Article(id=1210560430636921189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695571200000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-25, revisedDate=1700668800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766549697788, onlineDateStr=2025-12-24, pubDate=1721404800000, pubDateStr=2024-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766549697788, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766549697788, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766549697788, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210560429043085661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='142', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766549697408, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563951127, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620213532430861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1210560429043085661, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=13, endPage=21, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210560432645992842, articleId=1210560430636921189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research status and development trend of insulating varnish for traction motor, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In this paper, combined with the application of insulation varnishes on the market in traction motors, the research status and development trend of insulation varnishes for traction motors at home and abroad were reviewed. The insulation varnish systems developed from 180-class (H) diphenyl ether system to the 200-class (N) epoxy anhydride system, and then to the 220-class (R) silicone insulation system, indicating that the insulation varnish system for traction motors were developing towards high heat resistance direction, and the future development and application trend was still high heat resistant insulation varnish systems.

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本文结合目前市场上的绝缘漆品种在牵引电机上的应用情况,综述了国内外牵引电机用绝缘漆的研发现状和发展趋势,从180级(H)的二苯醚体系到200级(N)的环氧酸酐体系,再到220级(R)的有机硅绝缘体系,说明牵引电机绝缘漆体系向着高耐热方向发展,未来的研发应用及发展趋势仍然是高耐热的绝缘漆体系。

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衷敬和(1977-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘材料的研究及应用工作。

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衷敬和(1977-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘材料的研究及应用工作。

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衷敬和(1977-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘材料的研究及应用工作。

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New Chemical Materials, 2009,37(4):45-46., articleTitle=Preparation and characterization of C-grade solvent-free silicone impregnating resin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218111635613467016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=82, authorNames=范鉴全, 熊育资, 陈金槟, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=范鉴全,熊育资,陈金槟.Better 117C有机硅浸渍树脂的制备与应用[C]//第十二届全国绝缘材料与绝缘技术学术会议.东莞,2014., articleTitle=Better 117C有机硅浸渍树脂的制备与应用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218111635701547403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=83, authorNames=FANJ Q, XIONGY Z, CHENJ B, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FANJ Q, XIONGY Z, CHENJ B. Preparation and application of Better 117C organic silicon impregnated resin[C]//The 12th National Academic Conference on Insulation Materials and Insulation Technology. Dongguan,2014., articleTitle=Preparation and application of Better 117C organic silicon impregnated resin, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218111635756073358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=49, issue=2, pageStart=34, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=84, authorNames=张晓强, 张山弟, 尚爱霞, journalName=绝缘材料, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张晓强,张山弟,尚爱霞,等.Better117C有机硅浸渍树脂在高速牵引电机上的应用研究[J].绝缘材料,2016,49(2):34-37., articleTitle=Better117C有机硅浸渍树脂在高速牵引电机上的应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218111635810599314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=49, issue=2, pageStart=34, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=85, authorNames=ZHANGX Q, ZHANGS D, SHANGA X, journalName=Insulating Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANGX Q, ZHANGS D, SHANGA X, et al. Research on the application of Better 117C organic silicon impregnated resin in high speed traction motors[J]. Insulating Materials,2016,49(2):34-37., articleTitle=Research on the application of Better 117C organic silicon impregnated resin in high speed traction motors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218111635894485396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=86, authorNames=陈红生, 李八宁, journalName=电力机车与城轨车辆, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈红生,李八宁.牵引电机有机硅绝缘系统应用问题分析及解决对策[J].电力机车与城轨车辆,2021,44(1):17-22., articleTitle=牵引电机有机硅绝缘系统应用问题分析及解决对策, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1218111635953205654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=87, authorNames=CHENH S, LIB N, journalName=Electric Locomotives and Urban Rail Vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=CHENH S, LIB N. Analysis of application problems and solutions of organic silicon insulation system for traction motors[J]. Electric Locomotives and Urban Rail Vehicles,2021,44(1):17-22., articleTitle=Analysis of application problems and solutions of organic silicon insulation system for traction motors, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1218111617875755831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111617884144439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, companyId=1218111617875755831, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1Zhuzhou Times Electrical insulation Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111617892533048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, companyId=1218111617875755831, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1株洲时代电气绝缘有限责任公司,湖南 株洲 412000)]), AuthorCompany(id=1218111617968030525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111617976419134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, companyId=1218111617968030525, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2Zhejiang BoFay Electric Co., Ltd., Haining 314400, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111618018362178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, companyId=1218111617968030525, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2浙江博菲电气股份有限公司, 浙江 海宁 314400)]), AuthorCompany(id=1218111618156774212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111618165162821, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, companyId=1218111618156774212, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1218111618177745735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, companyId=1218111618156774212, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3中车株洲电机有限公司,湖南 株洲 412001)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1218111622233637862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=The schematic diagram of molecular structure of toughened modified organosilicon, figureFileSmall=7Ad9TypYVDkm8RXANAFfFw==, figureFileBig=ZkWyD+iS89VWb41PBrjVAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218111622359466989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=图1, caption=增韧改性有机硅分子结构示意图, figureFileSmall=7Ad9TypYVDkm8RXANAFfFw==, figureFileBig=ZkWyD+iS89VWb41PBrjVAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218111622481101811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The sample morphology of TJ1173-1 after curing and cold/hot shock test, figureFileSmall=RT3JZ9aFmq+BRwkS0XNDig==, figureFileBig=/YbXA5KalnZWXLps0+RYCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218111622590153724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=图2, caption=TJ1173-1固化后且经冷热冲击实验后的样品形貌, figureFileSmall=RT3JZ9aFmq+BRwkS0XNDig==, figureFileBig=/YbXA5KalnZWXLps0+RYCw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1218111622695011326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=The characteristic of four insulating varnish systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘漆体系优点缺点
二苯醚体系

