Article(id=1209928454179517378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928452547933122, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1687795200000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-27, revisedDate=1692115200000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766399022860, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766399022860, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766399022860, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766399022860, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209928452547933122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='120', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766399022471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563931405, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620130816561673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928452547933122, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620130816561674, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928452547933122, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209928454389232580, articleId=1209928454179517378, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on mechanical properties of epoxy resin reinforced by fillers, columnId=1198667062026531195, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Review, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The research progress of epoxy resin reinforced by different types of fillers, including carbon nanomaterials, ceramics, metals, and natural fillers in recent years was reviewed. The reinforcement effects of types, dispersion, and surface modification of fillers on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin were summarized in detail. And the research and development direction of reinforced modification of epoxy resin were also prospected.

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综述了近年来不同种类填料——碳纳米材料、陶瓷、金属、天然填料增强环氧树脂的研究进展,详细概述了填料类型、填料分散以及填料表面改性对环氧树脂力学性能的增强效果,并展望了环氧树脂增强改性的研究发展方向。

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严玉茹(2000-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电子器件封装材料的研究;

李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

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严玉茹(2000-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电子器件封装材料的研究;

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严玉茹(2000-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电子器件封装材料的研究;

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李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

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李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

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Effect of Al2O3 and MgO nanofiller on the mechanical behaviour of alkaline-treated jute fibre-reinforced epoxy bio-nanocomposite[J]. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery,2024,14:9749-9762., articleTitle=Effect of Al2O3 and MgO nanofiller on the mechanical behaviour of alkaline-treated jute fibre-reinforced epoxy bio-nanocomposite, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1217500322038206544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928454179517378, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=28, issue=7, pageStart=484, pageEnd=491, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=WŁOCHM, BAGIŃSKIF, KOZIŃSKIP, journalName=Polymers and Polymer Composites, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WŁOCHM, BAGIŃSKIF, KOZIŃSKIP, et al. Submicron inorganic particles as an additional filler in hybrid epoxy matrix composites reinforced with glass fibres[J]. 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An investigation on the effects of synthesis on the mechanical properties of nanoclay/epoxy[J]. Journal of Materials Research and Technology,2021,15:5375-5395., articleTitle=An investigation on the effects of synthesis on the mechanical properties of nanoclay/epoxy, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1217500311476949584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928454179517378, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217500311489532498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928454179517378, companyId=1217500311476949584, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1217500311493726802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928454179517378, companyId=1217500311476949584, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=西安科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1217500315352486615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928454179517378, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=Available commercial EP+filler systems, brands, properties, and application industries, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
商业产品填料类型配方品牌性能应用领域
TUF 1820 HTS单组分Kohesi Bond极好的机械强度、一流的剥离强度、极好的导电和导热性能电子、密封
KB 1689镀银镍双组分Kohesi Bond突出的韧性、导热性,低成本、低固化收缩率航空航天、半导体、微波
EP22双组分MasterBond®抗压强度高、尺寸稳定性好、固化收缩率低高性能粘接、涂层
KB 1040 QF石英双组分Kohesi Bond固化后收缩率低、机械强度突出粘接、密封、封装
EP21SC-1碳化硅双组分MasterBond®优异的耐磨性、高硬度、操作方便粘接、涂覆、密封
UV22纳米二氧化硅紫外光固化、环氧基体系MasterBond®优异的耐磨性、热膨胀系数极低光电、航空航天
KB 1085-1石墨双组分Kohesi Bond导电性好、尺寸稳定性好半导体、微波和各种OEM应用
EP75-1石墨双组分MasterBond®良好的导电性、高粘结强度粘接、涂层
), ArticleFig(id=1217500315444761306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928454179517378, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

可用的商用EP+填料系统、品牌、性能及应用行业

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
商业产品填料类型配方品牌性能应用领域
TUF 1820 HTS单组分Kohesi Bond极好的机械强度、一流的剥离强度、极好的导电和导热性能电子、密封
KB 1689镀银镍双组分Kohesi Bond突出的韧性、导热性,低成本、低固化收缩率航空航天、半导体、微波
EP22双组分MasterBond®抗压强度高、尺寸稳定性好、固化收缩率低高性能粘接、涂层
KB 1040 QF石英双组分Kohesi Bond固化后收缩率低、机械强度突出粘接、密封、封装
EP21SC-1碳化硅双组分MasterBond®优异的耐磨性、高硬度、操作方便粘接、涂覆、密封
UV22纳米二氧化硅紫外光固化、环氧基体系MasterBond®优异的耐磨性、热膨胀系数极低光电、航空航天
KB 1085-1石墨双组分Kohesi Bond导电性好、尺寸稳定性好半导体、微波和各种OEM应用
EP75-1石墨双组分MasterBond®良好的导电性、高粘结强度粘接、涂层
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填料增强改性环氧树脂力学性能的研究进展
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严玉茹 , 李会录 , 王超 , 苏建锋 , 夏婷 , 李颖
绝缘材料 | 综述 2024,57(6): 1-8
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绝缘材料 | 综述 2024, 57(6): 1-8
填料增强改性环氧树脂力学性能的研究进展
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严玉茹, 李会录, 王超, 苏建锋, 夏婷, 李颖
作者信息
  • 西安科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 严玉茹(2000-),女(汉族),陕西宝鸡人,硕士生,主要从事电子器件封装材料的研究;

