Article(id=1209928220682612987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1689177600000, receivedDateStr=2023-07-13, revisedDate=1693756800000, revisedDateStr=2023-09-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398967190, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398967190, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398967190, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398967190, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209928218329616824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398966629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563901766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620006501585415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620006501585416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=109, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209928220934271229, articleId=1209928220682612987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Study on growth law and pollution control measures of microorganisms in transformer oil, columnId=1209928219172671930, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High-performance Transformer Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Transformer oil is prone to microbial contamination during storage, utilization, and transportation, which affects the quality and insulating performance of transformer oil. In this study, the effects of temperature and humidity on the microorganism growth in transformer oil were mainly investigated, and the quality changes of transformer oil before and after treatment were analyzed. The functional group structure and organic species of transformer oil were identified, and some effective treatment methods for microbial pollution in transformer oil were proposed. The results show that both the transformer running oil and faulty oil contain bacillus subtilis, bacillus using sugar to produce acid, bacillus using sugar to produce acid and gas, and bacillus producing acid and gas without sugar. The number of microorganisms in faulty oil is much greater than that in running oil, and the number of bacillus subtilis is the largest, while there is no microorganism cultured in new transformer oil. The high temperature could restrict the growth of microorganism in transformer oil. When the temperature is 60℃, the microorganisms will not be completely inactivated, and once the temperature returns to 37℃, they will start to grow and reproduce again. When the mass ratio of oil and water is 99∶1, 49∶1, 19∶1, and 9∶1, four types of bacillus all exist at 37℃, and the number of bacillus increases with the increase of oil-water mass ratio. The regeneration treatment method of high-pressure sterilization+molecular sieve coarse filtration+ultrafiltration can make the contaminated transformer oil clear and transparent, and the microorganisms disappear. The regenerated oil mainly contains O-H, C-H, C=O, and unsaturated bonds. After regeneration treatment, the breakdown voltage and volume resistivity of transformer oil increase from 25.83 kV and 5.70×1010 Ω·m to 49.50 kV and 4.68×1011 Ω·m, respectively, and the dielectric loss factor decreases from 6.052% to 0.215%, which meet the requirement of DL/T 1419—2015.

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变压器油在贮存、使用和运输过程中易发生微生物污染,影响其品质和绝缘性能。本研究主要考察温度和湿度对变压器油中微生物生长的影响,分析变压器油处理前后的品质变化,识别变压器油的官能团结构和有机物种类,提出有效处理变压器油微生物污染的方法。结果表明:变压器运行油和故障油中均含有枯草芽孢杆菌、利用糖产酸的杆菌、利用糖产酸产气的杆菌和不利用糖产酸产气的球菌,故障油中的微生物数量远大于运行油,其中枯草芽孢杆菌数量最多;新变压器油中未培养出微生物。高温能够抑制变压器油中微生物的生长,当温度为60℃时,微生物不会完全灭活,一旦温度恢复至37℃,又重新开始生长繁殖。在37℃下,当油水质量比为99∶1、49∶1、19∶1和9∶1时,4种细菌均存在,且随着油水质量比升高,菌株数量增大。采用高压灭菌+分子筛粗滤+超滤的再生处理方法可使污染的变压器油变得清澈透明,且检测不到微生物的存在,再生油中主要含有O-H、C-H、C=O键和不饱和键。经过再生处理后,变压器油的击穿电压和体积电阻率分别由29.67 kV和5.70×1010 Ω·m升高至49.50 kV和4.68×1011 Ω·m,介质损耗因数由6.052%下降至0.215%,满足DL/T 1419—2015的指标要求。

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李妍(2003-),女(汉族),硕士生,甘肃陇南人,研究方向为微生物腐蚀与防护。
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杜国光(1984-),男(汉族),吉林榆树人,高级工程师,研究方向为电力工程技术。

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杜国光(1984-),男(汉族),吉林榆树人,高级工程师,研究方向为电力工程技术。

