性能表征,结果表明,击穿孔在10 min内可以愈合修复,且修复后的电气强度可恢复到原始电气强度的90%。这是因为在温度和压力的刺激下,动态网络可逆地离解,重新结合到击穿孔的分离表面,同时流动的链段挤压并将放电产生的碳残留物有效隔离。XIE J Y等[64]利用含有可逆D-A结构动态交联剂固化环氧单体来制备可回收环氧树脂。研究表明,经过3个老化愈合周期后,自修复样品仍恢复到电树起始电压初始值的92%。然而,以上两种方法都不能消除绝缘失效引起的残炭,这是修复后的聚合物绝缘材料电气强度下降的主要原因。另外,部分动态交联环氧树脂中含氟环三磷腈结构将赋予材料优异的阻燃性能,这拓展了其在阻燃绝缘材料领域的应用。
动态共价键的出现和其广泛的研究为电绝缘材料在退役阶段的回收、修复和再利用提供了条件,因此,动态键环氧树脂在聚合物绝缘的未来发展中具有很大的潜力。在目前对动态共价键的研究中,力学性能的恢复仍然是主要关注点,而电学性质受到的关注较少。动态共价结构的引入是否会导致绝缘性能的变化甚至恶化,需要在后续的研究中重点关注。
本文综述了基于动态共价键的环氧树脂的几种典型设计思路与方法、及其成型后的机械强度、重塑、再加工、自修复、降解等特性,展望了该类型环氧树脂在绝缘材料及相关器件方面的应用前景。
以有机胺作固化剂(同时也作催化剂)的环氧-酸酐类酯交换环氧树脂(包括进行超支化处理),和以二硫键和阳离子-π相互作用的“并联互锁”型双动态环氧树脂在力学性能上已能达到常规电工环氧树脂的要求,可初步替代现有电气设备中的环氧树脂来进行试用;而基于二硫键交换、D-A加成的环氧树脂则应进一步提升热稳定性;基于硅氧烷类环氧树脂应重点探索无催化体系;基于亚胺键的环氧树脂应突破其耐湿热性能;基于主-客体相互作用的环氧树脂应提升其力学性能。总体来看,引入动态共价键制备环保型环氧绝缘材料是一种有效的方法,有望彻底解决聚合物绝缘材料的环保转型问题。但目前部分基于动态共价键的环氧树脂,要想取代传统的环氧树脂还面临着一些问题与挑战:
(1)对于具有优异电学、热学和力学性能的动态键环氧树脂应用于固体绝缘,具有不同性能的原材料的选择和改性仍需进一步研究。解决方法有:一方面,建立高通量实验技术来全面表征环氧树脂的性能,提高研究过程的效率;另一方面,分子模拟与机器学习相结合用于指导材料的选择和改性,进一步提高研究效率。
(2)确保动态共价键对刺激条件的选择性。这里既要做到动态共价键在合适刺激条件下(如温度)具有足够快的交换速率,同时也要抑制或者降低在其他运行环境条件下因可逆交换反应产生的结构不稳定性。
(3)“动态可逆”和“热稳定性”难以兼顾。由于动态共价键的可逆性,基于动态共价键的环氧树脂在高温下不稳定,则“动态可逆性”和“热稳定性”之间存在内在矛盾,如何调节两者的平衡点以满足实际应用需要也是值得考虑的问题。
(4)缺乏专用的加工装备。目前实验室常用的加工设备是基于不可逆共价化学发展起来的,下一步研究应该充分考虑可逆共价交联聚合物的分子链相互作用、热力学和流变学特性,设计配备外部刺激的特殊设备,以满足不同激发条件下聚合物的加工成型。
(5)如何确保回收或修复后的环氧树脂的性能仍有待深入研究。绝缘故障往往会产生残炭等杂质,如果在回收或修复过程中不进行清理,这些杂质将极大地影响再利用环氧树脂的绝缘性能。因此,还应该开发一种技术,可在回收或修复的同时清除电气损伤引入的杂质。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(52220105002)
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2024年第57卷第8期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.08.001
  • 接收时间:2023-12-22
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-08-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-22
  • 修回日期:2024-02-21
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国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(52220105002)
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    1广东电网有限责任公司电力科学研究院,广东省电力设备可靠性重点实验室,广东 广州 510080
    2天津大学 电气自动化与信息工程学院,天津 300072
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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