1.常态黏度较低,可常温浸渍;

2.贮存稳定性较好;

3.固化温度为150~180℃,固化时间短;

4.应用广泛,价格相对较低。

1.苯乙烯做稀释剂,固化挥发份较高,不环保;

2.粘结力等力学性能较环氧体系低,固化后发脆;

3.耐候性、耐高温性能较差;

4.电气性能较环氧酸酐体系和有机硅体系偏低。

聚酯亚胺体系

1.常态黏度较低,贮存稳定性较好;

2.耐温等级达到180级(H)以上;

3.固化温度为200℃以下,固化时间短;

4.浸润性能好,适应性强,能与多种云母带配套,应用比较广泛,价格相对较低。

1.介质损耗偏高;

2.含有活性稀释剂,挥发性较环氧酸酐和有机硅体系高;

3.气味较重;

4.固化收缩率大,介质损耗增量比环氧酸酐体系和有机硅体系大。

环氧酸酐体系

1.填充性好,粘结力强;

2.采用潜伏性固化促进剂,固化物耐热性能突出;

3.通过高强度的环氧固化体系来维持电机运行的整体力学性能;

4.固化温度为180~200℃,较有机硅体系低。

1.双组份供货,使用和输漆全程需要加热;

2.贮存稳定性相对较差;

3.交联密度高、低温下脆性大、耐寒性能差;

4.常态黏度较高,需加热浸渍;

5.价格相对较高,但比有机硅体系便宜。

有机硅体系

1.耐热性能好,耐温等级可达到220级(R);

2.应用温度范围广,-40~200℃温度范围内有较好的电气绝缘性能

3.固化后漆膜有一定热弹性,内部应力可得到合理释放;

4.单组份浸渍漆贮存期较环氧酸酐体系长。

1.固化温度在200℃以上,固化时间长;

2.高温下粘结性下降显著;

3.常态黏度较高,需加热浸渍;

4.价格相对较高。

), ArticleFig(id=1218111622783090690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种绝缘漆体系的特点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绝缘漆体系优点缺点
二苯醚体系

1.常态黏度较低,可常温浸渍;

2.贮存稳定性较好;

3.固化温度为150~180℃,固化时间短;

4.应用广泛,价格相对较低。

1.苯乙烯做稀释剂,固化挥发份较高,不环保;

2.粘结力等力学性能较环氧体系低,固化后发脆;

3.耐候性、耐高温性能较差;

4.电气性能较环氧酸酐体系和有机硅体系偏低。

聚酯亚胺体系

1.常态黏度较低,贮存稳定性较好;

2.耐温等级达到180级(H)以上;

3.固化温度为200℃以下,固化时间短;

4.浸润性能好,适应性强,能与多种云母带配套,应用比较广泛,价格相对较低。

1.介质损耗偏高;

2.含有活性稀释剂,挥发性较环氧酸酐和有机硅体系高;

3.气味较重;

4.固化收缩率大,介质损耗增量比环氧酸酐体系和有机硅体系大。

环氧酸酐体系

1.填充性好,粘结力强;

2.采用潜伏性固化促进剂,固化物耐热性能突出;

3.通过高强度的环氧固化体系来维持电机运行的整体力学性能;

4.固化温度为180~200℃,较有机硅体系低。

1.双组份供货,使用和输漆全程需要加热;

2.贮存稳定性相对较差;

3.交联密度高、低温下脆性大、耐寒性能差;

4.常态黏度较高,需加热浸渍;

5.价格相对较高,但比有机硅体系便宜。

有机硅体系

1.耐热性能好,耐温等级可达到220级(R);

2.应用温度范围广,-40~200℃温度范围内有较好的电气绝缘性能

3.固化后漆膜有一定热弹性,内部应力可得到合理释放;

4.单组份浸渍漆贮存期较环氧酸酐体系长。

1.固化温度在200℃以上,固化时间长;

2.高温下粘结性下降显著;

3.常态黏度较高,需加热浸渍;

4.价格相对较高。

), ArticleFig(id=1218111622934085641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=The typical value of conventional performance of four insulating varnish systems, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目二苯醚体系聚酯亚胺体系环氧酸酐体系有机硅体系
黏度(23±0.5)℃/(mPa·s)51901 7491 080
固化挥发份/%10.65.703.761.23
电气强度/(MV/m)26.025.627.224.4
介质损耗因数(常态)0.002 50.006 70.004 30.001 9
体积电阻率(常态)/(Ω·m)3.7×10148.2×10143.1×10156.0×1016
粘结强度(螺旋线圈法,常态)/N9613522565
吸水性%0.110.150.130.07
耐温等级200级(N)200级(N)200级(N)220级(R)
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623055720460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