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杜国光(1984-),男(汉族),吉林榆树人,高级工程师,研究方向为电力工程技术。

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biochemical tests, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目菌1菌2菌3菌4
革兰氏染色+++-
菌落形态圆形、黄色、范围很小圆形、白色、边缘粗糙、不透明圆形、白色、凸起、不透明圆形、灰白色、范围大、具有黏性
细菌形态球状杆状杆状杆状
甲基红试验--+-
乙酰甲基甲醇试验++-+
葡萄糖发酵实验产酸-+++
葡萄糖发酵实验产气---+
蔗糖发酵实验产酸-+++
蔗糖发酵实验产气---+
), ArticleFig(id=1217500253306147040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220682612987, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

革兰氏染色及生理生化试验鉴定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
实验项目菌1菌2菌3菌4
革兰氏染色+++-
菌落形态圆形、黄色、范围很小圆形、白色、边缘粗糙、不透明圆形、白色、凸起、不透明圆形、灰白色、范围大、具有黏性
细菌形态球状杆状杆状杆状
甲基红试验--+-
乙酰甲基甲醇试验++-+
葡萄糖发酵实验产酸-+++
葡萄糖发酵实验产气---+
蔗糖发酵实验产酸-+++
蔗糖发酵实验产气---+
), ArticleFig(id=1217500253448753381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220682612987, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=Supplementary experiment counting result of bacteria number, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
培养液温度/℃菌株数/个
菌1菌2菌3菌4
602015011040
800100500
), ArticleFig(id=1217500253553610987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220682612987, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

补充实验菌株数计数结果

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培养液温度/℃菌株数/个
菌1菌2菌3菌4
602015011040
800100500
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参数指标值国家标准指标检测方法指标判断
故障油再生后
闭口闪点/℃135150≥137GB 267—1988合格
击穿电压/kV29.6730.67≥35GB/T 507—2002不合格
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)4.93×10107.89×1011≥6×1010GB/T 5654—1991合格
运动黏度/(mm2/s)3.650.85≤10GB 265—1988合格
介质损耗因数/%6.0521.390≤4GB/T 565—2007合格
), ArticleFig(id=1217500253759131899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220682612987, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

故障油高压灭菌+硅胶粗滤+超滤再生处理前后指标变化

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参数指标值国家标准指标检测方法指标判断
故障油再生后
闭口闪点/℃135150≥137GB 267—1988合格
击穿电压/kV29.6730.67≥35GB/T 507—2002不合格
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)4.93×10107.89×1011≥6×1010GB/T 5654—1991合格
运动黏度/(mm2/s)3.650.85≤10GB 265—1988合格
介质损耗因数/%6.0521.390≤4GB/T 565—2007合格
), ArticleFig(id=1217500253889155332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220682612987, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=Changes of indicators of faulty oil before and after the regeneration of high-pressure sterilization+molecular sieve coarse filtration+ultrafiltration, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数指标值国家标准指标检测方法指标判断
故障油再生后
闭口闪点/℃135152≥137GB 267—1988合格
击穿电压/kV29.6749.50≥35GB/T 507—2002合格
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)5.70×10104.68×1011≥6×1010GB/T 5654—1991合格
运动黏度/(mm2/s)3.650.55≤10GB 265—1988合格
介质损耗因数/%6.0520.215≤4GB/T 565—2007合格
), ArticleFig(id=1217500254002401549, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220682612987, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

