Article(id=1210560433681993865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689782400000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-20, revisedDate=1696435200000, revisedDateStr=2023-10-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766549698514, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766549698514, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766549698514, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766549698514, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210560429043085661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766549697408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563951127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=121, endPage=126, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210560433967206553, articleId=1210560433681993865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research on pyrolysis gas generation law of common cable, columnId=1192878364340924664, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Test and Analysis, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research on the pyrolysis gas generation law of cable can provide a basis for cable fire early warning. In this paper, a high temperature pyrolysis experiment platform was set up for common cables. The pyrolysis gas generation laws of PVC outer sheath of cables at 75, 100, 120, and 150℃, as well as the pyrolysis gas generation laws of cable internal materials at 185℃ and 225℃ were studied, respectively. The results show that PVC outer sheath of cables has been pyrolyzed at 75℃, and the pyrolysis gases are CO and CO2. When the temperature is below 120℃, the pyrolysis gas components are only CO and CO2, so CO and CO2 are suitable as early characteristic gas components for commonly used cable fires. When the temperature is 150℃, gas components such as CH4, C2H4, C3H6, and CH3Cl appear in the pyrolysis gas, so the CH4, C2H4, C3H6, and CH3Cl can be used as the characteristic gas components of cable overheating faults.

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研究电缆的热解气体产生规律,可以为电缆火灾早期预警提供依据。本文针对常用电缆搭建了高温热解实验平台,分别对75、100、120、150℃下电缆PVC外护套的热解气体产生规律和185℃、225℃下电缆内部材料的热解气体产生规律进行了研究。结果表明:PVC电缆外护套材料在75℃时已经发生热解,热解气体组分为CO和CO2;温度低于120℃时,热解气体组分只有CO和CO2,所以CO和CO2适合作为常用电缆火灾的早期特征气体组分;当温度为150℃时,热解气体中出现了CH4、C2H4、C3H6和CH3Cl等气体组合,所以CH4、C2H4、C3H6和CH3Cl可以作为常用电缆过热故障加剧的特征气体组分。

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万留杰(1983-),男(汉族),河南新郑人,讲师,博士,主要从事电气设备在线监测技术的研究。
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李昀(1989-),男(汉族),湖南长沙人,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行分析、新能源及电力市场的研究。

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李昀(1989-),男(汉族),湖南长沙人,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行分析、新能源及电力市场的研究。

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李昀(1989-),男(汉族),湖南长沙人,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行分析、新能源及电力市场的研究。

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气体质荷比气体质荷比
CO12C2H428、27、26
CO244C2H628
CH2O29C3H440、39
CH3Cl50、15C3H641、39、38
C2H4O29、44、43C3H829、28、27
CH416、15C4H841
C2H226、25C4H1043
), ArticleFig(id=1218111624246907043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560433681993865, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气体组分质荷比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
气体质荷比气体质荷比
CO12C2H428、27、26
CO244C2H628
CH2O29C3H440、39
CH3Cl50、15C3H641、39、38
C2H4O29、44、43C3H829、28、27
CH416、15C4H841
C2H226、25C4H1043
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常用电缆热解气体产生规律研究
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李昀 1 , 胡蝶 2 , 万留杰 3, 4 , 赵筱赫 3, 4 , 李萍 3, 4 , 王卫东 3, 4 , 李康 5
绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024,57(7): 121-126
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绝缘材料 | 测试与分析 2024, 57(7): 121-126
常用电缆热解气体产生规律研究
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李昀1, 胡蝶2, 万留杰3, 4, 赵筱赫3, 4, 李萍3, 4, 王卫东3, 4, 李康5
作者信息
  • 1国网湖南省电力有限公司电力调度控制中心,湖南 长沙 410007
  • 2五凌电力有限公司,湖南 长沙 410004
  • 3河南工学院,河南省线缆结构与材料重点实验室,新乡 453000
  • 4河南工学院,电缆工程学院;河南,新乡 453000
  • 5中国科学院电工研究所,北京 100190
  • 李昀(1989-),男(汉族),湖南长沙人,高级工程师,主要从事电网运行分析、新能源及电力市场的研究。