    李会录(1966-),男(汉族),陕西渭南人,副教授,主要从事环氧树脂和光敏树脂、光电子器件封装材料、绝缘介质树脂基薄膜材料、IC芯片封装载板薄膜材料的研究。

Research progress on mechanical properties of epoxy resin reinforced by fillers
Yuru YAN, Huilu LI, Chao WANG, Jianfeng SU, Ting XIA, Ying LI
Affiliations
  • College of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi′an University of Science and Technology, Xi′an 710054, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.001
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综述了近年来不同种类填料——碳纳米材料、陶瓷、金属、天然填料增强环氧树脂的研究进展,详细概述了填料类型、填料分散以及填料表面改性对环氧树脂力学性能的增强效果,并展望了环氧树脂增强改性的研究发展方向。

环氧树脂  /  力学性能  /  增强改性

The research progress of epoxy resin reinforced by different types of fillers, including carbon nanomaterials, ceramics, metals, and natural fillers in recent years was reviewed. The reinforcement effects of types, dispersion, and surface modification of fillers on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin were summarized in detail. And the research and development direction of reinforced modification of epoxy resin were also prospected.

epoxy resin  /  mechanical properties  /  reinforced modification
严玉茹, 李会录, 王超, 苏建锋, 夏婷, 李颖. 填料增强改性环氧树脂力学性能的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (6) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.001
Yuru YAN, Huilu LI, Chao WANG, Jianfeng SU, Ting XIA, Ying LI. Research progress on mechanical properties of epoxy resin reinforced by fillers[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (6) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.001
环氧树脂(EP)作为一种高度交联热固性树脂,因其固化收缩性小、耐化学性优和对材料的高粘附性等优点而广泛应用于绝缘材料、胶粘剂、电子电路等领域[1]。但环氧树脂固化后高度交联使其具有高脆性、低断裂韧性、剥离强度差等缺点,限制了其在高载荷和强冲击条件下的应用[2]。因此增强EP的力学性能以满足所需应用要求一直是研究的热点。
现阶段要在不牺牲EP其他优异性能的情况下增强其力学特性,普遍通过掺入特定填料对其进行改性,利用填料的体积效应、表面效应等实现与环氧树脂的结合,以此达到增强EP力学性能的效果[3]。此外,研究发现,影响EP纳米复合材料性能的因素包括填料的原始性能、填料在EP基体中的分散性等,因此对填料的表面进行改性以改善其与基体界面的结合也成为一大研究方向。本文将重点论述不同类型填料增强EP力学性能的研究现状及进展。
