Article(id=1210560430725009497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1691337600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-07, revisedDate=1705593600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766549697810, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766549697810, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766549697810, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766549697810, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210560429043085661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766549697408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563951127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210560433073819764, articleId=1210560430725009497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on electrical and hydrophobic properties of PRTV modified by nano BN, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (PRTV) material is the most commonly used anti-pollution flashover coating in power system at present. In order to further improve the insulating performance of PRTV material, the boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles was modified by silane coupling agent KH570, and a BN/PRTV composite was prepared. The effects of BN doping content on the electrical properties and hydrophobicity of the composite material were studied. The results show that the surface of the BN nanoparticle is successfully grafted with coupling agent. With the increase of BN nanoparticle content, the section interface roughness of the composite increases and the mastoid structure appears. The introduction of BN nanoparticles reduces the dielectric constant of PRTV material, and introduces more deep traps inside PRTV, which inhibitis the charge detrapping ability and increases the flashover voltage of PRTV material. When the mass fraction of BN nanoparticles is 5%, the hydrophobicity of the composite is the best and the and flashover voltage is the highest.

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室温硫化硅橡胶(PRTV)是目前电力系统中最常用的防污闪涂料,为了进一步提高PRTV材料的绝缘性能,选用硅烷偶联剂KH570对氮化硼(BN)纳米粒子进行改性,制备了BN/PRTV复合材料,并研究了BN掺杂含量对复合材料电气特性和疏水性的影响规律。结果表明:BN纳米粒子表面成功接枝偶联剂,随BN纳米粒子含量的增加,复合材料断面粗糙度增加且出现乳突结构。BN纳米粒子的引入降低了PRTV材料的介电常数,同时在PRTV内部引入了更多的深陷阱,抑制了电荷脱陷能力,提升了PRTV材料的闪络电压。当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,复合材料的憎水性最佳,闪络电压最高。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杜燕(1988-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,讲师,主要从事气体放电、绝缘材料的研究。
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高文欣(1998-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事老化绝缘材料表面放电和材料改性的研究;

王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,副教授,主要从事聚乙烯中电子态分子模拟的研究。

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高文欣(1998-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事老化绝缘材料表面放电和材料改性的研究;

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高文欣(1998-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事老化绝缘材料表面放电和材料改性的研究;

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王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,副教授,主要从事聚乙烯中电子态分子模拟的研究。

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王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,副教授,主要从事聚乙烯中电子态分子模拟的研究。

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样品名称材料构成
HTV甲基乙烯基硅橡胶为基体材料,通过添加交联剂和硫化剂加工制作而成
1#PRTV 100%
2#PRTV 99%+BN 1%
3#PRTV 97%+BN 3%
4#PRTV 95%+BN 5%
5#PRTV 93%+BN 7%
6#PRTV 91%+BN 9%
), ArticleFig(id=1218281850397705160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430725009497, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

纳米复合材料配比

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样品名称材料构成
HTV甲基乙烯基硅橡胶为基体材料,通过添加交联剂和硫化剂加工制作而成
1#PRTV 100%
2#PRTV 99%+BN 1%
3#PRTV 97%+BN 3%
4#PRTV 95%+BN 5%
5#PRTV 93%+BN 7%
6#PRTV 91%+BN 9%
), ArticleFig(id=1218281850473202634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430725009497, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Deep and shallow trap parameters of composite materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称Ea/eVNa/(eV-1m-3)Eb/eVNb/(eV-1m-3)
HTV0.8313.252×10220.9203.440×1021
1#0.8713.041×10220.9553.746×1021
2#0.9263.564×10220.9781.839×1022
3#0.9161.271×10220.9751.455×1022
4#0.9552.765×10220.9842.966×1022
5#0.9151.838×10220.9921.022×1022
6#0.9293.048×10221.0389.111×1021
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复合材料的深、浅陷阱参数