4种绝缘漆体系的常规性能典型值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目二苯醚体系聚酯亚胺体系环氧酸酐体系有机硅体系
黏度(23±0.5)℃/(mPa·s)51901 7491 080
固化挥发份/%10.65.703.761.23
电气强度/(MV/m)26.025.627.224.4
介质损耗因数(常态)0.002 50.006 70.004 30.001 9
体积电阻率(常态)/(Ω·m)3.7×10148.2×10143.1×10156.0×1016
粘结强度(螺旋线圈法,常态)/N9613522565
吸水性%0.110.150.130.07
耐温等级200级(N)200级(N)200级(N)220级(R)
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623147995151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=The main performance of YE-90H and SAI6875-55/72 insulating varnish, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态项目YE-90HSAI6875-55/72
固化前组成由L-2832多官能环氧树脂、DER-332双酚A二缩水甘油醚和MHAC-P液体酸酐按质量比混合而成,潜伏性固化剂、促进剂预置于绕组绝缘内由耐热酚醛环氧树脂主剂SAI6875-5与固化剂SAI8828-7按质量比为100∶46混合而成,促进剂预置于固化剂中
外观浅褐色黏流态液体棕褐色黏流态液体
黏度/(Pa·s)10~50(25℃)
凝胶时间/min(100℃)150~250(加入促进剂后)
使用性需现场调配,使用(浸渍)前需对树脂进行预热和真空脱气需现场调配,使用(浸渍)前需对树脂进行预热和真空脱气
固化后常态抗张强度/MPa≥50
常态延伸率/%2~4
耐温等级200级(N)200级(N)
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623236075538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

YE-90H和SAI6875-55/72绝缘漆的主要性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
状态项目YE-90HSAI6875-55/72
固化前组成由L-2832多官能环氧树脂、DER-332双酚A二缩水甘油醚和MHAC-P液体酸酐按质量比混合而成,潜伏性固化剂、促进剂预置于绕组绝缘内由耐热酚醛环氧树脂主剂SAI6875-5与固化剂SAI8828-7按质量比为100∶46混合而成,促进剂预置于固化剂中
外观浅褐色黏流态液体棕褐色黏流态液体
黏度/(Pa·s)10~50(25℃)
凝胶时间/min(100℃)150~250(加入促进剂后)
使用性需现场调配,使用(浸渍)前需对树脂进行预热和真空脱气需现场调配,使用(浸渍)前需对树脂进行预热和真空脱气
固化后常态抗张强度/MPa≥50
常态延伸率/%2~4
耐温等级200级(N)200级(N)
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623357710363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=The typical values of conventional performance of three kinds organic silicone solvent-free impregnating varnish, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目TJ1173-1TJ1173H62C
外观浅黄色、微浑、黏稠液体浅黄色、透明、黏稠液体浅黄色、微浑、黏稠液体
黏度((23±0.5)℃,旋转黏度计)/(mPa·s)1 0201 1001 050
胶凝时间((200±1)℃,试管法,13 g)/min10.69.513.2
粘结力/N(螺线管法,浸二遍)(23±2)℃867980
(180±2)℃17.415.814.2

厚层固化性能

(常温+200℃15 h,10 g,45 mm×45 mm)

S1U1I2.1均匀、坚硬、不开裂、无气泡S1U1I2.1均匀、坚硬、不开裂、无气泡S1U1I2.1均匀、坚硬、不开裂、无气泡
表面干燥性(180℃,2 g,45 mm×45 mm)/h0.81.00.8
邵D硬度(23±2)℃727070
弯曲强度(23±2)℃/MPa29.628.429.0
固化挥发份(10g)/%0.860.670.47
电气强度/(MV/m)常态22.222.422.8
200℃20.620.220.6
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)常态2.9×10155.1×10153.8×1015
200℃2.6×10112.9×10111.4×1011
介质损耗因数/%常态0.190.170.13
200℃0.270.220.18
贮存稳定性(闭口法,(60±2)℃,4 d,黏度增长倍数)0.030.020.02
吸水率(浸水24 h,10 g,50 mm×50 mm)/%0.030.050.03
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623441596453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

3种有机硅无溶剂浸渍漆的常规性能典型值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目TJ1173-1TJ1173H62C
外观浅黄色、微浑、黏稠液体浅黄色、透明、黏稠液体浅黄色、微浑、黏稠液体
黏度((23±0.5)℃,旋转黏度计)/(mPa·s)1 0201 1001 050
胶凝时间((200±1)℃,试管法,13 g)/min10.69.513.2
粘结力/N(螺线管法,浸二遍)(23±2)℃867980
(180±2)℃17.415.814.2

厚层固化性能

(常温+200℃15 h,10 g,45 mm×45 mm)