填料是EP系统中最常用的成分之一,其高比表面积会增加其与基体之间的界面相互作用。即使在低填充含量下,将其引入基体相中也会显著增强EP的性能,因此填料在EP中的使用也被报道为一种在不降低EP本身优异特性情况下增强EP其他性能的方法[4]。目前已有研究者通过采用碳纳米填料、陶瓷、金属和天然填料等成功增强EP的力学性能。
碳纳米填料的比表面积高、湿润性优良,部分衍生物结构中存在易与EP形成共价键的含氧基团等,可减少EP结构中的冲击损伤面积、阻止裂纹扩展并延长断裂路径,从而使复合材料呈现出高于纯EP的拉伸强度、耐磨性能和热稳定性等[5]。研究中常用的碳纳米材料主要包括石墨烯(G)、碳纳米纤维(CNF)、碳纳米管(CNTs)和富勒烯(Fullerene)等。
ZHENG W等[6]采用原位聚合法采用石墨烯(G)增强EP,并研究G的含量对G/EP复合材料力学性能的影响。结果表明,G/EP复合材料的力学性能随G含量的增加先增后减,当G的质量分数为0.3%时,复合材料的拉伸强度和弹性模量达到最大值,分别为196 MPa和2.68 GPa。低含量下,复合材料力学性能的改善是由于G的分散强化、有效的应力传递以及与EP基体发生化学反应形成共价键,而添加高含量G时由于其发生自身团聚导致复合材料的力学性能下降。
单组分石墨烯材料具有一定的局限性,如表面能低、易团聚等,极大地限制了其与树脂基体的良好结合。因此,使用石墨烯家族的其他相关材料填充是目前增强EP性能的常用方法。胡涛等[7]利用一种新型有机溶剂三缩水甘油基对氨基苯酚作为相转移剂和表面活性剂,将氧化石墨烯(GO)加入EP基体中,测试表明,GO有效增强了复合材料的力学性能:加入质量分数为0.1%的GO时,GO/EP复合材料的拉伸强度比EP提高了26.60%。FAN J等[8]研究了不同氧化程度GO对EP的增强效果,结果表明,随着GO氧化程度的增加,GO/EP复合材料的拉伸性能相较纯EP显著提高。当GO氧化程度适宜时,GO表面附着更多含氧官能团,有助于增强其与EP之间的界面相互作用,提高应力传递效率,使纳米复合材料的拉伸性能达到最大值。M REGHAT等[9]通过将还原氧化石墨烯(rGO)涂覆3层或5层到纤维织物上并经过热还原注入EP制备rGO增强EP复合材料。力学性能测试显示,与不加入rGO制备的等效复合材料相比,rGO增强EP复合材料的拉伸模量和弯曲强度分别提高了27%和6.2%。
碳纤维(CF)增强EP是通过界面将外部施加的载荷转移到CF上,并将应力均匀分布到整个复合材料上,从而达到提高复合材料的力学性能的效果。郑天麒[10]制备了不同质量分数(0.3%、6%、9%)CF改性的EP基复合材料。结果表明,随着CF质量分数的增加,复合材料的拉伸强度、断裂伸长率均先增大后减小。当碳纤维的质量分数为6%时,CF与EP基体结合良好,在受力过程中CF从树脂基体中拔出,从而使复合材料的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率相比纯EP分别提高了近32.15%和0.31%。
目前大多数关于碳纳米管(CNTs)/EP复合材料的研究都集中在通过添加不同种类CNTs填料并使其良好分散在EP树脂中来提高EP的力学性能。ZHANG J等[11]通过添加不同含量的CNTs来研究填料用量对增强碳纤维/EP复合材料力学性能的影响。研究表明,CNTs在基体中分散均匀且形成有效的界面,在一定程度上提高了复合材料的整体抗损伤能力和力学特性。V RAJSEKHAR等[12]使用不同质量分数的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)改性EP制得MWCNTs/EP复合材料。研究表明,随着MWCNTs质量分数从0.1%增至0.5%,复合材料的力学性能先增后减,在MWCNTs的质量分数为0.4%时达到峰值。他们推测,在低质量分数下,破坏发生在基体中,MWCNTs的加入将基体裂纹钉住从而增强了断裂韧性;在更高的MWCNTs质量分数下,失效发生在纳米团簇中,MWCNTs在EP中团聚形成大的纳米颗粒团簇,且团簇体积随着填料含量的增加而增长,使力学性能下降。
WANG X等[13]将富勒烯C60、石墨烯纳米片(GNPs)和碳纳米管(CNTs)分别加入到EP中制得复合材料。研究结果显示纳米填料/EP复合材料在拉伸作用下断裂后的断口表面粗糙度都有所增加,特别是含有C60的复合材料,其断口表面更加粗糙,解理致密,且拉伸强度提高最大,比纯EP提高了130%。然而,随着纳米颗粒含量的增加,填料发生团聚,复合材料的强度开始下降,且这种现象与纳米填料的类型无关。
