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Article(id=1209928220770701758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1687276800000, receivedDateStr=2023-06-21, revisedDate=1692633600000, revisedDateStr=2023-08-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398967210, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398967210, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398967210, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398967210, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209928218329616824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398966629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563901766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620006501585415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620006501585416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209928221026554304, articleId=1209928220770701758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Preparation and properties of maleopimaric-based epoxy resin, columnId=1209928219172671930, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High-performance Transformer Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the background of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” development strategy goal, in order to explore the application prospects of green and environment friendly bio-based epoxy resins in electrical equipment, a bio-based resin of maleopimaric-based epoxy resin (MPAER) was prepared using a renewable resource of rosin as raw material. Taking methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) as the curing agent, we systematically studied the curing characteristics, as well as the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the MPAER/MHHPA system, and the MPAER/MHHPA system was compared with the DGEBA/MHHPA system composed of commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The results show that the MPAER/MHHPA system and DGEBA/MHHPA system have equivalent curing reaction activity. The glass transition temperature of the MPAER/MHHPA system is 112.8℃, its mechanical and electrical properties are slightly weaker than those of the DGEBA/MHHPA system, and its electric strength is 9.4% lower than that of the DGEBA/MHHPA system. However, the comprehensive performance of the MPAER/MHHPA system is still good, and its performance can be further improved by optimizing the structure of MPAER or blending with other types of epoxy resins.

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在“双碳”发展战略目标的背景下，为探索绿色环保型生物基环氧树脂在电工设备上的应用前景，本文以可再生资源松香为原料，制备了一种生物基树脂——马来海松基环氧树脂（MPAER）。以甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐（MHHPA）为固化剂，对MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化特性、热性能、力学性能和电气性能进行了系统研究，并和商用双酚A二缩水甘油醚（DGEBA）组成的DGEBA/MHHPA体系进行对比。结果表明：MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的固化反应活性相当，MPAER/MHHPA体系的玻璃化转变温度为112.8℃，其力学性能和电气性能均稍弱于DGEBA/MHHPA体系，其中MPAER/MHHPA体系的电气强度比DGEBA/MHHPA体系低9.4%。但MPAER/MHHPA体系的综合性能仍较好，可以通过对MPAER进行结构优化或者与其他类型的环氧树脂共混来进一步提高其性能。

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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估工作；

刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备的在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估工作；

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刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估工作；

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刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备的在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

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刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备的在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

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β/(℃/min)放热量ΔH/(J/g)Ti/℃Tp/℃Te/℃
5214.1108.2133.7159.3
10219.9119.6145.8173.2
15221.1127.0154.2181.6
20224.3134.2160.5185.1
), ArticleFig(id=1217500257789858176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928220770701758, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

4种升温速率下MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化特性参数

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β/(℃/min)放热量ΔH/(J/g)Ti/℃Tp/℃Te/℃
5214.1108.2133.7159.3
10219.9119.6145.8173.2
15221.1127.0154.2181.6
20224.3134.2160.5185.1
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马来海松基环氧树脂的制备与性能研究
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刘贺晨 1, 2 , 葛琦 1 , 吴璇 1 , 孙章林 1 , 黎馨阳 1 , 周松松 3 , 刘云鹏 1, 2
绝缘材料 | 高性能变压器绝缘专题 2024,57(5): 34-41
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绝缘材料 | 高性能变压器绝缘专题 2024, 57(5): 34-41
马来海松基环氧树脂的制备与性能研究
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刘贺晨1, 2, 葛琦1, 吴璇1, 孙章林1, 黎馨阳1, 周松松3, 刘云鹏1, 2
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学 河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 2华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
  • 3中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192