通讯作者:

万留杰(1983-),男(汉族),河南新郑人,讲师,博士,主要从事电气设备在线监测技术的研究。
Research on pyrolysis gas generation law of common cable
Yun LI1, Die HU2, Liujie WAN3, 4, Xiaohe ZHAO3, 4, Ping LI3, 4, Weidong WANG3, 4, Kang LI5
Affiliations
  • 1Power Dispatch Control Center, State Grid Hunan Electric Power Company, Changsha 410007, China
  • 2Wuling Power Co., Ltd., Changsha 410004, China
  • 3Henan Key Laboratory of Wire and Cable Structures and Materials, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
  • 4School of Cable Engineering, Henan Institute of Technology, Xinxiang 453000, China
  • 5Institute of Electrical Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.015
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研究电缆的热解气体产生规律,可以为电缆火灾早期预警提供依据。本文针对常用电缆搭建了高温热解实验平台,分别对75、100、120、150℃下电缆PVC外护套的热解气体产生规律和185℃、225℃下电缆内部材料的热解气体产生规律进行了研究。结果表明:PVC电缆外护套材料在75℃时已经发生热解,热解气体组分为CO和CO2;温度低于120℃时,热解气体组分只有CO和CO2,所以CO和CO2适合作为常用电缆火灾的早期特征气体组分;当温度为150℃时,热解气体中出现了CH4、C2H4、C3H6和CH3Cl等气体组合,所以CH4、C2H4、C3H6和CH3Cl可以作为常用电缆过热故障加剧的特征气体组分。

电缆火灾  /  热解  /  特征气体  /  气体检测法

The research on the pyrolysis gas generation law of cable can provide a basis for cable fire early warning. In this paper, a high temperature pyrolysis experiment platform was set up for common cables. The pyrolysis gas generation laws of PVC outer sheath of cables at 75, 100, 120, and 150℃, as well as the pyrolysis gas generation laws of cable internal materials at 185℃ and 225℃ were studied, respectively. The results show that PVC outer sheath of cables has been pyrolyzed at 75℃, and the pyrolysis gases are CO and CO2. When the temperature is below 120℃, the pyrolysis gas components are only CO and CO2, so CO and CO2 are suitable as early characteristic gas components for commonly used cable fires. When the temperature is 150℃, gas components such as CH4, C2H4, C3H6, and CH3Cl appear in the pyrolysis gas, so the CH4, C2H4, C3H6, and CH3Cl can be used as the characteristic gas components of cable overheating faults.