故障油高压灭菌+分子筛粗滤+超滤再生处理前后指标变化

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参数指标值国家标准指标检测方法指标判断
故障油再生后
闭口闪点/℃135152≥137GB 267—1988合格
击穿电压/kV29.6749.50≥35GB/T 507—2002合格
体积电阻率/(Ω·m)5.70×10104.68×1011≥6×1010GB/T 5654—1991合格
运动黏度/(mm2/s)3.650.55≤10GB 265—1988合格
介质损耗因数/%6.0520.215≤4GB/T 565—2007合格
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变压器油中微生物的生长规律及污染控制措施研究
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杜国光 1 , 孙冬 1 , 张博 1 , 曲丹 1 , 李妍 2 , 曹德昆 1 , 赵晓冰 1
绝缘材料 | 高性能变压器绝缘专题 2024,57(5): 103-109
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绝缘材料 | 高性能变压器绝缘专题 2024, 57(5): 103-109
变压器油中微生物的生长规律及污染控制措施研究
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杜国光1, 孙冬1, 张博1, 曲丹1, 李妍2, 曹德昆1, 赵晓冰1
作者信息
  • 1国网吉林省电力有限公司通化供电公司,吉林 通化 134000
  • 2东北电力大学 化学工程学院,吉林 132012
  • 杜国光(1984-),男(汉族),吉林榆树人,高级工程师,研究方向为电力工程技术。

通讯作者:

李妍(2003-),女(汉族),硕士生,甘肃陇南人,研究方向为微生物腐蚀与防护。
Study on growth law and pollution control measures of microorganisms in transformer oil
Guoguang DU1, Dong SUN1, Bo ZHANG1, Dan QU1, Yan LI2, Dekun CAO1, Xiaobing ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1Tonghua Power Supply Company, State Grid Jilin Electric Power Limited Company, Tonghua 134000, China
  • 2School of Chemical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jilin 132012, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.015
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变压器油在贮存、使用和运输过程中易发生微生物污染,影响其品质和绝缘性能。本研究主要考察温度和湿度对变压器油中微生物生长的影响,分析变压器油处理前后的品质变化,识别变压器油的官能团结构和有机物种类,提出有效处理变压器油微生物污染的方法。结果表明:变压器运行油和故障油中均含有枯草芽孢杆菌、利用糖产酸的杆菌、利用糖产酸产气的杆菌和不利用糖产酸产气的球菌,故障油中的微生物数量远大于运行油,其中枯草芽孢杆菌数量最多;新变压器油中未培养出微生物。高温能够抑制变压器油中微生物的生长,当温度为60℃时,微生物不会完全灭活,一旦温度恢复至37℃,又重新开始生长繁殖。在37℃下,当油水质量比为99∶1、49∶1、19∶1和9∶1时,4种细菌均存在,且随着油水质量比升高,菌株数量增大。采用高压灭菌+分子筛粗滤+超滤的再生处理方法可使污染的变压器油变得清澈透明,且检测不到微生物的存在,再生油中主要含有O-H、C-H、C=O键和不饱和键。经过再生处理后,变压器油的击穿电压和体积电阻率分别由29.67 kV和5.70×1010 Ω·m升高至49.50 kV和4.68×1011 Ω·m,介质损耗因数由6.052%下降至0.215%,满足DL/T 1419—2015的指标要求。

变压器油  /  微生物  /  温度  /  再生处理  /  枯草芽孢杆菌

Transformer oil is prone to microbial contamination during storage, utilization, and transportation, which affects the quality and insulating performance of transformer oil. In this study, the effects of temperature and humidity on the microorganism growth in transformer oil were mainly investigated, and the quality changes of transformer oil before and after treatment were analyzed. The functional group structure and organic species of transformer oil were identified, and some effective treatment methods for microbial pollution in transformer oil were proposed. The results show that both the transformer running oil and faulty oil contain bacillus subtilis, bacillus using sugar to produce acid, bacillus using sugar to produce acid and gas, and bacillus producing acid and gas without sugar. The number of microorganisms in faulty oil is much greater than that in running oil, and the number of bacillus subtilis is the largest, while there is no microorganism cultured in new transformer oil. The high temperature could restrict the growth of microorganism in transformer oil. When the temperature is 60℃, the microorganisms will not be completely inactivated, and once the temperature returns to 37℃, they will start to grow and reproduce again. When the mass ratio of oil and water is 99∶1, 49∶1, 19∶1, and 9∶1, four types of bacillus all exist at 37℃, and the number of bacillus increases with the increase of oil-water mass ratio. The regeneration treatment method of high-pressure sterilization+molecular sieve coarse filtration+ultrafiltration can make the contaminated transformer oil clear and transparent, and the microorganisms disappear. The regenerated oil mainly contains O-H, C-H, C=O, and unsaturated bonds. After regeneration treatment, the breakdown voltage and volume resistivity of transformer oil increase from 25.83 kV and 5.70×1010 Ω·m to 49.50 kV and 4.68×1011 Ω·m, respectively, and the dielectric loss factor decreases from 6.052% to 0.215%, which meet the requirement of DL/T 1419—2015.