陶瓷颗粒因其低收缩率、高机械强度等优异的性能被广泛应用于聚合物复合材料、冲蚀磨损防护等方面。其高比表面积和高活性使其在界面上可与EP基体形成高于范德华力的作用力,同时因其在拉应力下伸长变形小能有效阻碍裂纹扩展,从而达到增强EP的作用[14]。目前,通过添加氮化硼(BN)、碳化硅(SiC)、氧化铝(Al2O3)、二氧化硅(SiO2)等陶瓷填料来增强EP的力学性能已被广泛研究。
FU K等[15]通过机械球磨预反应结合压力成型工艺构建了一种致密的超高氮化硼纳米片(BNNSs)填充EP复合材料。研究发现BNNSs与EP之间的强结合极大地改善了复合材料的力学性能,抗压强度可达到(97±7.9)MPa。这是因为BNNSs分子中π-缺电子的六方环与EP分子中π-富电子的芳环之间的电子吸引引起的典型π-π作用形成强相互作用,在球磨反应过程可以与EP分子良好反应。此外,功能化的BNNSs牢固均匀地包裹在EP内部,既实现了填料的高均匀填充,又保证了复合材料体系内坚固的机械完整性。
WANG Y等[16]将不同含量的碳化硅晶须(SiCw)引入EP制备复合材料,测试表明,当SiCw质量分数增加到12%时,复合材料的弯曲强度和拉伸强度达到最大值,分别相对EP提高了64.1%和77.2%。适量的SiCw既能强化基体,又能弥补纯EP中存在的微缺陷,有效地传递应力、防止裂纹扩展,提高了纯EP的力学性能。
陈勇等[17]采用Al2O3增强EP制备复合材料,经万能试验机测试发现,随着Al2O3用量的增加,Al2O3/EP复合材料的拉伸强度和剥离强度均先增大后减小,当Al2O3的质量分数为10%时,复合材料的拉伸强度达到峰值,较纯EP增加了8.72%;当Al2O3的质量分数为1%时,复合材料的剥离强度较纯EP提高了196.31%。M M SIMUNIN等[18]将Al2O3纳米纤维加入到EP中,发现低含量时Al2O3在EP中分散性好,高含量时Al2O3团聚体形成,导致复合材料的力学性能下降。
O R N RAJA等[19]通过制备不同微、纳米SiO2的环氧纳米复合材料并研究SiO2粒径对复合材料力学性能的影响。结果发现,当以1∶1的质量比加入微米SiO2(M-SiO2)和纳米SiO2(N-SiO2)时,环氧复合材料的力学性能得到了极大的提高。例如,在M-SiO2和N-SiO2的质量分数均为12.5%时,复合材料的杨氏模量达到最大值5.39 GPa,而在仅填充质量分数为25%的M-SiO2或N-SiO2时,复合材料的杨氏模量分别为5.22 MPa和5.32 MPa。这一方面说明作为单一填料时,N-SiO2的性能优于M-SiO2;另一方面证实了微、纳米二氧化硅填料的协同增强机理,当不同尺寸的颗粒在环氧树脂基体中结合形成更强的键合时,颗粒通过填充空白或填充空穴来增强基体。
金属及其氧化物填料具有相稳定性、热稳定性和高表面积等,可以增强其与环氧树脂基体之间的界面相互作用,从而改善EP的力学性能[20]。目前金属填料除了银、铝及其氧化物等还发展了新型的二维材料,如二维过渡金属碳(氮)化物(MXenes)、金属有机骨架(MOF)。
S A BELLO[21]采用复合搅拌技术制备了铝(Al)颗粒增强EP复合材料。通过形态学研究证实了Al颗粒均匀分散在EP基体内,由于应变能释放速率减小,Al/EP复合材料的刚性比EP增加超过10%。SHEN W等[22]将AgO纳米颗粒作为填料以0.5%~2.0%的不同质量分数掺杂EP制成AgO/EP纳米复合材料。测试结果表明,不同AgO掺杂量的纳米复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度均高于纯EP,但随着AgO添加量的增加,容易形成纳米颗粒团块。在AgO质量分数为1.0%时,纳米复合材料的拉伸强度和弯曲强度达到最大值,分别比纯EP提高了72.67%和22.64%。R VASIREDDI等[23]将混合金属氧化物(CexZr1-xO2)纳米颗粒通过分散技术加入到EP中制备纳米复合材料。测试结果表明,填料的质量分数为5%时,环氧纳米复合材料的抗压模量与抗压强度比纯EP分别提高17.4%和23.4%。这归因于聚合物在纳米颗粒界面处的微裂纹扭结可以延缓压缩作用下的断裂,从而提高材料的剪切强度。