S1U1I2.1均匀、坚硬、不开裂、无气泡S1U1I2.1均匀、坚硬、不开裂、无气泡S1U1I2.1均匀、坚硬、不开裂、无气泡
表面干燥性(180℃,2 g,45 mm×45 mm)/h0.81.00.8
邵D硬度(23±2)℃727070
弯曲强度(23±2)℃/MPa29.628.429.0
固化挥发份(10g)/%0.860.670.47
电气强度/(MV/m)常态22.222.422.8
200℃20.620.220.6
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)常态2.9×10155.1×10153.8×1015
200℃2.6×10112.9×10111.4×1011
介质损耗因数/%常态0.190.170.13
200℃0.270.220.18
贮存稳定性(闭口法,(60±2)℃,4 d,黏度增长倍数)0.030.020.02
吸水率(浸水24 h,10 g,50 mm×50 mm)/%0.030.050.03
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623525482541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=The conventional performance index of 117C organic silicone impregnating insulating varnish, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目指标值
外观浅黄色透明液体,无机械杂质
黏度(旋转黏度计)((23±2)℃)/(mPa·s)700~1 300
胶凝时间((200±2)℃)/min14~20
固化挥发份(10 g,(200±2)℃,1 h)/%≤1
邵D硬度≥65
与铜反应无铜绿
吸水率/%≤0.1
表面干燥性200℃/h不粘
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)(23±2)℃≥1.0×1014
浸水,(23±2)℃≥1.0×1014
电气强度/(MV/m)(23±2)℃≥22
浸水,(23±2)℃≥20
介质损耗因数/%(23±2)℃≤1
浸水,(23±2)℃≤1
粘结强度((23±2)℃)/N≥50
厚层固化能力S1、U1、I2.1均匀
拉伸强度/MPa≥15
弯曲强度/MPa≥25
贮存稳定性((100±2)℃,24 h)/倍≤1
), ArticleFig(id=1218111623621951539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1210560430636921189, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

117C有机硅绝缘漆的常规性能指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
检测项目指标值
外观浅黄色透明液体,无机械杂质
黏度(旋转黏度计)((23±2)℃)/(mPa·s)700~1 300
胶凝时间((200±2)℃)/min14~20
固化挥发份(10 g,(200±2)℃,1 h)/%≤1
邵D硬度≥65
与铜反应无铜绿
吸水率/%≤0.1
表面干燥性200℃/h不粘
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)(23±2)℃≥1.0×1014
浸水,(23±2)℃≥1.0×1014
电气强度/(MV/m)(23±2)℃≥22
浸水,(23±2)℃≥20
介质损耗因数/%(23±2)℃≤1
浸水,(23±2)℃≤1
粘结强度((23±2)℃)/N≥50
厚层固化能力S1、U1、I2.1均匀
拉伸强度/MPa≥15
弯曲强度/MPa≥25
贮存稳定性((100±2)℃,24 h)/倍≤1
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牵引电机用绝缘漆研究现状及发展趋势
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衷敬和 1, 2 , 邢国华 1, 2 , 唐畅 3 , 刘燕青 1, 2 , 梁西川 3 , 盛科山 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(7): 13-21
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(7): 13-21
牵引电机用绝缘漆研究现状及发展趋势
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衷敬和1, 2, 邢国华1, 2, 唐畅3, 刘燕青1, 2, 梁西川3, 盛科山1, 2
作者信息
  • 1株洲时代电气绝缘有限责任公司,湖南 株洲 412000
  • 2浙江博菲电气股份有限公司, 浙江 海宁 314400
  • 3中车株洲电机有限公司,湖南 株洲 412001
  • 衷敬和(1977-),男(汉族),江西吉安人,高级工程师,主要从事绝缘材料的研究及应用工作。

Research status and development trend of insulating varnish for traction motor
Jinghe ZHONG1, 2, Guohua XING1, 2, Chang TANG3, Yanqing LIU1, 2, Xichuan LIANG3, Keshan SHENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Zhuzhou Times Electrical insulation Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412000, China
  • 2Zhejiang BoFay Electric Co., Ltd., Haining 314400, China
  • 3CRRC Zhuzhou Electric Co., Ltd., Zhuzhou 412001, China
出版时间: 2024-07-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.002
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本文结合目前市场上的绝缘漆品种在牵引电机上的应用情况,综述了国内外牵引电机用绝缘漆的研发现状和发展趋势,从180级(H)的二苯醚体系到200级(N)的环氧酸酐体系,再到220级(R)的有机硅绝缘体系,说明牵引电机绝缘漆体系向着高耐热方向发展,未来的研发应用及发展趋势仍然是高耐热的绝缘漆体系。

牵引电机  /  绝缘漆  /  发展趋势  /  高耐热

In this paper, combined with the application of insulation varnishes on the market in traction motors, the research status and development trend of insulation varnishes for traction motors at home and abroad were reviewed. The insulation varnish systems developed from 180-class (H) diphenyl ether system to the 200-class (N) epoxy anhydride system, and then to the 220-class (R) silicone insulation system, indicating that the insulation varnish system for traction motors were developing towards high heat resistance direction, and the future development and application trend was still high heat resistant insulation varnish systems.