    • 刘贺晨（1989-），男（汉族），河北衡水人，副教授，博士，主要从事新型工程电介质材料的研发及评估工作；

    刘云鹏（1976-），男（汉族），安徽六安人，教授，主要从事特高压输电技术、电气设备的在线检测和外绝缘方面的研究工作。

Preparation and properties of maleopimaric-based epoxy resin
Hechen LIU1, 2, Qi GE1, Xuan WU1, Zhanglin SUN1, Xinyang LI1, Songsong ZHOU3, Yunpeng LIU1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Hebei Key Laboratory of Green and Efficient New Electrical Materials and Equipment, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
  • 3China Electric Power Research Institute, Beijing 100192, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.005
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摘要
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在“双碳”发展战略目标的背景下，为探索绿色环保型生物基环氧树脂在电工设备上的应用前景，本文以可再生资源松香为原料，制备了一种生物基树脂——马来海松基环氧树脂（MPAER）。以甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐（MHHPA）为固化剂，对MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化特性、热性能、力学性能和电气性能进行了系统研究，并和商用双酚A二缩水甘油醚（DGEBA）组成的DGEBA/MHHPA体系进行对比。结果表明：MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的固化反应活性相当，MPAER/MHHPA体系的玻璃化转变温度为112.8℃，其力学性能和电气性能均稍弱于DGEBA/MHHPA体系，其中MPAER/MHHPA体系的电气强度比DGEBA/MHHPA体系低9.4%。但MPAER/MHHPA体系的综合性能仍较好，可以通过对MPAER进行结构优化或者与其他类型的环氧树脂共混来进一步提高其性能。

松香基环氧树脂  /  环保  /  电工设备  /  双酚A环氧树脂

Under the background of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” development strategy goal, in order to explore the application prospects of green and environment friendly bio-based epoxy resins in electrical equipment, a bio-based resin of maleopimaric-based epoxy resin (MPAER) was prepared using a renewable resource of rosin as raw material. Taking methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) as the curing agent, we systematically studied the curing characteristics, as well as the thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties of the MPAER/MHHPA system, and the MPAER/MHHPA system was compared with the DGEBA/MHHPA system composed of commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). The results show that the MPAER/MHHPA system and DGEBA/MHHPA system have equivalent curing reaction activity. The glass transition temperature of the MPAER/MHHPA system is 112.8℃, its mechanical and electrical properties are slightly weaker than those of the DGEBA/MHHPA system, and its electric strength is 9.4% lower than that of the DGEBA/MHHPA system. However, the comprehensive performance of the MPAER/MHHPA system is still good, and its performance can be further improved by optimizing the structure of MPAER or blending with other types of epoxy resins.