研究发现,通过环氧单体嵌入并与分层的Mn+1XnTx(M为早期过渡金属,X为碳或氮,Tx为表面官能团)表面羟基共价连接,可以形成强界面键合从而增强EP基体的力学性能。C B HATTER等[24]制备了过渡金属碳氮化物(Ti3CN)/EP复合材料,研究发现适量的Ti3CN片层嵌入EP导致其具有良好的分散和有限的聚集。随着Ti3CN质量分数增加到90%,Ti3CN/EP复合材料的力学性能有所改善,最大模量提高至12.8 GPa,约为纯EP的3倍。金闯等[25]采用一种MOF改性EP,解决了纳米粒子在EP中分散困难的工艺缺陷,MOF结构中的无机组分具有较高的键能,在受外力作用时产生银纹分散作用力,提升了EP的综合性能。
相较于传统填料,天然填料有着易得、质轻、废弃物利用性和生物降解性等优点。研究表明,在EP中掺入各种天然填料可以增强EP的热学及力学性能,已在电子等领域广泛应用[26]
H ALSHAHRANI等[27]向EP中添加农业废弃物稻壳灰(RHA)生物炭和腰果酚油,与槟榔纤维开发一种生物复合材料,研究表明,腰果酚油的加入提高了树脂韧性,进一步添加处理过的槟榔纤维和RHA颗粒显著改善了EP的拉伸、弯曲和冲击韧性。李晓[28]采用儿茶(AC)增强EP,以4,4二氨基二苯甲烷(DDM)为固化剂制备生物质增强EP复合材料。结果表明,AC能够有效提高DDM固化环氧树脂材料的韧性,当AC质量分数为1%时,复合材料的抗冲击性能提升了94.20%,同时提升了材料的其他力学性能。
纳米黏土矿物具有高硬度,适合于增强改性聚合物基体的结构性能。M SHETTAR等[29]采用机械搅拌器和声纳器将纳米黏土混合加入EP中制备纳米黏土-环氧复合材料(NECs)。结果显示,添加质量分数为4%的纳米黏土后,NECs获得57.4 MPa的最大拉伸强度,比纯EP高6%;在纳米黏土质量分数为2%时,NECs的弯曲强度比纯EP提高近9%。这归因于纳米黏土增强和硬化了周围的基质。
R M SALIH等[30]利用质量分数为15%的头发增强EP复合材料的隔音以及力学性能。结果表明,复合材料的拉伸强度和抗弯强度分别比纯EP提高了约25%和27%。C KOÇHAN等[31]采用真空辅助树脂注射成型法制备了贻贝壳增强EP复合材料板材。试验结果表明,贻贝壳表面高粗糙度增强了与基体之间的界面结合,有效增强了复合材料的抗冲击性,复合材料的最大吸收冲击能量为36 J。
R A A RUSDI等[32]将细菌纤维素(BC)与Kevlar纤维(K)混合增强EP复合材料。拉伸试验表明,复合材料2BC/K/2BC/K/2BC、3BC/K/3BC、K/BC/K和BC/K/BC/K/BC的断裂伸长率分别为39%、31.56%、24%和21%,高于K/K/K复合材料的断裂伸长率(20%)。其中2BC/K/2BC/K/2BC的断裂伸长率最高,这是由于当分层设计在每层上放置两层BC时,延性增强,从而支撑并延长了复合材料破坏的塑性变形。
综上所述,使用上述填料增强EP的力学性能已经取得了较好的研究进展。表1列举了目前部分商用EP/填料产品、品牌及应用行业[33],其中单组分是指环氧预聚物与固化剂的混合物,通常在高温下固化;双组分是指环氧预聚物与固化剂在使用前分离,混合时通常在室温下固化。不同填料对EP可能产生相似的力学增强效果;相同填料下,通常当添加少量填料时能显著增强EP的性能,而当填料含量过多时,体系内发生的团聚会使复合材料表现出较差的力学性能。此外,填料与聚合物基体之间缺乏界面相互作用,导致界面附着力弱,也容易导致材料失效。
MENG Q等[34]观察到氮化硼(BN)直接加入到EP中时,会在分散过程中形成聚集体,他们采用表面活性剂聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(TritonX-100)非共价改性氮化硼(m-BN)纳米片,从而提高纳米片分散性及其与基体的相容性。透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试显示,改性BN纳米片相对均匀地分散在EP基体中,并且有些相互连接。DU B等[35]结合苯胺三聚体和TritonX-100对CNTs改性,并制备双酚F环氧纳米复合材料。结果表明,改性后的CNTs在复合材料中的分散效果提升,对复合材料具有更好的补强增韧作用。