traction motor  /  insulating varnish  /  development trend  /  high heat resistance
衷敬和, 邢国华, 唐畅, 刘燕青, 梁西川, 盛科山. 牵引电机用绝缘漆研究现状及发展趋势. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (7) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.002
Jinghe ZHONG, Guohua XING, Chang TANG, Yanqing LIU, Xichuan LIANG, Keshan SHENG. Research status and development trend of insulating varnish for traction motor[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (7) : 13 -21 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.002
随着科技进步,电机电器等设备朝着大容量、轻量化、智能化、高效性和高可靠性方向发展,对电机电器所用绝缘材料如浸渍漆的质量及可靠性提出了越来越高的要求。优异的介电性能、高耐热等级、高绝缘可靠性是目前绝缘材料的研发及发展方向。
绝缘漆是电机电器绝缘系统的重要组成部分,在电机结构中主要起到填充空隙、粘接、防潮、防尘、绝缘等作用。从电机电器的绝缘结构来看,主绝缘材料主要由粉云母纸、玻璃布、浸渍树脂和聚酰亚胺薄膜组成。其中粉云母纸和玻璃布都是无机材料,本身具有很好的绝缘性能,因此很大程度上绝缘漆的好坏决定了电机的性能。
从20世纪80代开始,国外的电机绝缘耐温等级陆续从最为常见的155级(F)逐渐提高到180级(H)、200级(N)甚至220级(R)。随着人类环保意识不断增强,为了减少污染,改善操作条件,国外在20世纪中期就先后研制出无溶剂型浸渍漆,并在电机和其他电器装置领域获得了广泛应用。国内技术水平相应要低些,起步晚一些,但技术发展正向国际先进水平看齐,通过技术引进,消化吸收再逐步走国产化道路,也逐步形成了155级(F)、180级(H)、200级(N)以及220级(R)一整套的绝缘体系并取得工程化应用。具有代表性的产品主要有180级(H)二苯醚体系和聚酯亚胺体系的绝缘漆、200级(N)环氧酸酐绝缘漆以及220级(R)无溶剂有机硅绝缘漆。
目前在国内牵引电机方面使用的绝缘漆主要有二苯醚体系、聚酯亚胺体系、环氧酸酐体系和有机硅体系,4种绝缘漆体系均有各自的特点,如表1所示。按照GB/T 15022.2—2017试验方法对4种绝缘漆体系的常规性能进行检测,检测结果如表2所示。
表2可以看出,4种绝缘漆体系的电气性能相当,环氧酸酐体系的力学性能最为优异,二苯醚体系和聚酯亚胺体系的综合性能优异、价格相对较低、综合性价比较高,有机硅体系的耐热性、环保性(挥发份低)优异[1-11]
本文结合这些年牵引电机绝缘漆的开发和应用情况,对二苯醚体系、聚酯亚胺体系、环氧酸酐体系和有机硅体系绝缘漆进行介绍。
20世纪90年代,轨道交通牵引电机主要以异步牵引电机为主,蔡彬芬等[12-13]开发出异步牵引电机绝缘系统用二苯醚体系绝缘漆TJ1160,该绝缘漆由二苯醚结构改性耐热聚酯制备而成,已大批量应用到异步牵引电动机中,应用效果良好,满足了异步牵引电机对绝缘系统的要求。
同时期,吴传富等[14]根据中车公司自1989年提出统一漆种的要求后,与当时铁道部广州电气绝缘研究所合作开始研制和试用T1147二苯醚无溶剂漆产品。T1147绝缘漆是以改性二苯醚树脂、聚酯为主料、以苯乙烯为活性稀释剂形成的单组份无溶剂漆,其具有固化温度低、固化挥发份低、浸渍性能好、各项力学性能和电气性能优良、贮存稳定性好等优点。张店电机厂在1992年时利用二苯醚无溶剂绝缘漆浸渍处理ZQDR-410型牵引电动机取得非常满意的效果,并于1993年正式批量使用该二苯醚无溶剂绝缘漆。当时牵引电机绝缘漆品种正向二苯醚体系过渡。
因二苯醚体系绝缘漆产品的运行可靠性及性价比合适,一直以来得到电机厂的认可和青睐,但二苯醚体系绝缘漆所用原材料因受到环保的限制,其供应受到很大影响,限制了二苯醚体系绝缘漆产品进一步的开发及应用,目前只有极少数电机厂在使用二苯醚体系绝缘漆,现已基本被淘汰。
聚酯亚胺绝缘漆是以亚胺结构改性耐热聚酯得到的一类耐热等级达到200级(N)的绝缘漆品种,其广泛应用于风力发电电机、牵引电机和一些中低压电机绝缘的浸渍处理。