cable fire  /  pyrolysis  /  characteristic gas  /  gas detection method
李昀, 胡蝶, 万留杰, 赵筱赫, 李萍, 王卫东, 李康. 常用电缆热解气体产生规律研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (7) : 121 -126 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.015
Yun LI, Die HU, Liujie WAN, Xiaohe ZHAO, Ping LI, Weidong WANG, Kang LI. Research on pyrolysis gas generation law of common cable[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (7) : 121 -126 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.015
作为重要的电能传输设备,电缆被誉为国民经济的“血管”和“神经”。电缆在工作中由于接头制造不良、接触电阻过大、长期超负荷运行、绝缘老化及外部热源的作用,其非金属材料容易发生热解,甚至引发火灾。近年来,我国电线电缆火灾频发,从2011年至2016年,我国电缆火灾就超过25万起[1],造成了重大的人员伤亡和财产损失。10 kV及以下中低压电缆相对于高压电缆过载情况严重、工作环境恶劣、过热故障较多,往往成为电缆火灾的源头。因此,研究中低压电缆火灾早期的监测方法,对常用电缆火灾早期预警具有重要参考意义。
目前,对电缆火灾的监测方法有测温法、剩余电流检测法和烟雾检测法等。常用的电缆测温法有分布式光纤线型测温和点型测温两种。分布式光纤线型测温可以在长距离上对电缆温度进行监测,具有灵敏度高和空间分辨率高的优点[2-3],但其成本高,一般用于110 kV及以上电压等级的电缆[4];点型测温是使用热电阻或热电偶,一般将传感器安装到电缆中间接头内部对各点温度进行监测,这种方法成本较低、测温精度高,但只能对固定位置进行温度监测,对电缆中间接头也会带来安全隐患[5]。剩余电流检测法使用电流传感器分析相间电流,可以对漏电和接地故障进行检测,但受原理所限,对接触不良、线路老化、线路过载及外部原因导致的电缆火灾风险无法预警[4,6]。烟雾检测法利用光或电磁辐射检测环境中的烟雾浓度,这种方法容易受到环境中灰尘、水滴等因素的干扰,误报率高且无法在火灾早期进行预警[7]
在火灾早期,气体是最先出现的信息特征,采用气体检测法可以对电缆火灾进行早期预警,且气体具有流动性,不易受物体遮挡,气体传感器可以实现非接触式、非侵入式监测[8]。气体检测法在油中溶解气体检测和GIS在线监测中已经有了广泛应用[9]
目前,研究人员对电缆热解气体已进行了一些的研究。雷芳菲等[4]使用顶空瓶、顶空进样机和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对聚氯乙烯(PVC)的热解气体进行了研究,结果表明电缆PVC过热会产生芳香族化合物、酯类、醛、酮、饱和烃、不饱和烃等多种挥发性有机化合物。刘顺满等[10]使用GC-MS研究发现电缆缓冲层放电烧蚀缺陷产生的特征气体组分主要为甲苯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等芳香烃类气体。张佳庆等[11]使用热裂解-气相色谱质谱联用技术,在无氧环境下对低压阻燃电缆外护套进行了热解实验,结果表明PVC外护套的热解产物主要有HCl、苯、苯乙烯、甲苯等。唐明等[12]使用GC-MS分别在80、120、150、180℃下对XLPE粉末热解产生的气体进行分析,结果表明乙醛和丙酮为特征气体。这些研究或是在较高热解温度下进行,或是针对电缆特定的结构材料,得到的特征气体主要是常温下呈液态的大分子气体。目前,缺少对电缆火灾早期场景下的研究。为使用气体检测法对电缆火灾进行早期预警,需要研究常用电缆热解气体的产生规律。本文搭建电缆热解实验平台,使用GC-MS、CO气体分析仪和气体检测管等对实验过程中的气体衍生物进行分析,得到常用电缆火灾早期特征气体的生成规律。