GAO Z等[36]为研究CNTs在环氧基体中的分散情况,使用机械混合和球磨混合制备CNTs/EP纳米复合材料。结果表明,机械混合导致碳纳米管在环氧基体中发生明显团聚。相比之下,球磨过程中由于剪切力轻微破坏了碳纳米管端盖,使其端部打开,将长管变成短碎片,碳纳米管在基体中得以均匀分散,从而提高了环氧树脂的机械强度。
ZENG X等[37]将不同粒径的Al2O3作为填料增强EP,研究发现不同尺寸Al2O3复合填充制得的复合材料冲击强度达到(8.04±1.47)kJ/m2,而单一尺寸Al2O3填充制得的复合材料冲击强度只达到(4.33±0.43)kJ/m2。这种差异可能是由于单一尺寸的Al2O3倾向于团聚,而不同尺寸的Al2O3协同更容易在EP基体内均匀分布,抑制裂纹扩展。
G NAGARAJU等[38]以氧化镁(MgO)和氮化铝(AlN)为填料制备了EP纳米复合材料。结果表明,复合材料所承受的最大应力在MgO质量分数为3.0%时较高,当加入MgO质量分数为5.0%时,复合材料所承受的最大应力与纯EP试样基本相同且应变增量很小,并且在AlN填充EP中存在相似的现象。这归因于团聚破坏了填充材料的纳米级性能,并在纳米复合材料中引入了一些缺陷和各种应力集中区,导致纳米填料与聚合物界面面积减小,从而使复合材料的力学性能降低。
P P VIJAYAN等[39]将二氧化钛(TiO2)纳米粒子和高岭土纳米管(HNT)分别以原始形式和水热法制备TiO2/HNT杂化物后掺入EP基体中。研究发现,水热法处理可以获得良好的填料分布,包裹TiO2纳米粒子的HNT纳米结构消除了TiO2纳米粒子在环氧基体中的不利团聚,形成了有效的界面相互作用,从而避免了力学性能的恶化;而原始掺入的分散性较差,导致其力学增强效果较逊色。
ZHAO F等[40]发现纤维素纳米晶(CNC)在环氧基体中的分散性差,限制了力学性能的提高。目前,许多研究都致力于将动态共价键结合到环氧大豆油衍生的环氧热固性材料中,这也被称为共价自适应网络(CAN),改善材料的力学性能。为了证实此方法的可行性,他们以亚胺为动态共价键结合到环氧大豆油衍生的环氧热固性材料中,并命名为聚环氧亚胺(PEI)。通过与乙二胺(EDA)在二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的交换反应,PEI分解为具有大量羟基和氨基的可溶性中间体(称为De-PEI)。De-PEI可以与CNC形成强氢键,从而促进和稳定CNC在De-PEI溶液中的分散。通过去除DMF和EDA对PEI进行改造,获得了CNC分散良好的PEI/CNC复合材料。当加入20%和30%的CNC时,CAN的拉伸强度和杨氏模量分别比未加CNC之前的环氧大豆油衍生的热固性树脂提高了70%和45倍。
填料在基体中的均匀分散是任何混合复合材料性能提升的首要要求,在基体中团聚、弱界面结合等都会减少填料和基体之间传递载荷的面积和结合力而使分散效果不佳,导致力学性能降低。解决填料在EP中的分散性、界面结合力等问题是增强力学性能的关键。
作为EP的增强体,大多数填料仍没有达到优异的增强效果,主要受以下两个因素的影响:一是填料之间的范德华力及高含量加入EP基体易导致填料团聚;二是填料与基体之间的相互作用较弱,当外部应力较高时,两者之间会发生界面滑移。克服这些缺点的方法分为两类:机械混合和表面功能化改性。机械混合是利用振动和剪切力来破坏团聚体,在分离填料团簇的过程中,机械混合可能会切断填料,而短长度填料与周围环氧基体的界面相互作用较弱,从而损害增强效果。相比于机械混合,通过对填料表面进行共价或非共价修饰改性能够大幅降低表面张力,有效克服范德华引力,改善界面结合程度、促进填料稳定分散,从而使环氧复合材料中具有更好的性能,特别是力学性能方面[41]
当对碳纳米填料表面功能化改性时,去团聚作用会改善填料与EP基体之间的结合,但典型的如石墨烯表面功能化改性具有挑战性。ZHAO Y等[42]成功地在GO上接枝超支化聚合物(HPB)并制备HPB-GO/EP,研究发现,改性复合材料的力学性能得到增强。当HPB-GO质量分数仅为0.2%时,HPB-GO/EP在室温下的冲击强度、拉伸强度和抗压强度分别比EP提高了58.53%、83.29%、57%;在液氮温度(77 K)下,HPB-GO/EP的冲击强度、拉伸强度和抗压强度分别比EP提高了70.32%、50.97%、18.65%。填料与基体之间的相互作用得以增强,一方面是由于表面接枝的聚硅氧烷有效抑制了HPB-GO片间的堆积,使得分散性大幅提高;另一方面是由于HPB-GO可直接与EP反应,通过化学键将两者连接,增强了界面作用力。南欣欣等[43]利用偶联剂KH550表面改性GO获得功能化的氧化石墨烯(KGO)并用于增强EP,研究表明,KGO在EP基体中分散均匀且具有较强的界面作用,在拉伸试验时,应力可有效地转移至KGO上,使复合材料的力学性能得以增强。当加入质量分数为0.5%的KGO时,复合材料的拉伸强度相较于纯EP提高了9.65%。