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样品名称Ea/eVNa/(eV-1m-3)Eb/eVNb/(eV-1m-3)
HTV0.8313.252×10220.9203.440×1021
1#0.8713.041×10220.9553.746×1021
2#0.9263.564×10220.9781.839×1022
3#0.9161.271×10220.9751.455×1022
4#0.9552.765×10220.9842.966×1022
5#0.9151.838×10220.9921.022×1022
6#0.9293.048×10221.0389.111×1021
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样品名称α/kVβ
HTV13.7323.53
1#14.3416.95
2#13.9816.61
3#14.8527.88
4#16.3715.16
5#14.6514.84
6#12.5712.14
), ArticleFig(id=1218281850796164048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430725009497, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

复合材料闪络电压的威布尔分布拟合参数

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样品名称α/kVβ
HTV13.7323.53
1#14.3416.95
2#13.9816.61
3#14.8527.88
4#16.3715.16
5#14.6514.84
6#12.5712.14
), ArticleFig(id=1218281850867467218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430725009497, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Weibull distribution fitting parameters of pollution flashover voltage for composite materials, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
样品名称α/kVβ
HTV6.275.25
1#9.463.40
2#7.574.34
3#9.763.71
4#10.864.67
5#4.345.64
6#5.756.55
), ArticleFig(id=1218281850934576083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430725009497, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

复合材料污闪电压的威布尔分布拟合参数

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样品名称α/kVβ
HTV6.275.25
1#9.463.40
2#7.574.34
3#9.763.71
4#10.864.67
5#4.345.64
6#5.756.55
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纳米BN改性PRTV的电气和疏水特性研究
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高文欣 , 杜燕 , 张晶蕊 , 韦萌根 , 张博 , 王洋
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(7): 51-60
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(7): 51-60
纳米BN改性PRTV的电气和疏水特性研究
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高文欣, 杜燕, 张晶蕊, 韦萌根, 张博, 王洋
作者信息
  • 西安工程大学,陕西 西安 710048
  • 高文欣(1998-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事老化绝缘材料表面放电和材料改性的研究;

    王洋(1984-),男(汉族),吉林省吉林人,副教授,主要从事聚乙烯中电子态分子模拟的研究。

通讯作者:

杜燕(1988-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,讲师,主要从事气体放电、绝缘材料的研究。
Study on electrical and hydrophobic properties of PRTV modified by nano BN
Wenxin GAO, Yan DU, Jingrui ZHANG, Menggen WEI, Bo ZHANG, Yang WANG
Affiliations
  • Xi′an Polytechnic University, Xi′an 710048, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.007
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室温硫化硅橡胶(PRTV)是目前电力系统中最常用的防污闪涂料,为了进一步提高PRTV材料的绝缘性能,选用硅烷偶联剂KH570对氮化硼(BN)纳米粒子进行改性,制备了BN/PRTV复合材料,并研究了BN掺杂含量对复合材料电气特性和疏水性的影响规律。结果表明:BN纳米粒子表面成功接枝偶联剂,随BN纳米粒子含量的增加,复合材料断面粗糙度增加且出现乳突结构。BN纳米粒子的引入降低了PRTV材料的介电常数,同时在PRTV内部引入了更多的深陷阱,抑制了电荷脱陷能力,提升了PRTV材料的闪络电压。当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,复合材料的憎水性最佳,闪络电压最高。

PRTV  /  氮化硼纳米粒子  /  纳米复合涂层  /  闪络电压

Room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber (PRTV) material is the most commonly used anti-pollution flashover coating in power system at present. In order to further improve the insulating performance of PRTV material, the boron nitride (BN) nanoparticles was modified by silane coupling agent KH570, and a BN/PRTV composite was prepared. The effects of BN doping content on the electrical properties and hydrophobicity of the composite material were studied. The results show that the surface of the BN nanoparticle is successfully grafted with coupling agent. With the increase of BN nanoparticle content, the section interface roughness of the composite increases and the mastoid structure appears. The introduction of BN nanoparticles reduces the dielectric constant of PRTV material, and introduces more deep traps inside PRTV, which inhibitis the charge detrapping ability and increases the flashover voltage of PRTV material. When the mass fraction of BN nanoparticles is 5%, the hydrophobicity of the composite is the best and the and flashover voltage is the highest.