电缆固体材料热解属于大分子无规则裂解,对于无规则裂解和热解气体的产生机理可以用自由基反应理论进行解释[13]。自由基也称游离基,是指由于共价键均裂而生成的带有未成对电子的碎片。自由基反应指具有未成对电子的原子或分子参与的化学反应,可以用式(1)~(4)表示。其中式(1)表示自由基的引发,式(2)式(3)表示自由基链的增长,式(4)表示自由基链的终止。
R-R'R·+R'·
R-H+X·R·-X+H·
R·+X-XR-X+X·
R·+X·R-X
热解过程中,电缆中非金属材料的分子链无规则裂解生成自由基,然后自由基发生分子内或分子间转移反应,夺取其他碳原子上的氢或氧,导致化学键断裂而生成各种烃类以及含氧有机气体。
实验中使用的电缆试样为五强溪水电厂提供的在用电缆,型号为YJV22(铜芯交联聚乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯护套钢带铠装聚氯乙烯外护套电力电缆)、ZC-YJV22(铜芯C类阻燃交联聚乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯内护套钢带铠装聚氯乙烯外护套电力电缆)和ZR-KVVRP(阻燃型铜芯聚氯乙烯绝缘聚氯乙烯护套编织屏蔽软控制电缆),3种电缆截面如图1所示。
电缆热解实验平台由加热装置、冷却管、GC-MS、HCl气体检测管和CO检测仪等部件组成,如图2所示。
加热装置由加热台、热解气室和测温系统组成,加热台温度范围为50~350℃;热解气室由不锈钢加工而成,容积为1.4 L,通过两个阀门和外部气路相连,实验过程中热解气室为气密状态,为避免橡胶或塑料O型密封圈分解产生气体对实验结果造成影响,实验中使用空心金属O型密封圈对热解气室进行密封;测温系统由T型热电偶和温度显示仪表XMT614组成,温度测量范围为-200~400℃。
实验中使用GC-MS、CO检测仪和HCl气体检测管对热解气体产物进行定性和定量分析。GC-MS型号为GCMS-QP2010SE(岛津公司),可以对气体产物进行定性与定量分析;采用微量注射器进样,样气体积为500 μL;气相毛细管色谱柱为Agilent(GS-GasPro 60 m×0.32 mm);氦气作为载气,纯度大于99.999%[14];质谱检测中离子源为70eV EI源,接口温度为200℃。由于实验中GC-MS的O2和CO出峰时间重合,导致其无法对CO进行有效地定性和定量分析,本研究中使用CO检测仪对CO浓度进行检测。CO检测仪型号为GXH-3011N,是根据不分光红外线(NDIR)原理、朗伯-比尔定律和气体对红外线有选择性吸收的原理设计而成;光学结构由气体滤波相关设备及高灵敏度探测器组成,仪器对CO浓度的检测范围为0~500×10-6,分辨率为1×10-6。使用气体检测管测量热解气体中HCl的浓度,气体检测管原理是利用管中惰性载体涂覆的化学试剂与目标气体反应而形成显色区,根据显色区域长度确定气体浓度。实验中使用了两种量程的HCl气体检测管,由鹤壁市昊天实验设备厂提供,量程分别为49×10-6和100×10-6
为避免热解产生的高温气体造成管路及仪器损坏,在热解气室的出气口串联1个长度为2 m的无氧铜管,待气体冷却后再进行分析。气路管线采用聚四氟乙烯塑料管,气路中气体流速为1 L/min。
电缆火灾的原因有内部过热和外部过热两种。无论是内部过热还是外部过热,电缆最外层的外护套材料未热解熔融前,电缆内部材料的热解气体都不会扩散到环境中。因此,电缆火灾早期特征气体主要来自于外护套材料的热解。因此,研究电缆外护套材料热解气体的产生规律,可以确定电缆过热故障早期的特征气体。随着过热时间增加或温度升高,电缆外护套发生熔融,电缆内部材料热解气体会突破外护套的束缚从而进入周围环境中。因此,对电缆内部材料热解气体组分进行研究,可以得到电缆过热故障严重时的特征气体。本文对低温空气氛围下电缆外护套热解产气规律和高温下电缆内部材料热解产气规律进行研究。