transformer oil  /  microorganisms  /  temperature  /  regeneration treatment  /  bacillus subtilis
杜国光, 孙冬, 张博, 曲丹, 李妍, 曹德昆, 赵晓冰. 变压器油中微生物的生长规律及污染控制措施研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (5) : 103 -109 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.015
Guoguang DU, Dong SUN, Bo ZHANG, Dan QU, Yan LI, Dekun CAO, Xiaobing ZHAO. Study on growth law and pollution control measures of microorganisms in transformer oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (5) : 103 -109 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.015
变压器油是变压器中起绝缘和冷却作用的一种重要媒介,其不仅可以有效填充变压器的空隙和气孔,防止空气和潮气进入,还可以冷却变压器绕组、铁心及其他发热部件[1-3],因此变压器的安全稳定运行与变压器油的品质直接相关。当变压器油受到污染时,会导致其介质损耗因数和介电常数增大,击穿电压降低[4-5]
微生物广泛存在,变压器油在贮存、使用和运输过程中难免与微生物发生接触,从而被微生物污染。变压器油的主要成分是烷烃、环烷烃和芳香族化合物,其中碳氢元素质量分数为95%~99%。在适宜条件下,微生物利用这些烃类作为碳源进行生长繁殖[6],不断地产生蛋白质、核酸、维生素等代谢产物,影响变压器油的绝缘性能和变压器的运行。
变压器油中的微生物主要有微小虫类、细菌类和霉菌类[7]。梅子青等[8]研究表明,变压器油中的细菌种类繁多,如枝动菌和罗思氏菌,会显著影响变压器油的品质。姬晓川等[9]研究表明,变压器油中仅存在芽胞杆菌,当变压器油不含游离水时,芽胞杆菌无法繁殖;当变压器油温高于50℃时,芽胞杆菌也无法生长[10],因此不会影响变压器油的绝缘性能。由此可见,关于变压器油中存在的微生物种类及其对变压器油品质影响的研究得到的结论并不一致。目前,针对变压器油中的微生物污染问题,有3个解决方法:①将包括冷却系统在内的变压器运回原变压器制造厂进行处理;②将变压器油移出油箱后贮存在临时油箱,再运往拥有真空干燥炉的专业公司,对其进行真空干燥、灭菌等处理;③更换掉被污染的油,使用新油。无论采用哪种方法,其操作时间和维护费用都是巨大的,并且无法有效地改善变压器油的微生物再污染问题,如何进行微生物污染油的高效再生是亟须解决的难题。
本研究主要培养并筛选不同变压器油中的微生物,明确变压器油中存在的优势菌种,考察温度和湿度变化对微生物的影响。结合三维荧光光谱和红外光谱分析再生油的官能团结构和有机物种类,分析变压器油的性能指标,研究变压器油的再生技术,以期为延长变压器油的使用年限、加强变压器油中微生物污染的控制提供策略。
采集吉林通化供电公司的油样作为实验样品,其中取城东66 kV变电站主变压器有载开关油作为新油,取柳河66 kV变电站消弧线圈油作为运行油,取太王66 kV变电站主变套管油作为故障油;硅胶,上海纳辉干燥试剂厂;分子筛(孔径为3~5 mm),巩义市蓝之润净水材料销售有限公司。