rosin-based epoxy resin  /  environmental protection  /  electrical equipment  /  bisphenol A epoxy resin
刘贺晨, 葛琦, 吴璇, 孙章林, 黎馨阳, 周松松, 刘云鹏. 马来海松基环氧树脂的制备与性能研究. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (5) : 34 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.005
Hechen LIU, Qi GE, Xuan WU, Zhanglin SUN, Xinyang LI, Songsong ZHOU, Yunpeng LIU. Preparation and properties of maleopimaric-based epoxy resin[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (5) : 34 -41 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.005
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0 引言
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环氧树脂因其电气绝缘性能优良、机械强度高且粘合性强等优良特性[1-3]，在电工设备中得到广泛的应用，例如干式变压器、复合绝缘子、互感器等[4]。双酚A型环氧树脂（DGEBA）原材料来源方便、成本低，产量约占环氧树脂总产量的85%以上，在环氧树脂中其应用最为广泛。但相关研究表明，DGEBA的主要原材料双酚A具有一定的生物危害性，会对人体健康产生不利影响[5]，且其原材料基本来源于石油化工，使得石化资源过度消耗。另外，传统石油基环氧树脂的耐候性和耐热性较差，日益增加的电力负荷也对绝缘材料的性能提出了更高的要求。因此，环境问题和现实需求促进了生物质资源的探索和研究，研究者们致力于开发绿色环保且性能优异的电工绝缘材料，以期从材料来源上减少石油资源的使用，并有效提高环氧树脂在电工领域的安全可靠性。
近年来，研究人员研发了以可再生的生物质资源为原料的生物基环氧树脂，如衣康酸基环氧树脂[6-7]、香草醛基环氧树脂[8]、异山梨醇基环氧树脂[9]等。但是已产业化的生物基环氧树脂主要应用于涂料和粘接剂等领域，其耐热性和耐腐蚀性较差，尚不符合电气设备的应用需求。松香是产自松树的无毒无害天然可再生资源，来源十分广泛，价廉易得。松香的主要成分松香酸为三环的二萜结构，含有庞大的氢菲环骨架，类似于芳香族树脂的苯环，使其具有耐寒耐热、良好绝缘性、高粘合度、耐腐蚀、耐紫外等性能，可替代部分石油基类芳香族化合物。此外，松香酸中具有共轭双键和羧酸，可通过Diels-Alder加成和酯化反应合成环氧树脂。在环氧树脂结构中引入松香的氢菲环有望提升环氧树脂的耐热性和耐候性。
WANG H H等[10]通过松香酸合成了枞酸缩水甘油醚型环氧树脂，发现其耐水解性比酯化反应合成的单官能度松香基环氧树脂更好，但这种环氧树脂受限于只有1个环氧基团，交联密度很低，可应用性较差。LI C等[11]利用松香酸的衍生物脱氢枞胺制备了二缩水甘油基脱氢枞胺型环氧树脂，这种双官能度松香基环氧树脂的芳香二萜结构使其具有较高的玻璃化转变温度，而庞大侧链则导致其固化反应性较低和固化温度较高。夏建陵等[12]用丙烯酸改性松香制成双官能度缩水甘油酯型环氧树脂，发现其耐热性和力学性能与618型环氧树脂相当。孔振武等[13]以改性松香的马来海松酸酐制备了三官能度缩水甘油酯型环氧树脂，发现其耐热性与E-44型环氧树脂相近或更高。A M ATTA等[14]和R A EL-GHAZAWY等[15]分别合成了二枞酸酮类环氧树脂和四缩水甘油基马来海松酮，两种四官能度树脂均具有良好的耐溶剂性和较高的交联密度，并通过了涂层粘结度测试，可用于钢涂层材料。但目前对松香基环氧树脂的研究仅局限于其热性能和力学性能，缺乏对电气性能的探索。
本研究以松香为原料合成三官能度马来海松基环氧树脂（maleopimaric-based epoxy resin，MPAER），采用甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐（MHHPA）为固化剂，DMP-30为促进剂，对MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化特性、热性能、力学性能、电气性能进行实验探究，并与传统石油基环氧树脂DGEBA/MHHPA体系进行对比分析，进而探索松香基环氧树脂在电工材料领域应用的可行性，为电工设备领域可再生材料的开发提供理论基础和实验依据。
1 实验
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1.1 主要原材料