PRTV  /  BN nanoparticles  /  nanocomposite coating  /  flashover voltage
高文欣, 杜燕, 张晶蕊, 韦萌根, 张博, 王洋. 纳米BN改性PRTV的电气和疏水特性研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (7) : 51 -60 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.007
Wenxin GAO, Yan DU, Jingrui ZHANG, Menggen WEI, Bo ZHANG, Yang WANG. Study on electrical and hydrophobic properties of PRTV modified by nano BN[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (7) : 51 -60 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.007
高温硫化硅橡胶(high temperature vulcanized silicone rubber,HTV)具有优异的耐候性、耐腐蚀性、绝缘性能和疏水性等[1],凭借这些优异的特性,HTV被广泛用于复合绝缘子、垫片和密封材料的制造。然而,随着电网持续发展,输配电设备的电压等级和容量不断提高,同时运行环境更加复杂,复合绝缘子发生故障的概率大幅提高,每年由于绝缘子污闪导致的电力系统事故屡见不鲜[2]。因此,提高HTV绝缘子的电气性能对于电网安全稳定的发展迫在眉睫。室温硫化硅橡胶(PRTV)是新一代防污闪涂料,常被用来增强硅橡胶的电气性能[3-4]。然而在实际运行过程中,复杂的操作环境会导致其介电性能下降,疏水性丧失,并且会随着时间的推移发生脱落现象[5-6]
研究表明,掺杂纳米粒子能有效地改善材料的绝缘性能和疏水性,而不同类型的纳米填料直接影响绝缘材料的性能[7]。LIU P Y等[8]在硅橡胶中填充氮化硼纳米片,提高了材料的电气强度和疏水性,但机械强度有所下降。刘旺冠等[9]使用碳纳米管(CNTs)、六方氮化硼(BN)以及氮化铝(AlN)作为填料填充硅橡胶,结果表明当AlN为80份、BN为68份、CNTs为2份时,复合材料的垂直热导率为1.857 W/(m·K),平行热导率为2.853 W/(m·K),体积电阻率为2.18×1012 Ω·cm,拉伸强度达到4.3 MPa,复合材料表现出良好的绝缘性能。WU Y J等[10]利用银纳米颗粒(AgNPs)和改性氮化硼纳米片(BNNSs)制备环氧纳米复合材料,结果表明复合材料的击穿电压有所提高。
此外,纳米填料的掺杂比例对材料的绝缘性能也有重要影响[11]。廖昙倩等[12]将碳化硅纳米线和碳纳米纤维以不同的掺杂比例添加到硅橡胶中,在直流电压下,碳化硅纳米线质量分数为0.1%的复合涂层材料比硅橡胶裸片的闪络电压提高了31%;在交流电压下,碳纳米纤维质量分数为0.05%的复合涂层材料比硅橡胶裸片的闪络电压提高了11%。房子袆等[13]制备了多个自固化氮化硼(BN)硅橡胶复合材料试样,研究发现试样的体积电阻率随着BN添加量的增加而略微降低。DU B X等[14]在硅橡胶中掺杂BN纳米粒子,探究BN纳米粒子的添加对硅橡胶材料耐电侵蚀能力的影响。结果表明随着BN掺杂量的增加,硅橡胶材料的电侵蚀深度和质量损失均呈现下降趋势,绝缘性能得到了提升。
综上所述,掺杂BN纳米粒子能够有效改善材料的电学性能、热学性能和疏水性能,但是目前尚未有通过BN纳米粒子改性PRTV材料的研究报道。为全面探究BN纳米粒子对PRTV材料电气性能与表面憎水性的影响,本文使用硅烷偶联剂(KH-570)对BN纳米粒子进行表面改性,将改性后的BN纳米粒子加入到室温硫化硅橡胶(PRTV)材料中,制备5种不同BN含量的纳米BN/PRTV复合材料,测试不同纳米粒子含量下复合材料的表面形貌以及静态接触角的变化规律。然后通过复合材料的沿面闪络和污闪特性,结合相对介电常数测试与表面电位衰减测试,分析BN纳米粒子对PRTV材料绝缘机理的影响。