培养液的主要成分:硫酸铵(2 g/L)、柠檬酸三钠(1 g/L)、硫酸镁(0.2 g/L)、磷酸二氢钾(6 g/L)、磷酸氢二钾(4 g/L)。将培养液高压蒸气灭菌(121℃、30 min)后,置于超净台进行紫外杀菌并冷却。采用量筒分别量取20 mL新油、运行油和故障油置于250 mL锥形瓶中,再加入230 mL培养液,放入生化培养箱中,在37℃下恒温培养7 d和14 d。将培养基生长的菌落进行分离、纯化,对得到的单菌落进行革兰氏染色[11],采用荧光倒置显微镜(Eclipse Ti-S型)分析菌体的形态特征。将单菌落分别接种到葡萄糖发酵培养基和蔗糖发酵培养基中,内置杜氏发酵管,在37℃下培养7 d,观察有无气泡或絮状物产生。
根据GB/T 261—2021测定变压器油的闭口闪点;根据GB/T 507—2002测试变压器油的击穿电压;采用绝缘油测试仪(HTYJS-H型,武汉特高压电力科技有限公司)测定变压器油的介质损耗因数和体积电阻率;采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR,Tensor 27型,德国布鲁克公司)测定变压器油的官能团,扫描范围为500~4 000 cm-1;采用三维荧光光谱(3D-EEM,RF-6000型,日本岛津公司)分析变压器油中有机物种类的变化,其中激发/发射波长为200~550 nm,波长间隔和狭缝宽度分别为3 nm和5 nm,扫描速度为6 000 nm/min。
变压器油的再生方法为高压灭菌+粗滤+超滤。将变压器油装入密封油罐内,然后整体放入高压灭菌锅进行高温灭菌(121℃、30 min),再置于无菌超净台进行紫外杀菌,待变压器油降温到50℃后,加入硅胶或分子筛进行粗滤,接着采用磁力搅拌器搅拌3 h,常温下利用孔径为0.45 μm的滤膜对变压器油进行抽滤处理。
不同微生物培养时间下变压器油培养液的外观如图1所示。从图1可以看出,当微生物培养7 d时,新油培养液外观无明显变化,故障油和运行油培养液变浑浊,且故障油培养液的水层和油层中间有一薄层出现。当微生物培养14 d时,新油培养液外观仍无明显变化,故障油和运行油培养液均变浑浊,水层和油层中间的薄层变厚,故障油底部出现部分沉淀,这是因为油中微生物数量较大,代谢产物较多,生成各种有机酸,油样的酸值较高,同时油中水分大幅增加,导致油中出现混浊甚至沉淀[12]
将3种变压器油加入平板培养皿中,在37℃下于生化培养箱内培养,并对生长的菌落进行5次平板划线[13]。结果发现,新油平板培养皿上未发现菌落,运行油平板培养皿上出现少量菌落,故障油平板培养皿上发现大量菌落。这是因为运行油和故障油中含有水分和较多的杂质[14],有利于微生物的生长。经分离纯化后,在故障油和运行油中均得到4种优势菌,说明微生物在含杂质的变压器油中易于生长繁殖。当微生物培养至14 d时,分离、纯化运行油和故障油中的细菌,并采用结晶紫和蕃红进行染色,利用显微镜识别微生物的形态,结果如图2所示。结果表明故障油和运行油中均含有4种优势菌,主要是1种球菌和3种杆菌。
为了进一步确定细菌的生理生化特征,分别对4种优势菌进行甲基红试验、乙酰甲基甲醇试验、菌落形态观察、革兰氏染色和糖发酵试验[15],结果如表1所示。根据菌落形态、染色和生理生化实验结果可初步鉴定菌1是不能利用糖产酸产气的球菌,菌2为枯草芽孢杆菌,菌3是利用糖产酸的杆菌,菌4是利用糖产酸产气的杆菌。
从斜面培养基中分别挑取4种优势菌,接种至故障油作为唯一碳源的液体培养基中,分别在15、30、35、40、60、80℃下恒温培养7 d,菌株数变化如图3所示。从图3可以看出,当温度为15~40℃时,菌1、菌2、菌3、菌4均可以存活,随着温度升高,菌株数量增加;在高温(>40℃)环境下,随着温度升高,菌株数量减少;当培养温度升高至60℃时,除菌2外,其他优势菌均已失去活性,无法生长;当温度为80℃时,4种优势菌均已失活,无法生长。因此,变压器油中微生物的生长受温度的影响较大。