寇伍轩等[44]利用溶胶-凝胶法将纳米SiO2包覆于羧基化处理的MWCNTs表面,并将其引入EP中。结果表明,包覆处理后的MWCNTs在基体中分散性提高,当SiO2@MWCNTs的质量分数为0.5%和0.7%时,复合材料的冲击强度和弯曲强度相比未改性的EP分别提高了101.4%和32.6%。J W LEE等[45]对CNTs进行光化学表面改性并制备CNTs/EP纳米复合材料。通过真空紫外线(VUV)准分子灯照射,发现EP很好地渗透到CNTs束之间,并形成了牢固的化学键,这种共价交联增强了材料的力学性能。与使用原始CNTs相比,经VUV准分子灯辐照30 min的纳米复合材料拉伸强度和弹性模量分别增加了30%和68%。
CAO D等[46]利用碳(C)包覆的无机类富勒烯二硫化钨(IF-WS2@C)纳米颗粒填充二元双酚F环氧树脂(BPF)/甘蔗基碳粉(SCPs)基体制备新型三元纳米复合材料。研究表明,添加质量分数为0.5%的IF-WS2@C纳米粒子后,复合材料的弯曲模量提高了39.4%,力学性能的改善证明了这种纳米填料的增强效果。袁玉环等[47]利用异氰酸根(-NCO)封端的聚氨酯(PU)分子表面改性纳米SiO2(PU-SiO2),同时利用硅烷偶联剂KH550对碳纤维(CF)进行表面改性,利用-NH2与-NCO较高的反应活性,使PU-SiO2填料和树脂间形成“机械互锁+化学键合”强界面结合。研究结果显示,CF-KH550+PU-SiO2/EP复合材料的界面剪切强度和层间剪切强度相比未改性CF/EP复合材料分别提高了72.9%和47.9%。
对陶瓷粒子进行表面改性使其在树脂基体中均匀、稳定分散,是增强EP力学性能的前提。JIAO L等[48]采用硅烷偶联剂改性碳掺杂氮化硼(BCN)增强EP复合材料,并研究了伽马辐照对复合材料性能的影响。研究发现,经900 kGy辐照后,BCN/EP复合材料的拉伸强度比纯EP提高了32.5%,这种改进归因于功能化BCN和EP的出色相容性。
AI J等[49]通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了SiO2颗粒,并在水中用三亚乙基四胺(TETA)对其进行改性,使氨基参与EP的固化并形成化学键,增加它们的界面作用。添加SiO2和改性SiO2-TETA颗粒后,EP的断裂形貌由脆性断裂转变为韧性断裂,并伴有褶皱的出现。当颗粒粒径较小时,颗粒在EP基体中产生塑性变形,吸收外界冲击能量;当颗粒粒径增大时,EP基体中出现韧窝,能抑制裂纹前缘的发展。在外力作用下,未改性的SiO2颗粒易发生脱落和团聚,而改性后的SiO2-TETA颗粒大多嵌套在EP基体中,且分布良好。
郝娟等[50]对钛酸钙晶须进行不同表面改性并研究其对EP胶粘剂力学性能的影响。结果发现,表面改性提高了晶须与EP界面的粘结力且增强了EP胶粘剂的强度,当晶须用量相同时,不同表面处理对其拉伸剪切强度的影响由强到弱依次为:兼用法、迁移法、表面处理法、未表面改性体系。
金属的表面粗糙和大比表面积等因素限制了其在EP中的良好分散性。研究表明,可以用试剂和聚合物对金属的表面进行功能化改性,以增加它们与EP的兼容性和EP中的分散性,从而提高界面结合强度。A AMJAD等[51]利用纳米氧化铝和氧化镁对黄麻纤维进行表面处理用以增强EP。研究表明,当填料质量分数从1%增加到4%时,复合材料的力学性能得到改善,在纳米填料质量分数为3%时,复合材料的拉伸、弯曲、冲击强度相比EP分别提高了60%、67%、42%。此外还注意到复合材料样品并没有突然失效,而是在达到极限拉伸应力值之前表现出伪塑性行为。M WŁOCH等[52]利用亚微米金属氧化物(ZnO、TiO2)、非金属氧化物(SiO2)颗粒增强EP/玻璃复合材料,并与空白对照样品进行比较。研究表明,金属氧化物颗粒(ZnO或TiO2)的加入提高了复合材料的力学性能,特别是当环氧基体中TiO2质量分数为4%时,复合材料的力学性能最佳,这与金属氧化物颗粒对环氧基体的良好亲和力有关。