松香、顺丁烯二酸酐（纯度为99.5%）、石油醚、对甲苯磺酸（纯度为99.0%）、冰醋酸（纯度为99.5%），上海麦克林生化科技有限公司；环氧氯丙烷（ECH，纯度为99.0%）、四丁基溴化铵（纯度为99.0%）、氢氧化钠（NaOH，纯度为96.0%）、2,4,6-三（二甲氨基甲基）苯酚（DMP-30，纯度为98.0%），上海阿拉丁生化科技有限公司；甲基六氢邻苯二甲酸酐（MHHPA，纯度为98.0%）、双酚A型环氧树脂（DGEBA，型号为E-51，平均环氧值为0.51 mol/100 g），浙江省开化七一电力器材有限责任公司。主要实验原材料的化学结构式如图1所示。
1.2 MPA和MPAER的合成
马来海松酸酐（MPA）的合成路线如图2所示。本研究参考文献[16-19]进行制备：在氮气保护下，在装有冷凝管、电动搅拌器和温度计的2 500 mL四口烧瓶中加入302 g松香、11.53 g顺丁烯二酸酐和10.57 g催化剂对甲苯磺酸，升温至140℃，保持2 h进行Diels-Alder反应生成左旋马来海松酸，加入150 mL冰醋酸，继续加热至180℃，并在该温度下维持3 h。然后缓慢冷却至130℃，加入100 mL冰醋酸，均匀混合1 h。停止反应后降低温度，用冰水混合物冷却产物，抽滤后得到棕黄色产物，再用石油醚和冰醋酸重结晶2～3次，真空干燥后得到白色的马来海松酸酐，产率为47%。
MPAER的合成路线如图3所示。氮气保护下，在装有冷凝管、磁力搅拌器和温度计的1 000 mL三口烧瓶中加入40 g自制的马来海松酸酐，再加入100 g环氧氯丙烷，加热的同时开启搅拌，将马来海松酸酐溶于环氧氯丙烷中，再加入1 g四丁基溴化铵，加热到115℃反应3 h，然后冷却至60℃，缓慢滴加50 g质量分数为30%的氢氧化钠溶液，继续反应3 h，持续测量体系的pH值，当pH值不再变化时停止反应。将所有反应产物抽滤除去白色固体钠盐，再将得到的液体产物用去离子水萃取3次以上至pH值为中性。使用旋转蒸发仪旋蒸出水分和剩余未反应的环氧氯丙烷，得到黄色黏稠液体，即为MPAER，产率为87%。
1.3 环氧树脂固化物的制备
按质量比1∶0.8称取一定量的MPAER（理论环氧值为0.51 mol/100 g）和固化剂MHHPA，再加入质量分数为0.5%的促进剂DMP-30，恒温70℃搅拌 6 min使溶液混合均匀，制得树脂胶液后在70℃的真空干燥箱中脱泡。将树脂胶液缓慢浇注到模具中，按100℃/2 h+150℃/5 h程序固化后得到松香基环氧树脂固化物。同时采用相同工艺制备石油基环氧树脂DGEBA固化物作为对比。
1.4 性能测试和表征
（1）傅里叶红外光谱（FTIR）：使用Perkin Elmer公司的Frontier型红外光谱仪进行测试，采用溴化钾压片法，测试波数为4 000～400 cm-1。
（2）环氧值：采用盐酸丙酮法对实验室制备的MPAER进行环氧值的测定，将0.2 g树脂加入盐酸丙酮溶液中，待其微热完全溶解后，滴加2滴酚酞指示剂，用浓度为0.2 mol/L的NaOH溶液滴定。
（3）差示扫描量热测试：按比例称取共20 mg的松香基环氧树脂、固化剂和促进剂放入铝坩埚中，使用NETZSCH公司的DSC-3500型差示扫描量热仪（DSC）测量松香基环氧树脂体系在5、10、15、20℃/min 4种升温速率下的放热量，保护氮气流速为20 mL/min，升温范围为40～250℃。
（4）动态热机械分析（DMA）：使用美国TA公司的Q800型动态热机械分析仪测试试样的玻璃化转变温度（Tg），采用单悬臂模式，试样尺寸为35 mm×10 mm×1 mm，升温范围为30～200℃，升温速率为3℃/min。
（5）热重分析（TGA）：使用日本日立公司的TG DTA7200型热重分析仪测试试样的热稳定性，试样尺寸为2 mm×2 mm×1 mm，升温范围为30～600℃，升温速率为10℃/min。
（6）力学性能测试：根据ISO 527-2-2012和ISO 178-2010相关要求，使用厦门搏仕检测设备有限公司的BOS-100KNW型万能试验机测量试样的拉伸性能和弯曲性能，试样测试5次以上，结果取平均值。
（7）电气性能测试：根据IEC 60243-1-2013相关要求，在硅油中采用球形电极进行工频击穿电压实验，试样尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×1 mm，升压速率为1 kV/s，试样测试击穿点在15个以上，用威布尔分布分析实验数据。根据DL/T 1580—2016相关要求，将厚度为300 mm的试样置于平板电极之间，施加12 kV电压进行泄漏电流测试，耐压时间为60 s。根据GB/T 1409—2006相关要求，采用上海杨高电气有限公司的YG9100型介质损耗测试仪进行介质损耗因数测试，西林电桥正接，频率为50 Hz。表面电阻率采用常州海尔帕电子科技有限公司的HPS2663型电阻率测量仪进行测试，试样尺寸为150 mm×150 mm×1 mm。沿面闪络电压测试：将尺寸为80 mm×40 mm的长方形试样固定在间距为30 mm的两个指型电极之间，升压速率为1 kV/s，直至发生闪络击穿，试样测试5次以上，结果取平均值。
2 结果与讨论
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2.1 分子结构