高温硫化硅橡胶,廊坊瑞海化工材料有限公司;纳米六方氮化硼(BN),其粒径小于200 nm,上海麦克林生化科技有限公司;PRTV涂料,中国中联华宇电力科技有限公司;KH570硅烷偶联剂,纯度为97%,上海阿拉丁科技有限公司;盐酸(浓度为0.1 mol/L)、乙醇(浓度为99%),上海麦克林生化科技有限公司。
为实现BN纳米粒子在PRTV基体中均匀分散,本文采用硅烷偶联剂KH570对BN纳米粒子进行表面改性。将BN纳米粒子放在100℃烘箱中烘焙24 h,去除多余水分备用。将3 g BN纳米粒子添加到9 g乙醇溶液中,质量比为1∶3,超声分散2 h。然后在溶液中加入0.15 mL稀盐酸溶液和0.3 mL硅烷偶联剂,并在70℃恒温水浴中搅拌1 h,使硅烷偶联剂在酸性条件下充分水解。最后通过超声波进行超声处理,使纳米填料均匀分散在溶液中,过滤后干燥48 h后再经过研磨得到改性完成的BN纳米粒子。
使用改性后的BN纳米粒子制备纳米复合材料样品。首先,将无水乙醇作为分散介质添加到BN纳米粒子中,超声分散20 min后获得BN纳米粒子悬浮液。接着,将PRTV分批定量地添加到悬浮液中,以500 r/min的速度搅拌70 min使乙醇蒸发,再将混合物在真空下脱气20~30 min。最后,将混合物混匀涂敷在HTV材料表面,在室温下晾晒固化48 h后,统一将材料剪裁为50 mm×80 mm×3 mm的尺寸。本文制备的纳米复合材料配比和命名如表1所示。
为更加准确地分析闪络电压值,采用双参数威布尔分布对不同BN含量复合材料的交流闪络电压进行分析,以定量评估BN含量对复合材料闪络电压的影响。
对于双参数威布尔分布,其累积概率函数如式(1)所示。
F(t)=1-exp-t/αβ
式(1)中:t为测量变量,主要研究闪络电压UF(t)是外加电压不大于t时的绝缘失效概率;αβ分别为尺度参数和形状参数[15]
式(1)等号两边进行指数变换可得式(2)
ln(-ln(1-F(t))=βlnt-βlnα
Y=ln(-ln(1-F(t)))X=lnt,整理式(2)式(3)
Y=βX-βlnα
将闪络电压和累积闪络概率代入XY中,利用最小二乘法得到YX的关系:Y=aX+b,则αβ可由式(4)得到。
$\alpha=\exp (-(b / a)), \beta=a$
αβ代入式(1),即可估算复合材料在某一外加电压下累积闪络概率F(t)。
闪络电压测试系统如图1所示。测试系统所用设备包括交流电压源、电容分压器(分压比为1 000∶1)、保护电阻、指型电极平台、罗氏线圈和数字示波器等。其中,指型电极曲率半径为7.5 mm,将指型电极通过定制的电极平台与样品紧密固定在一起,保证样品与电极紧密接触,电极间隙为10 mm。
将待测样品经过超声清洗并干燥后,放入电极平台,利用指型电极施加交流电压开展沿面闪络实验,采用逐步升压法以100 V/s的升压速率对样品进行加压,直至样品发生沿面闪络。发生闪络后,电弧贯穿双指型电极,指型电极的接地极流过高频电流后,通过罗氏线圈测量感应电流作为触发信号,测量闪络电压。为确保实验结果的可靠性,不同填料含量的复合材料样品均选取5个样片进行测试,每个样片进行20次以上闪络放电实验,结果取5~15次闪络电压的平均值,测试间隔时长为10 min。
将所有样品采用浸泡法染污(染污液原料为:硅藻土8 g、高岭土8 g、氯化钠4 g、水200 mL)10 min之后,放入烘箱烘干[16]。为确保实验结果的可靠性,不同填料含量的复合材料样品均选取5个样片进行测试,每个样片进行20次以上的闪络放电实验,结果取5~15次闪络电压的平均值,测试间隔时长为10 min。