为了进一步分析微生物对温度变化的适应能力,将60℃和80℃的故障油培养基置于37℃生化培养箱中重新培养7 d,结果如表2所示。从表2可以看出,当60℃的培养液降低至37℃后,又重新出现菌1、菌2、菌3和菌4,其中菌2的数量明显增加。这可能是由于高温下的细菌以芽孢休眠体的形式存在,在60℃的环境下不会完全灭活,当温度恢复至合适温度后,微生物重新生长繁殖。当80℃的培养液降低至37℃后,菌2和菌3重新生长,菌1和菌4消失,这说明80℃高温下仍有少部分微生物未完全灭活,菌2对高温的耐受性最强,其次是菌3。因此只对变压器油进行高温操作,无法完全灭杀油中的微生物。
在油水质量比分别为99∶1、49∶1、19∶1、9∶1的故障变压器油中,4种优势菌在37℃和60℃下培养7 d的菌株数如图4所示。从图4可以看出,在37℃下培养细菌7 d后,在不同含水量的故障变压器油中,4种优势菌均存在,随着油水质量比的升高,菌株数量增加,其中菌2的数量最多。在60℃下培养细菌7 d后,在不同含水量的故障变压器油中,只有菌2存活,这说明温度对变压器油中细菌生长的影响大于湿度。
通过高压灭菌+硅胶粗滤+超滤方法对故障油进行再生处理,油品性能指标对比结果如表3所示。分析表3可知,故障油的闪点偏低,遇明火可能会导致电气设备着火甚至爆炸[16]。同时,由于微生物中含有的蛋白质属于胶体杂质污染,这些带有电荷的胶体会导致油的电导系数超出正常范围,使得电导损耗增大,因此故障油的介质损耗因数(6.052%)远大于国家标准指标,击穿电压仅为29.67 kV;其他性能指标,如体积电阻率明显低于国家标准指标,说明油中的微生物对变压器油的性能产生了显著影响。经再生处理后,变压器油的闪点提高,电阻率增大,运动黏度和介质损耗因数明显降低;然而,再生处理前后击穿电压数值变化较小,仅从29.67 kV提高到30.67 kV,未达到DL/T 1419—2015的要求。因此,需要对高压灭菌+硅胶粗滤+超滤的再生处理方法进行改进,找到提高故障油击穿电压的方法。
击穿电压可以反映变压器油中是否存在极性杂质,主要受含水量、机械杂质和湿度的影响[17-18]。要保证高压电气设备的正常运行,必须对变压器油进行吸附处理。变压器油中的水分呈现3种形态,分别为分子状态的溶解水、悬浮的微小水珠以及由于吸附作用被固定于油表面的水。其中,悬浮于变压器油中的微小水珠对变压器油击穿电压的影响最大,这种小水珠在电场作用下发生极化,沿电场方向延长[19],从而导致变压器油的击穿电压下降。因此,需要选择吸附能力强的吸附剂对变压器油中的微小水珠进行吸附干燥处理。吸附剂的活性取决于其比表面积、孔径、组成和表面性质等,一般来说吸附剂的比表面积越大,其吸附能力越强[20]
硅胶类吸附剂的比表面积为300~500 m2/g,主要含有介孔,孔径为2~50 nm;分子筛的比表面积为500~1 000 m2/g,具有规整的微孔道结构,孔径为0.4~1.0 nm,能够吸附多种物质,是良好的脱水干燥材料[21]。本研究将上述处理方法中的硅胶更换为13X分子筛对变压器油进行处理,分子筛用量为样品质量的5%左右,再生处理后的变压器油清澈、透明如图5所示。变压油处理前后的性能指标如表4所示。
表4可以看到,经改进方法处理后的故障油击穿电压由29.67 kV提高到49.50 kV(≥35 kV),体积电阻率由5.70×1010 Ω·m升高至4.68×1011 Ω·m,介质损耗因数由6.052%下降至0.215%。