柴辉等[53]以钛纳米颗粒(Ti)和碳纳米纤维(CNF)为原料制备Ti-CNF混合填料增强EP。实验结果表明,Ti填充在CNF之间增强了结构中的连接性,使得复合材料的力学性整体提升,当Ti-CNF的质量分数为6%时,复合材料的硬度和断裂韧度分别比EP提高了78.6%和26.9%。LIU L等[54]利用甲基四氢邻苯二酸酐(MTHPA)作为分散介质功能化Ti3C2Tx,并成功制备了Ti3C2Tx/EP复合材料。研究发现,MTHPA与Ti3C2Tx表面的羟基发生反应,在增强剂和基体之间形成化学键,仅使用质量分数为0.2%的Ti3C2Tx,复合材料的拉伸强度比纯EP增加了51%。此外,Ti3C2Tx在改善纤维增强环氧树脂复合材料的导热与导电性能方面也显示出潜力。
天然填料如植物纤维由于表面含有大量的羟基而具有亲水性,与EP之间界面相容性差,且过量添加填料容易在材料受力时发生弱界面的脱附拔出使应力传递失效,不能对EP起到力学补强作用,为此探索纤维表面功能化改性尤为重要。N NANDAKUMAR等[55]研究用硅烷处理过的秋葵纤维素(CCO)和高分子罗望子仁粉(MTP)对EP复合材料力学性能的影响。实验表明,改性CCO的加入增加了EP基体的平滑负载转变和界面粘合性,使复合材料的拉伸强度提高近52%,体积分数为4%的MTP加入后增强了纤维与基体之间的附着力,从而提高了复合材料的硬度。Q V BACH等[56]从椰油中提取细菌纤维素(BC),用带有环氧基团的硅烷偶联剂对其表面进行修饰,用作EP的绿色增强材料。实验发现,当添加质量分数为0.3%的硅烷偶联剂和2.0%的BC时,EP/BC复合材料的力学性能和断裂性能显著提高。
经过表面改性的纳米黏土具有的活性表面可以与EP结构中的链段形成“丝状连接”结构,其可使黏土层发生部分弯曲和交叉重叠达到增强的作用[57]。S FAKREDDINI-NAJAFABADI等[58]研究了蒙脱土(MMT)纳米黏土的直接分散和溶液共混等对EP力学性能的影响,其中直接分散中以3-氨基丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APS)为改性剂制备纳米黏土增强EP,溶液共混法中以正己烷和甲苯溶剂改性黏土增强EP。结果发现,在直接分散法制备的复合材料中出现严重的团聚和纳米颗粒分布不均匀,且复合材料的拉伸强度下降了18.1%,出现这种现象归因于MMT、EP处于不同的相,纳米颗粒不仅没有表现出任何承载性能,还由于应力集中降低了拉伸强度。而使用质量分数为0.2%的甲苯溶剂的溶液共混方法使纳米黏土片堆叠层间距离增加,从而改善了其在聚合物基体中的分散,使复合材料的力学性能达到最佳,其中拉伸强度和弯曲强度相比纯EP分别提高了17.40%和11.91%。
随着EP市场需求的不断扩大,要求其具有优异的力学性能,在EP中添加填料进行增强改性成为最为直接的方法。近年来,各种类型的填料已被应用,研究者们通过改性、复配等方法在不破坏EP本身优异性能的前提下,完成对其特定性能的优化、拓宽其功能和应用范围。其中碳纳米填料、陶瓷、金属及其氧化物和天然填料等因其自身的优异性能而被广泛应用于增强改性EP的力学性能。此外,基于EP的部分生物聚合物,由于绿色环保、成本低、可改善力学性能等优点,比商业聚合物更有应用潜力。
目前对于填料增强EP力学性能方面仍存在改进空间,未来可以从这几个方面考虑:①填料添加量等是决定复合材料力学性能的决定性因素,需加强对树脂/填料的添加比例、填料在EP中的均匀分散等研究;②深入了解各填料机理,研究新型填料改性方法;③深入探究多种类型混合填料协同增强EP复合材料的力学等性能,如无机-有机填料、金属-无机填料协同增强EP基体。
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.06.001
  • 接收时间:2023-06-27
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-06-27
  • 修回日期:2023-08-16
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    西安科技大学 材料科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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