耐热聚酯和聚酯亚胺体系绝缘漆在牵引电机上的应用需要从耐热等级方面加以验证。邱添等[15]分别从绝缘漆的常规性能、耐热等级、绝缘漆与云母带等主绝缘材料之间以及与返修电机之前所用绝缘漆的相容性、冷热冲击对绝缘性能的影响等方面进行研究,重点简述了用聚酯亚胺绝缘漆替代二苯醚体系绝缘漆的可行性,并指出聚酯亚胺绝缘漆完全可替代二苯醚体系绝缘漆在新电机和检修电机上的使用要求。文中还指出聚酯亚胺绝缘漆具有干燥性好、凝胶时间短、固化快、热态粘结强度高等优点。高云霞等[16-17]对聚酯亚胺绝缘漆在内燃机车牵引电动机上的应用进行了研究,指出随着环保要求的不断提高,采用甲基苯乙烯作为稀释剂的浸渍漆将逐步被限制使用,取而代之的是一种由低黏度、耐热纯树脂组成的环保型聚酯亚胺绝缘漆,并对其进行电气绝缘性能、局部放电性能、耐高低温冲击性能以及浸水性能等测试,以验证环保型绝缘漆的应用工艺和模型线圈性能能否满足电机使用要求,结果表明环保型聚酯亚胺绝缘漆满足交流传动内燃机车配套中间直流电压为1 800 V以下的交流牵引电机电气性能的应用要求。
王健[18]利用T1168-H环保型耐高温聚酯亚胺体系绝缘漆在牵引电机上开展应用研究,通过分析绝缘漆的耐热性能、环保性能、贮存稳定性等常规性能,并通过制作模拟线圈,对其在牵引电机上的应用性能进行测试。结果表明,T1168-H绝缘漆综合性能较好,耐热温度达到222℃,固化挥发份仅为1.6%,在运输、浸漆和烘焙过程中均没有刺激性气味产生,对环境影响小,满足环保要求,是一种新型的环保绝缘漆。同时贮存性能稳定,正常状态下贮存24 d后黏度增长率仅为3.6%,可以满足长期贮存及反复使用的要求。此外,其黏度适中,凝胶时间短、挂漆量大,具有良好的应用工艺性能。经验证,浸渍T1168-H绝缘漆的线圈绝缘在击穿电压、浸水前后的绝缘电阻以及介质损耗因数等方面性能优异,满足牵引电机对绝缘浸渍漆的要求。
邹家桂等[19]采用高耐热低黏度不饱和聚酯亚胺树脂成功开发了一种高黏度纯树脂型的116HP聚酯亚胺绝缘漆,对其各项性能进行测试,并与国外的亚胺环氧浸渍树脂产品进行对比分析,结果表明116HP聚酯亚胺绝缘漆固化挥发份极低、电气性能优异,具有较好的耐高低温冲击性能和耐湿热交变性能,其耐热性能优于进口亚胺环氧浸渍树脂,适用于200级特种电机线圈和绕组的绝缘处理。通过浸渍模拟动车牵引电机线棒表明,线棒的绝缘整体性较好,而且浸水试验后仍能保持较低的介质损耗和较高的击穿电压。该绝缘漆目前应用在株洲电力机车研究所开发的直线牵引电机上。
在牵引电机领域,环氧酸酐绝缘系统是非常重要且广受关注的绝缘体系之一,起初主要以日本三菱、日立等公司为代表推广使用。环氧酸酐绝缘漆采用耐热环氧树脂配合酸酐形成,经耐热性评价其耐热温度能够达到200℃,还具有优异的机械强度和电性能,被广泛地应用于牵引电机领域。代表性的产品有YE-90H漆和SAI6875-55/72漆,表3列出了两种漆的性能数据对比。20世纪90年代株洲电力机车工厂与日立公司合作引进环氧酸酐绝缘漆,成功研制了SS6B型直流牵引电力机车。进入21世纪以来,国内绝缘厂家也对环氧酸酐绝缘漆进行了较为深入地研究,形成了相应的产品并积极推广应用[20-22]。基于其应用过程中的突出优势,大量的科研工作者都对其产生了浓厚的兴趣。
王楷等[23]对牵引电机用双马改性环氧酸酐绝缘漆的固化动力学进行了研究,并通过DSC热分析,利用Kissinger方程和Ozawa方程求得了体系的固化反应表观活化能、固化反应级数、理论凝胶温度、理论固化温度及理论上的后处理温度,并以此确定绝缘漆的固化工艺。
董月云[24]对高压电机用环氧绝缘浸渍漆开展研究,并分别对双酚A缩水甘油醚类环氧树脂/酸酐/苯乙烯体系和脂环族环氧树脂/酸酐/单环氧基缩水甘油醚类稀释剂体系进行了试验验证。郑芸[25]对环氧真空压力浸渍(VPI)绝缘树脂的制备与性能进行了深入研究,采用新型脂环族环氧化合物为基体树脂,比较了含有环氧基、氨基或乙烯基的反应性硅氧烷对环氧VPI树脂固化反应及固化物性能的影响。研究了GPTMS硅烷改性环氧树脂(GPTMS-EP)体系中环氧树脂固化与硅氧烷水解缩合同步反应之间的相互影响及对固化物性能的影响。
因为许多绝缘漆生产企业也对环氧酸酐体系的基础研究和应用研究投入了大量精力,与国外同类别的绝缘漆产品相继投放市场,比较有代表性的产品有苏州巨峰绝缘系统股份有限公司生产的JF9955/9960系列环氧绝缘漆。该公司夏宇等[26-28]以自制国产化分子蒸馏设备处理得到的高纯度环氧树脂为关键材料,根据国内不同用户使用要求开发了加热浸渍型环氧酸酐浸渍漆JF-9955-1和常温浸渍型环氧酸酐浸渍漆JF-9955-2等系列产品,其性能到达国际先进水平。文献中还介绍了采用特种环氧树脂、耐高温聚酰亚胺树脂和特种固化剂制备得到一种环保型耐温等级为200级(N)的无溶剂浸渍树脂,并与国外同类型的树脂进行了技术特性对比分析。同时与聚酰亚胺薄膜补强的少胶云母带配套得到一种环氧绝缘结构,其具有优异的电气性能、耐热性能和耐水性,适用于大功率牵引电机线圈和绕组的绝缘处理。从2009年起,JF9960系列产品在北车集团永济新时速电机电器有限责任公司成功替代日本京瓷化学TVB2711,到目前已有十几年的大功率200级(N)牵引电机运行经验。