松香酸、MPA和MPAER的红外光谱如图4所示。从图4可以看出，松香酸的红外光谱在3 435 cm-1、3 080 cm-1处的吸收峰分别为羧羟基（O-H）和双键（=C-H）伸缩振动峰，在1 697 cm-1处的吸收峰为羧基（C=O）伸缩振动峰，MPA的红外光谱在保留松香酸特征峰的基础上，在1 776 cm-1和1 841 cm-1处出现了酸酐结构的特征峰。此外，MPA在1 086 cm-1处还出现了醚键（C-O）的吸收峰，证明酸酐结构已经成功引入松香酸中。在MPAER的红外光谱中可以看到MPA位于1 706、1 776、1 841 cm-1处的羧酸结构和酸酐结构（-C=O基团）特征峰已经完全消失，并在1 728 cm-1处出现了酯基的特征峰，即MPA的酸酐结构变为MPAER的羧酸酯结构[20]。甲基（-CH3）和亚甲基（-CH2-）的特征峰出现在2 954、2 930、2 872 cm-1处，相比于MPA，MPAER位于3 518 cm-1处的羟基（-OH）特征峰减弱。此外，MPAER在765、846、908 cm-1处出现了环氧基团的特征峰，表明已经完成环氧化。上述结果表明，MPA发生了酯化闭环反应，所得产物即为MPAER。采用盐酸丙酮法测试得到其环氧值为0.396 mol/100 g。红外光谱图结合环氧值测试结果表明，本研究成功制备了MPA和MPAER。
2.2 DSC分析
利用差示扫描量热法（DSC）来探究MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化温度、固化时间等固化特性参数，得到其在固化过程中的热流变化情况。图5为MPAER/MHHPA体系在4种升温速率（β）下的热流变化曲线。从图5可以看出，不同升温速率下MPAER/MHHPA体系的热流曲线均只有1个放热峰，且随升温速率的增大，放热峰的峰值逐渐增大，并向高温方向移动，说明MPAER/MHHPA体系为均相，只有1个玻璃化转变状态，具有良好的相容性。反应时催化剂中的叔胺与MHHPA上的酸酐基团迅速反应生成离子对，环氧基插入离子对时，羧基负离子打开环氧基，同时生成酯键和阴离子[21-22]。最终发生酸酐与环氧基的交替酯化反应，形成交联网络结构。
表1是由图5热流曲线得到的MPAER/MHHPA体系在不同升温速率下的固化特性参数。对4种速率下对应的固化反应温度进行线性拟合可得到MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化温度曲线，如图6所示。将图6中相应直线线性外推可得到升温速率为0℃/min的初始固化温度Ti为100.9℃，峰值固化温度Tp为126.4℃，终点固化温度Te为153.4℃，结合制备过程中的条件因素，确定MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化工艺为100℃/2 h+150℃/5 h。
通过最常用的非等温固化反应分析方法——Kissinger法[23]计算反应活化能，计算方程如式（1）所示。
ln (βTα2)=ln (AREα)-EαRTα
式（1）中：Eα为表观活化能；β为升温速率；α为固化度；Tα为固化度为α时的温度；A为指前因子；R为气体常数。
由式（1）可知，ln(β/Tα2)与Tα成线性关系，可通过拟合直线斜率得到表观活化能Eα。
对图5中4种升温速率下的热流曲线进行局部积分，得到MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化度曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出，MPAER/MHHPA体系在固化反应过程中固化度α随反应温度的变化呈“S”型，固化过程可分成3个阶段：第1阶段（0<α<0.2）为固化反应的初始阶段，反应速率较低，少数松香基树脂分子开始发生交联反应放热；第2阶段（0.2<α<0.8）固化度近似呈线性增加，树脂多呈凝胶态，活性基团的数量增加，分子运动加剧，反应速率加快；第3阶段（0.8<α<1.0）固化反应进行到末期，三维网络基本交联完成，阻碍了少数剩余活性基团的运动[24]，固化速率减慢。
图8为不同固化度MPAER/MHHPA体系的表观活化能曲线。从图8可以看出，随固化度的增加，MPAER/MHHPA体系的活化能先降低后平缓最后略微下降。这是因为在固化度较低时，只有少量活性基团，环氧树脂固化多为自催化反应，活化能较高。随固化反应的进行，一方面体系温度逐渐升高，促进了分子链和基团的迁移，造成活化能降低。另一方面促进剂中的叔胺和环氧基团反应生成醇盐，与酸酐基团反应生成羧酸根阴离子，羧酸根阴离子作为反应中心参与固化反应，使得反应的活化能降低[25]。此外，松香基环氧树脂的氢化菲环结构具有一定的刚性，平衡了迁移率增大导致的活化能下降。因此，反应中后期活化能基本保持稳定。MPAER/MHHPA体系的平均固化反应活化能为67.22 kJ/mol（固化度为0.2～0.8时的平均值），低于DGEBA/MHHPA体系的表观活化能69.96 kJ/mol[26]，两个体系的活化能均较低，说明固化反应都容易进行，并且表观活化能相差较小，表明两个体系具有较为一致的反应活性。