等温表面电位衰减测量系统如图2所示,该系统由电晕放电、表面电位测量以及数据采集3个部分构成,为保证实验温度与湿度的恒定,将电晕放电以及电位测量部分放入有机玻璃材质的恒温箱中。
为获得较为均匀的表面充电效果,电晕放电部分采用多针电极,施加于栅电极的充电电压和施加于栅极的栅极电压分别为-15 kV和-3 kV,高压电源规格为DC0-±30 kV/1 mA。电位测量部分使用静电电压表(Trek 347B型)和探针(Trek6000B-13C型),静电探头在测量时距离样品表面3 mm。数据采集部分使用NI myDAQ数据采集卡,将采集到的数据传输到计算机,通过LabView实时检测表面电位衰减的动态信息。
在实验开始前,使用硅胶干燥剂将恒温箱中的湿度保持在30%左右,并对样品进行预处理。使用酒精清洁样品表面,两面包覆锡箔纸接地,在80℃烘箱内处理24 h,去除材料内部残余电荷及材料表面水分。实验时,首先通过置于样品上方的电极系统对样品进行电晕充电,充电2 min后,迅速将静电探头旋转至待测样品上方,进行实时表面电位测量。
对5种不同配比的BN/PRTV复合材料与HTV材料进行SEM测试观察其微观形貌,结果如图3所示,图中白色小亮点为BN纳米颗粒团聚部分,深色部分为涂料。从图3(a)图3(b)可以看出,HTV材料和PRTV的断面呈现出光滑平整的形貌。随着BN纳米粒子的加入,复合材料内部出现不同程度的纳米粒子团聚现象,如图3(c)(g)所示。
当BN纳米粒子的质量分数为1%时,复合材料表面没有出现纳米粒子团聚现象(如图3(c)所示)。当BN纳米粒子的质量分数分别为3%、5%、7%、9%时,BN纳米粒子在基体材料中的团聚程度随着纳米填料含量的增加而增加。在BN纳米粒子质量分数为3%和5%时,粒子的分散情况总体来说仍较为良好,因为添加适量的BN纳米粒子可以使其填充材料中的微观孔隙,表现出较好的分散性。当BN纳米粒子质量分数为7%时,纳米粒子在基体中产生较多团聚。当BN纳米粒子质量分数为9%时,复合材料中纳米粒子出现了大量的团聚。在掺杂不同含量的BN纳米粒子后,材料断面呈现出不同的粗糙程度。这是因为BN纳米粒子在不同含量的掺杂下与基体材料的交联密度并不相同所导致。从图中可以明显看出,相较于5#、6#样品,2#、3#、4#样品中团聚现象显著减少且纳米粒子与基体材料结合更为紧密,这一结构直接影响了复合材料的电学性能和疏水特性。
图4为BN纳米粒子改性前后的傅里叶红外光谱图。从图4可以看出,波数为3 127 cm-1处为-OH的伸缩振动峰,BN纳米粒子红外光谱的特征峰主要集中在400~2 000 cm-1,波数为750 cm-1和1 391 cm-1处的2个明显的特征峰分别对应于B-N的面内伸缩振动和B-N的面外伸缩振动[17]。BN经过KH570改性处理后,可以看到868 cm-1和493 cm-1处出现新特征峰,分别为Si-O的非对称弯曲振动峰和Si-OH的伸缩振动峰,-OH特征峰显著减小。Si-O与Si-OH的出现说明硅烷在BN表面发生了缩合反应,表明有机部分成功地引入到纳米粒子表面。-OH特征峰的显著减小则说明纳米粒子表面的-OH与KH570中的-OH发生脱水缩合反应,生成了新的Si-O键,即KH570已经成功接枝到BN纳米粒子上。
纳米复合材料的憎水性直接影响材料的抗污闪性能[18],本文采用悬滴法对不同样品进行静态接触角测试。将待测样品平整地放在样品台上,用去离子水作测试液,依次测量样品表面不同位置处的静态接触角,取10次测量值的平均值作为最终结果。
图5为复合材料的静态接触角测试结果。从图5可以看出,水滴在HTV表面近似为半球形,静态接触角平均值为87.90°;水滴在PRTV表面近似为圆球状,静态接触角平均值为116.84°。添加BN纳米粒子后,BN/PRTV复合材料的静态角接触角均有所增大。随着BN纳米粒子添加含量的增加,BN/PRTV复合材料的静态接触角呈现先增大后减小的趋势。其中BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%的复合材料静态接触角度平均值达到最大(147.37°),比HTV的静态接触角平均值提升了67.7%。