为配合直流牵引电力机车的关键核心绝缘国产化工作,李鸿岩等[29]经过多年的潜心研究成功开发出了环氧酸酐绝缘漆TJ1162,该漆成功应用于广州地铁4号线直流牵引电动机和高速动车组牵引电机上,通过定子挂漆量、定子浸水试验及整机型式试验、定子绕组温升试验及耐热性能评定,各项结果均满足技术要求,并且与采用进口树脂的电机结果相当。经运行考核验证了国内环氧绝缘漆已达到国外同类绝缘漆的技术水平。唐畅等[30]成功将环氧酸酐绝缘漆TJ1162应用到高速动车组牵引电机上,验证了国产TJ1162树脂的各项性能与国外进口树脂A相当,其中热态介质损耗和粘结强度优于进口,可以满足牵引电机的应用要求。
20世纪90年代,国外著名牵引电机制造商如阿尔斯通、西门子等对于干线高速机车牵引电机已陆续采用了耐温等级为220级(R)的有机硅绝缘漆,最有代表性的是法国阿尔斯通大西洋公司的16633有机硅绝缘漆,并在后来出现了Isola公司的3551无溶剂有机硅浸渍漆和Wacker公司的H62系列产品,都有不错的应用效果。
在国内,本世纪初株洲南车电机股份公司从Isola公司引进了一套全新的220级(R)有机硅绝缘漆,浸渍树脂采用3551加成型无溶剂有机硅树脂。之后从西门子引进的DJ4机车牵引电机采用的是德国Wacker公司的H62A/B双组份无溶剂有机硅树脂的200级绝缘体系。通过南车集团的多次技术引进和消化吸收,认为220级(R)无溶剂有机硅绝缘漆形成的有机硅绝缘系统将是重载机车交流变频牵引电机和高速动车变频牵引电机220级(R)绝缘系统的首选方向。
近年来,永磁同步牵引电机得到了大力发展和推广应用,其小型化、轻量化、高功率密度的优势也符合轨道交通牵引电机的发展趋势。但永磁牵引电机采用的封闭结构会使绝缘系统绕组端部的散热条件变差,导致绕组端部温升高于定子温升。因此,这种封闭结构对电机绝缘系统的耐热性能提出了更高的要求,而以优异耐热性著称的有机硅绝缘漆便成为了首选绝缘材料。
但对于有机硅无溶剂绝缘漆,国内长期以来依赖进口的局面将直接导致该领域产品失去国际竞争力,同时制约国内电机行业特别是高端领域所用电机的发展。与此同时,国内对有机硅无溶剂绝缘漆的需求量随着国内城市轨道交通和高速机车等的发展不断增长。
在国内,有机硅材料的相关研究虽起步较晚,但在有机硅绝缘漆方面取得了快速发展。从20世纪60-70年代我国就开始研发了有机硅有溶剂绝缘漆并投入到绝缘应用领域。但由于有溶剂体系不适用于VPI浸漆,使用受到限制。而新一代的有机硅无溶剂绝缘漆研发方面与国外差距较大。早在20世纪70年代某化工研究院就已经着手研究加成型有机硅无溶剂绝缘漆,并研制了GWS系列有机硅无溶剂树脂作为电力机车牵引电机电枢主线圈的浸渍绝缘,并浸渍了多台720千瓦的大型直流电机,均表现较好的应用效果。该系列有机硅无溶剂树脂不仅绝缘性能好、机械强度高,同时工艺性能简便,但是漆的贮存问题得不到很好地解决,因此没有得到大规模推广应用[31-40]
2003年起根据客户提出的有机硅绝缘漆国产化要求,本研究团队[41]开始对有机硅无溶剂浸渍漆开展研究试制,经过近十年潜心研究开发,一种适用于牵引电机高耐热的有机硅无溶剂绝缘漆TJ1173产品问世,产品各项性能均达到国外产品的同级技术水平,目前已经在牵引电机制造领域成功应用有近十年的时间,电机各方面性能均表现良好。
众所周知,虽然有机硅绝缘漆具有耐热性高、电气性能优异等优势,但机械强度低是其一大缺陷,固化后的漆膜在电机运行中容易开裂并吸潮,从而导致绝缘电阻下降等问题。针对以上出现的问题,株洲时代电气绝缘有限责任公司有机硅项目组对有机硅绝缘漆进行深入地研究,找出可能引起开裂的因素,针对性地进行有机硅绝缘漆的升级改性方面的研究。在有机硅体系中引入增韧材料是有效降低有机硅树脂脆性并改善开裂现象的有效途径,为此该项目组在现有的有机硅绝缘漆中加入可参与固化反应的增韧材料进行改性研究,增韧改性后的有机硅分子结构示意图如图1所示。然后对增韧改性机理、改性路线、试验方案、原材料等多方面进行综合验证,并通过正交试验得到增韧改性的有机硅无溶剂浸渍漆品种。通过对基础配方TJ1173有机硅绝缘漆和改进升级配方TJ1173-1有机硅绝缘漆和瓦克H62C有机硅绝缘漆进行了常规性能对比,结果如表4所示。改进升级的1173-1产品基础性能没有大的变化。对TJ1173-1绝缘漆进行冷热冲击试验,试验条件为-45~155℃,共20个周期,发现改进升级后的有机硅绝缘漆具有柔韧性更好、冷热冲击不开裂的优异表现,冷热冲击实验结果如图2所示。