经改进方法再生处理前后变压器故障油的红外光谱如图6所示。从图6可以看出,与新油相比,故障油中出现较多的杂峰,其中在波数为3 400 cm-1附近的驼峰说明故障油中存在微量水分[22],波数为1 739~1 770 cm-1处的吸收峰对应C=O的伸缩振动,说明变压器油中出现了醛和酸类物质。再生处理后的变压器油与新油的吸收峰基本一致,说明再生油中的羰基等活性自由基减少,故障油的再生效果良好。其中,波数为2 930 cm-1和2 870 cm-1附近的吸收峰分别对应-CH3和-CH2-的反对称伸缩振动[23],波数为1 456 cm-1和1 367 cm-1附近的吸收峰与-CH3、-CH2-和C-H键的红外吸收有关[24],故障油的吸收峰最强,表明其中含有大量的有机物;经过粗滤和超滤处理后,再生油中的有机物含量减小,峰强减弱,油品质得到明显改善。
经改进方法再生处理前后故障油的三维荧光光谱如图7所示,图中Ex为激发波长,Em为发射波长。从图7可以看出,新油样品主要存在以330、265、240 nm为激发中心的荧光发射等高圈,故障油的荧光发射等高圈的数量减少,激发波长出现在270~400 nm处。经过分子筛粗滤后,故障油主要存在2个荧光发射等高圈,但是经过超滤后,再生油中出现以330 nm为主要激发中心的3个荧光发射等高圈,谱图与新油谱图相似,说明再生处理的效果好[25]
(1)在运行油和故障油中分离出相同的4种优势菌,分别为不利用糖产酸产气的球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌、利用糖产酸的杆菌和利用糖产酸产气的杆菌。故障油中的菌株数量远大于运行油,枯草芽孢杆菌的数量最多,新油中未培养出细菌,表明细菌更易在含杂质的变压器油中生长繁殖。
(2)随着温度的升高,细菌生长速度加快。当温度为15~40℃时,4种优势菌均可以存活,且随着温度升高,菌株数量增加。在高温(>40℃)环境下,菌株数量减少,枯草芽孢杆菌对高温的耐受性最高;当温度为80℃时,4种优势菌均已失活,但高温不会使细菌完全灭活,一旦温度恢复至合适温度时,细菌重新开始生长繁殖。
(3)在37℃下,当油水质量比分别为99∶1、49∶1、19∶1和9∶1时,故障油中存在4种优势菌,且随着油水质量比的升高,细菌数量增加。然而,在60℃温度下,仅有枯草芽孢杆菌存活,说明温度对变压器油中细菌生长的影响大于湿度。
(4)与高压灭菌+硅胶粗滤+超滤再生处理方法相比,高压灭菌+分子筛粗滤+超滤再生处理方法的效果更好,处理后变压器油中存在的官能团结构和有机物组成与新油相似,再生油的各项指标均满足DL/T 1419—2015的指标要求。
  • 国网吉林省电力有限公司科技项目(2022-10)
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.015
  • 接收时间:2023-07-13
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-07-13
  • 修回日期:2023-09-04
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国网吉林省电力有限公司科技项目(2022-10)
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    1国网吉林省电力有限公司通化供电公司,吉林 通化 134000
    2东北电力大学 化学工程学院,吉林 132012

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李妍(2003-),女(汉族),硕士生,甘肃陇南人,研究方向为微生物腐蚀与防护。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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