目前,常用电缆的外护套基本都是由聚氯乙烯(PVC)材料制作而成,实验中选用YJV22型电力电缆,沿轴向50 mm将其外护套剥离,切成小段后作为电缆外护套热解试样。首先,为确定电缆外护套可能的热解气体组分,调节加热装置的温度,使PVC外护套在220℃下热解,使用CO检测仪、HCl气体检测管和GC-MS对热解气体组分进行定性分析。然后,分别在75、100、120、150℃下进行热解实验,对热解后的气体进行定量分析。
当电缆过热故障比较严重时,电缆外护套处于熔融状态,此时电缆内部材料的热解气体会突破外护套束缚进入周围环境中。沿轴向50 mm将电缆外护套剥离,将剩余部分作为试样。PVC外护套的挤出温度一般为170~185℃,实验中分别将热解气室中温度设置为185℃和225℃,分析电缆内部材料在高温下的热解气体产生规律。首先将热解温度设置为185℃,热解3 h后,使用CO检测仪和HCl气体检测管对实验后的热解气体进行检测,再使用微量注射器将500 μL热解气体注入GC-MS进行分析。然后将热解温度升高到225℃,热解1.5 h后,使用CO检测仪和HCl气体检测管对实验后的热解气体进行检测,再使用微量注射器将500 μL热解气体注入GC-MS进行分析。
每次实验前,拆开热解气室并使用无水乙醇擦拭气室内壁,待无水乙醇挥发后,组装热解气室,然后进行实验。由于色谱峰面积与气体浓度成正比,实验中通过外标定量法对热解气体的浓度进行标定。
PVC外护套在220℃下热解1 h后,气体检测管未在热解气体中检测到HCl,CO检测仪检测到热解气体中有CO,体积分数为42×10-6。然后,使用微量注射器将500 μL热解气体注入GC-MS,使用SCAN模式对热解气体进行定性分析。通过对比热解前后气室中的气体离子流色谱图,查询美国国家标准与技术研究院(NIST)的质谱库,可以确定电缆外护套热解后会产生CO、CO2、CH4、C2H6、C2H4、CH3Cl和C6H6等气体。
热解温度分别为75、100、120、150℃时,得到的电缆护套热解气体体积分数随温度和时间的变化曲线如图3所示。从图3可以看出,热解气体的体积分数随时间的增加而增大。当热解温度为75、100、120℃时,热解产生的气体只有CO2和CO,这是由于PVC分子链端上的小分子烃类气体析出后被氧化生成的产物;当热解温度达到150℃时,随着温度的升高,分子链发生断裂、重聚,热解气体中出现了CH4、C2H4、C3H6和CH3Cl等气体,这4种气体的产生温度T的范围为120℃<T≤150℃。对数据进行拟合后发现,热解温度为100、120、150℃时,CO2的体积分数随时间的增加近似呈指数规律增大;CO的体积分数随时间的增加近似呈线性增大。热解温度为150℃时,CH4、C2H4、CH3Cl的体积分数随时间的增加近似呈指数规律增大,C3H6的体积分数随时间的增加近似呈线性增大。相同热解时间下,CH4、C2H4、C3H6、CH3Cl的体积分数远小于CO2、CO。
电缆内部材料热解时可能产生的气体有CO、CO2和各种烃/醛类气体,所以可以选择合适的质荷比,再使用GC-MS的离子监测(SIM)模式对热解气体进行分析,通过比对NIST质谱数据库,得到选择的气体组分及其质荷比如表1所示。
按照实验方案对去除外护套的3种电缆试样进行热解实验,当热解温度为225℃时,电缆材料发生分子链断裂、重聚,电缆结构中的PVC材料发生脱氯化氢过程,热解气体中检测到CO2、CO、CH3Cl、C2H4、C3H6、CH4、C2H6、C3H8和HCl等9种气体。通过对3种电缆的实验发现,当热解温度为185℃时,气体检测管未在热解气体中检测到HCl,说明此时PVC的脱氯化氢过程还没有发生;当热解温度为225℃时,量程为100 μL/L的HCl气体检测管饱和,说明此时3种电缆均发生了脱氯化氢过程。
使用GC-MS对YJV22型电缆的热解气体分析后发现,CO2在185℃时和225℃时均为饱和,无法确定其体积分数增大速率,其他气体体积分数随时间的变化如图4所示。由图4可知,当热解温度为185℃时,CO2、CH3Cl、CO、CH4和C2H4的体积分数较大,C2H6、C3H6和C3H8的体积分数较小,CH3Cl、CO、CH4、和C2H4体积分数的增速从大到小依次为CH3Cl、CO、CH4、C2H4;当热解温度为225℃时,CH3Cl、CO、CH4、和C2H4体积分数的增速从大到小依次为C2H4、CH4、CO、CH3Cl,随着温度的升高,C2H4和CH4的产生速率增大,CH3Cl的产生速率减小,CO的产生速率变化不明显,此时,热解气体中出现了HCl,且其体积分数增速较快。