目前220级(R)有机硅无溶剂绝缘漆是牵引电机的首选方向,冷热冲击不开裂的有机硅无溶剂浸渍漆将是未来研究及应用的重点。范鉴全等[42]对有机硅无溶剂浸渍漆进行深入研究,开发了117C有机硅绝缘漆产品,并在第十二届全国绝缘材料与绝缘技术学术交流会上详细介绍了该产品的相关研发过程、产品技术指标、化学成份结构组成和产品性能。表5列出了117C有机硅绝缘漆产品的常规性能指标。
张晓强等[43]介绍了117C有机硅浸渍树脂的基本性能和结构试验情况,并将其与进口树脂进行全面对比,就117C的应用进行全面地剖析和总结。结果表明117C有机硅浸渍树脂具有优异的电气性能、耐热性能和耐水性能,各项基本性能与进口H62C树脂相当,模拟线棒和模卡的各项电性能都达到YJ90A1牵引电机的使用要求,其浸渍117C的YJ90A1电机定子绕组温升比浸渍H62C的低12.4~13.4℃,满足并适用于大功率牵引电机线圈和绕组的绝缘处理。
陈红生等[44]对有机硅绝缘漆开裂问题进行了介绍,并介绍了广州贝特新材有限公司一款117C2改性型有机硅绝缘漆产品。该产品通过在-Si-O-Si-主链以外的侧链上链接多个-CH2CH2-链,改善了聚硅氧烷分子结构的韧性,在经历20个周期-45℃/0.5 h+155℃/0.5 h的冷热冲击试验后,有机硅树脂厚层固化物试样依然保持完好,漆膜抗开裂能力得到较为明显的提升。但文中展示的有机硅漆膜固化后产生了一定的黄变问题,说明改性后的有机硅绝缘漆的耐热性有受到影响的风险。
改性对有机硅绝缘漆耐热性的影响是其增韧研究面临的问题,漆膜的抗开裂性和最终产品的耐热性之间需考虑一个平衡点,因此对有机硅绝缘漆抗开裂性的改性研究要考虑实际的抗开裂效果及由改性带来的其他影响两者之间的平衡,特别包括对漆的耐热性、漆的贮存稳定性、介质损耗、固化特性的影响以及是否带来气泡和挥发份等方面的问题。在有机硅绝缘漆中引入增韧成分,改性漆本身的物理化学性质稳定性也显得特别重要,增韧成份要与漆能够长期相容,经改性后的漆分别在密闭和敞口、抽真空、加压等条件下漆本身的物理化学性质保持稳定,不会出现沉降、分层、变浑、析出等物理化学变化。改性后漆本身的性能特性以及实际开裂效果还需在实际产品开发及应用过程中进行大量的研究实验和应用验证工作。
牵引电机正朝着大容量、高稳定性、长使用寿命等方向发展,对牵引电机使用的绝缘材料包括绝缘漆提出了越来越高的要求,高耐热、高性能的绝缘漆品种不断推陈出新,但往往某一种绝缘漆品种在某些方面表现出优异的性能,而在其他方面的性能欠佳。比如环氧酸酐绝缘漆可以达到200级(N)的耐温等级且有着非常优异的力学性能,但其贮存稳定性较差,导致其在实际应用过程中黏度增长过快,不利于大量应用。有机硅绝缘漆可以达到220级(R)的耐温等级,且贮存稳定性好,但有机硅漆膜脆性大且粘接强度等力学性能较差,导致有机硅漆膜容易开裂,也不利于其大规模应用。如果能够把目前某一种绝缘漆的缺点彻底解决,那么它将会在电机制造中得到更加广阔的应用。比如解决环氧酸酐绝缘漆的贮存问题,对有机硅树脂改性优化得到一种抗冷热冲击不开裂且不影响其耐热性能的有机硅无溶剂浸渍漆,这些将是未来研究和应用的重点。如果某一种绝缘漆可以胜任各种电机的绝缘处理,这样既方便管理又可大幅降低成本,可能是绝缘漆未来发展追求的理想目标。
牵引电机绝缘系统从180级(H)的二苯醚体系到200级(N)的环氧酸酐体系,再到220级(R)有机硅绝缘漆体系的批量应用,说明牵引电机绝缘漆体系已经向高耐热的方向转变,未来的发展趋势仍然是高耐热的绝缘漆体系。解决目前某一种绝缘漆存在的缺陷是应用过程中提出的更高要求,也是绝缘漆厂家有待研究解决的重点内容。
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2024年第57卷第7期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.07.002
  • 接收时间:2023-09-25
  • 首发时间:2025-12-24
  • 出版时间:2024-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-25
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    1株洲时代电气绝缘有限责任公司,湖南 株洲 412000
    2浙江博菲电气股份有限公司, 浙江 海宁 314400
    3中车株洲电机有限公司,湖南 株洲 412001
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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