这是由于使用经KH570改性的BN纳米粒子表面接枝了-OH,能够促进纳米粒子与基体材料进行化学交联反应。根据不同试样的SEM结果可知,掺杂质量分数为5%的BN纳米粒子能够有效填充材料表面的空隙孔洞,使复合材料中填料与基体材料的结合更为紧密,形成致密的网络状结构,从而得到良好的疏水结构。但过多BN粒子的掺杂一方面会导致其团簇增多,团簇直径增大,分散性下降,从而影响纳米材料与基体材料的结合效果;另一方面BN纳米粒子会在基体材料表面形成大量乳突结构,当BN纳米粒子添加较多时容易导致复合材料表面平整度下架,从而降低了复合材料的表面憎水性。
采用concept80型宽频介电谱分析仪测试不同样品的介电常数,测试温度为25℃,频率为10-1~106 Hz,样品厚度为3 mm。图6为HTV、PRTV与BN/PRTV复合材料的相对介电常数变化曲线。从图6可以看出,添加BN纳米粒子后,复合材料的相对介电常数发生了较为明显的变化。与HTV材料相比,BN/PRTV复合材料的相对介电常数显著降低。这是由于在HTV中强极性官能团主要包括羟基(-OH)、羰基(C=O)、羧基(-COOH)、胺基(-NH2)、硅氧键(Si-O-Si),另外还可能含有其他辅助基团和添加剂,主要以强极性为主,因此其介电常数较大;而在PRTV材料中仅含有烷基(-CH3)、苯环(-C6H5)等弱极性官能团,因此其介电常数较小。BN的相对介电常数通常为2.0~4.0[19],BN填料本身的介电常数略高于PRTV,当添加少量BN纳米粒子到PRTV基体材料中时,BN/PRTV复合材料的相对介电常数仍较低。这是由于BN纳米填料与PRTV基体通过分子作用力和化学键紧密结合,阻止了纳米粒子及其周围分子链的移动和转动,因此纳米复合材料的介电常数较低且明显低于HTV材料的介电常数[20]。但随着纳米粒子含量的增多,BN/PRTV复合材料的相对介电常数逐渐增加。此外,所有材料的相对介电常数均随频率的升高呈下降的趋势,最终在高频区域趋于稳定。这是由于PRTV材料中主要为大分子结构,偶极子极化占主导作用且极化过程需要的时间较长。当外加电场频率较高时,偶极子的转向速率难以跟上外加电场的变化速率,导致高频电压下材料内部电场随着频率升高而逐渐减小,介电常数下降[21]。与HTV相比,复合材料的相对介电常数较为稳定,这是由于BN纳米颗粒的“钉扎效应”极大地限制了介质材料内部大分子链的移动[22],从而限制了电介质材料中偶极子基团的转向极化,因此在高频段复合材料的相对介电常数基本不变。
对HTV、PRTV材料与BN/PRTV复合材料进行表面电荷注入与消散测试,以探究电荷消散规律与材料陷阱情况,测试结果如图7所示。从图7可以看出,HTV、PRTV材料与BN/PRTV复合材料的表面电位随着时间的增加出现两种变化趋势,分别为衰减初期表面电位的快速下降与衰减中后期的缓慢下降。快速下降是由于浅陷阱脱陷以及衰减初期电场较大,缓慢下降过程对应于深陷阱的电荷脱陷。浅陷阱中的电荷吸收较少的能量就能从陷阱中脱陷,进而发生电荷的迁移与消散。而深陷阱中的电荷想要脱陷,则需要获得较大的能量。从图7还可以看出,随着纳米粒子的引入,BN/PRTV复合材料表面电位衰减速率明显减小,其中4#样品的衰减速率显著小于其他填料含量的PRTV复合材料。
不同样品的陷阱测试结果如图8所示,基于文献[23-24]提出的电介质陷阱分布计算方法,计算得到复合材料的陷阱深度和能级密度如表2所示。表中EaEb分别为浅陷阱、深陷阱能级,NaNb分别为浅陷阱、深陷阱密度。从图8表2可以看出,复合材料的陷阱呈现“双峰”分布,分别表征电子的浅陷阱中心与深陷阱中心。