使用GC-MS对ZC-YJV22型电缆的热解气体分析后发现,CO2在185℃和225℃时均为饱和,无法确定其体积分数的增大速率,其他气体体积分数随时间的变化如图5所示。由图5可知,当热解温度为185℃时,CO2、CO、CH3Cl和C2H4的体积分数较大,C3H6、CH4、C2H6和C3H8的体积分数较小,CO、CH3Cl和C2H4体积分数的增速从大到小依次为CO、CH3Cl、C2H4;当热解温度为225℃时,CO2、CO、CH3Cl、C2H4和C3H6的体积分数较大,CO、CH3Cl、C2H4和C3H6 4种气体体积分数的增速从大到小依次为CO、C3H6、C2H4、CH3Cl。随着温度的升高,CO、CH3Cl、C2H4和C3H6的产生速率均增大,CH4、C2H6、C3H8的产生速率变化不明显,此时,热解气体中出现了HCl,且其体积分数增速较快。
ZR-KVVRP型电缆内部材料的热解实验结果如图6所示。由图6可知,当热解温度为185℃时,CO2、CO、CH3Cl和C2H4的体积分数较大,C3H6、CH4、C2H6、C3H8的体积分数较小,CO2、CO、CH3Cl和C2H4体积分数的增速从大到小依次为CO2、CO、CH3Cl、C2H4;当热解温度为225℃时,CO2、CO、CH3Cl和C2H4体积分数的增速从大到小依次为CH3Cl、CO、C2H4、CO2,随着温度的升高,CO、CH3Cl和C2H4的产生速率均增大,此时,热解气体中出现了HCl,且其体积分数增速较快。
(1)电缆PVC外护套材料在75℃下就会发生热解,产生CO和CO2;热解温度为120℃及以下时,热解气体组分只有CO和CO2;热解温度为150℃时,热解气体中出现了CH4、C2H4、C3H6和CH3Cl等气体组分。
(2)CO2和CO适合作为常用电缆过热故障极早期特征气体,CH3Cl、C2H4和HCl可作为电缆过热故障加剧的特征气体组分。
(3)当温度达到185℃后,YJV22、ZC-YJV22和ZR-KVVRP型电缆内部材料热解产生的CO2、CH3Cl、CO和C2H4体积分数较大,热解温度升高到225℃时,会产生HCl,且其体积分数增速较快。
  • 国家电力投资集团统筹研发经费支持项目(KYTC2021SD02)
  • 河南省教育科学规划一般课题(2022YB0317)
  • 河南工学院教改项目(2021-YB032)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(232102230013)
  • 河南工学院高层次引进人才科研启动基金资助项目(KQ2108)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.015
  • 接收时间:2023-07-20
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-20
  • 修回日期:2023-10-05
基金
国家电力投资集团统筹研发经费支持项目(KYTC2021SD02)
河南省教育科学规划一般课题(2022YB0317)
河南工学院教改项目(2021-YB032)
河南省科技攻关项目(232102230013)
河南工学院高层次引进人才科研启动基金资助项目(KQ2108)
作者信息
    1国网湖南省电力有限公司电力调度控制中心,湖南 长沙 410007
    2五凌电力有限公司,湖南 长沙 410004
    3河南工学院,河南省线缆结构与材料重点实验室,新乡 453000
    4河南工学院,电缆工程学院;河南,新乡 453000
    5中国科学院电工研究所,北京 100190

通讯作者:

万留杰(1983-),男(汉族),河南新郑人,讲师,博士,主要从事电气设备在线监测技术的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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