图8表2还可以看出,随着BN纳米粒子的引入,复合材料中的浅陷阱减少,深陷阱增多。相比于HTV材料与PRTV材料,引入BN纳米粒子后,随着BN纳米粒子含量的增加,复合材料中浅陷阱能级有所增大,浅陷阱密度整体有所减小,深陷阱密度呈现先上升后下降的趋势。当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,样品深陷阱密度达到最大,且浅陷阱中心和深陷阱中心的能级较为接近(浅陷阱中心能级为0.91~0.96 eV,深陷阱中心能级为0.97~1.02 eV),同时深陷阱密度明显大于浅陷阱密度。
分析发现,在掺杂BN纳米粒子后,材料的浅陷阱能级有所增大。这是由于纳米粒子与PRTV基体之间的界面形成了能带弯曲或局部电场效应,使在界面附近形成的浅陷阱能级增大,同时改变了电荷在界面附近的陷阱密度[25]。同样,在掺杂BN纳米粒子后,材料的深陷阱密度也有所增大,这是由于BN纳米粒子在与PRTV基体材料结合时形成了大量的界面结构,使得分子链的交联结构发生变化,引入了更多的深陷阱。陷阱密度的增加进一步使得载流子在迁移过程中被捕获的概率增大,从而使得复合材料内载流子迁移过程的限制影响增强[26]。然而,当BN质量分数为9%时,复合材料的深陷阱密度反而减小,这是因为当纳米粒子含量过多时,它们可能会发生聚集,形成团簇。这种聚集导致纳米粒子与基体的接触面积减小和纳米粒子的有效表面积减小,并且纳米粒子与PRTV界面区出现重叠,从而影响纳米粒子与基体的作用效果[27]。总的来说,纳米粒子的引入可以增大PRTV材料中的陷阱能级,从而在一定程度上改善材料的电学性能。
深、浅陷阱能级和密度的变化与电介质内的电荷输运过程密切相关,决定了闪络电压的变化趋势[28]。通过闪络电压实验测试复合材料涂层的闪络性能,将PRTV和不同材料含量的BN/PRTV复合材料均匀涂覆在HTV基体材料上,涂层厚度约为60 μm,使用逐步升压法测量交流电压下每种材料的沿面闪络电压。利用威布尔分布分析复合材料的闪络电压,数据拟合结果如图9所示,各特征参数如表3所示。表3α为沿面闪络概率密度函数最大时的闪络电压,可用于描述绝缘系统的特征击穿电压;β代表闪络概率随外加电压增大的变化速率,可表征绝缘系统对外加电压的敏感性[29]
表3可以看出,随着BN填料含量的增加,复合材料的闪络电压整体上呈现先增大后减小的趋势,当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,复合材料的闪络电压达到最大值。
根据接触角测试结果可知,BN纳米粒子的加入改变了复合材料的疏水性能,4#样品的接触角最大,达到147.37°,水滴在BN/PRTV复合材料表面近似为圆球状,饱和湿润后表面水滴分布稀疏,其表面有大量的干带区域,材料表面的爬电距离得到有效利用,使得流过材料表面的泄漏电流较小,从而不易满足交流电弧的恢复条件,必须通过增大作用电压来增加泄漏电流,因此污闪电压提高[30]。同时,由于纳米粒子的特殊表面性质和形态可能会减缓污染物在表面的沉积,从而减少了污闪的发生[31]
为了进一步验证复合材料的污闪性能,将7种样品在交流电压下的污闪电压进行威布尔分布分析,拟合结果如图10所示。从图10可以看出,不同BN纳米粒子含量下复合材料的污闪电压数据拟合呈现直线形态,验证了复合材料的交流污闪电压服从威布尔分布,拟合参数如表4所示。
表4可以看出,染污后7种样品的污闪电压从大到小依次为4#、3#、1#、2#、HTV、6#、5#。其中4#样品的污闪电压最大,相比于HTV提高了73.2%;3#样品的污闪电压次之,相比于HTV提高了55.7%;而5#、6#样品染污之后的闪络电压要低于HTV、PRTV材料的污闪电压。结合接触角和污闪电压测试结果,共同证实了4#样品可以改变绝缘材料与污染物之间的相互作用,减少污染物的附着,降低了污闪发生的概率。
图11为复合材料闪络电压与污闪电压的测试结果。从图11可以看出,不同样品的闪络电压和污闪电压变化规律较为一致。由于HTV材料的介电常数较高,高压侧三结合点处电荷累积增大,加强了高压侧的电场畸变,导致其闪络电压降低[32]。此外根据陷阱能级分布结果可知,BN纳米粒子的引入使得PRTV中浅陷阱和深陷阱密度增大,导致BN/PRTV复合材料的相对介电常数相对较小,根据二次电子发射雪崩的模型,当样品的相对介电常数较小时,复合材料对电场的屏蔽效果较弱,电场在材料内部传播时更容易形成局部高电场区域[33]。在这种情况下,初次电子场致发射的现象会被抑制,产生的二次电子减少,进而抑制了雪崩效应。当雪崩效应被抑制时,电场在材料内部传播的能力受到限制,导致沿面闪络现象的发生概率降低,抑制了沿面闪络现象,提高了样品的闪络电压。并且根据接触角测试结果可知,添加纳米粒子可以提高材料的疏水性,使污染物难以在材料表面附着,减少局部放电的发生,从而提高了污闪电压。但当BN纳米粒子质量分数为9%时,复合材料内出现填料团聚及界面区域部分重叠现象,导致其深陷阱密度有所降低,界面区库仑阻塞效应减弱[34]。此外,高BN含量下复合材料的疏水性能减弱也是导致其闪络电压与污闪电压降低的原因。
综上所述,BN纳米粒子的加入可以提高PRTV材料的闪络电压,改善其沿面闪络现象,但值得注意的是,纳米粒子的添加量和分散性对污闪电压的影响非常重要。添加纳米粒子过多或分散不均都可能导致材料的电学性能变差,甚至降低污闪电压。因此,在应用纳米加强型绝缘材料时,需要仔细优化其添加量和分散性,以确保其能够发挥最佳的电气性能,从而提高污闪电压。
(1)经FTIR测试可知,KH570已接枝在BN纳米粒子表面,完成表面改性;掺杂BN纳米粒子导致PRTV材料表面粗糙度增加;当BN质量分数为7%和9%时,复合材料表面出现明显BN团簇,形成界面乳突结构,且随着BN含量增加团簇密度增大。
(2)BN纳米粒子通过调控PRTV的表面能和界面结构,改善了PRTV材料的憎水性,当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,复合材料的静态接触角提升效果最为显著。
(3)在引入BN纳米粒子后,复合材料的介电常数相对于HTV材料明显降低,深陷阱增多,抑制了电荷脱陷。当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,深陷阱密度最大。因此,在硅橡胶基体材料中掺杂纳米粒子会极大地增强复合材料的绝缘性能,当BN纳米粒子质量分数为5%时,复合材料的耐压能力最强。
  • 陕西省教育厅专项科研计划(22KJ0497)
  • 一般项目-工业领域(2024GX-YBXM521)
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2024年第57卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.007
  • 接收时间:2023-08-07
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-07
  • 修回日期:2024-01-19
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陕西省教育厅专项科研计划(22KJ0497)
一般项目-工业领域(2024GX-YBXM521)
作者信息
    西安工程大学,陕西 西安 710048

通讯作者:

杜燕(1988-),女(汉族),陕西西安人,讲师,主要从事气体放电、绝缘材料的研究。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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