2.3 热性能和力学性能
图9为MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的DMA谱图。从图9可以看出，在温度较低时，由于分子链基本没有运动，两个体系均表现出较高的储能模量和较低的损耗模量；随温度升高，储能模量缓慢降低；在玻璃化转变区，储能模量近似线性降低，损耗模量先增大后减小，随温度继续升高，体系进入了高弹态，两个体系的DMA谱图均呈现为典型的热固性材料谱图。两个体系的损耗因子（tanδ）曲线均为单峰，表明它们具有均一的交联结构。tanδ曲线峰值对应的温度为玻璃化转变温度Tg，可以看出，MPAER/MHHPA体系的Tg（112.8℃）低于DGEBA/MHHPA体系的Tg（135.9℃）。Tg主要受体系的交联密度和链段结构刚性影响。在30℃时，MPAER/MHHPA体系和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的储能模量分别为3 116 MPa和2 545 MPa，MPAER/MHHPA体系的储能模量较高，表明MPAER的刚性比DGEBA高。根据橡胶弹性理论[27]，交联密度ve的计算公式如式（2）所示。
E'=3veRT
式（2）中：E′为聚合物在橡胶态的储能模量，取温度为Tg+30℃时对应的储能模量；R为气体常数；T为绝对温度。
计算得到固化后DGEBA/MHHPA体系的交联密度（4 002 mol/m3）大于MPAER/MHHPA体系的交联密度（3 138 mol/m3），这是由于MPAER的氢菲环表现出位阻效应[28]，延长了交联点之间线性聚合物链的长度，导致出现较低的交联密度。因此，MPAER/MHHPA体系的Tg更低，但是MPAER中特有氢菲环的刚性结构使得MPAER/MHHPA体系的Tg仍高于其他商业化的生物基环氧树脂，如以大豆油、腰果酚和异梨山醇为原料的生物基环氧树脂[26]，表现出更好的耐热性能。
图10为MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的TGA曲线。从图10可以看出，MPAER/MHHPA体系的初始分解温度T5%为275.3℃，低于DGEBA/MHHPA的T5%（360.2℃），MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的残炭率分别为5.60%和1.81%。MPAER/MHHPA体系比DGEBA/MHHPA体系分解得更早，且更为彻底，这是由于MPAER/MHHPA体系中的酯基和醚键连接形成的网络结构更容易被热裂解，而且DGEBA中芳香族苯环的热分解温度高于MPAER中脂肪族的氢菲环所致。但是MPAER/MHHPA体系的T5%远高于其Tg，因此MPAER/MHHPA体系在Tg以下的温度范围内应用是可靠的。
图11为MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的弯曲性能和拉伸性能对比。从图11可以看出，MPAER/MHHPA体系的弯曲强度和拉伸强度相比于DGEBA/MHHPA体系都较低。MPAER特有的氢菲环赋予了树脂体系良好的耐高温性能和结构刚性，但稠环结构也使得树脂体系的脆性增大，韧性较差[29]，导致其力学性能弱于传统环氧树脂。此外，由2.3节得到MPAER/MHHPA体系的交联密度低于DGEBA/MHHPA体系，表明DGEBA/MHHPA体系的交联网格更加致密，因此DGEBA/MHHPA体系的力学性能更高。而MPAER/MHHPA体系的脆性可能会限制其在电工材料中的应用，可以通过化学结构设计，引入柔性链段，或者改进配方，与石油基环氧树脂共混、引入部分生物质材料和工业增强剂，改善其力学性能。
2.4 电气性能
图12为MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系电气强度的威布尔概率分布图，一般将击穿概率为63.2%的电场强度定义为材料的特征电气强度。由图12可知，MPAER/MHHPA体系的工频电气强度为37.82 kV/mm，比DGEBA/MHHPA体系的工频电气强度（41.76 kV/mm）低9.4%。这是因为MPAER/MHHPA体系的交联密度较低，形成的交联网络内部存在一定的空隙，在施加高电压后材料空隙处更容易被击穿。
图13为MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的泄漏电流和介质损耗因数对比图，泄漏电流可以表征材料本身的绝缘电阻，介质损耗因数可以反映材料在交流电场作用下的能量损耗大小[30]。从图13可以看出，MPAER/MHHPA体系与DGEBA/MHHPA体系的泄漏电流平均值分别为38.48 μA、35.54 μA，介质损耗因数分别为0.005 5、0.004 1，二者相差较小。整体而言，MPAER/MHHPA体系的电气性能稍弱于DGEBA/MHHPA体系。这是由于MPAER中含有3个酯基，这些极性基团会在电场作用下发生极化，从而导致介质损耗和泄漏电流的增加。同时MPAER中庞大的氢菲环结构具有较大的空间位阻效应，阻碍了分子内旋转，削弱了主链的柔性[31]，导致极性分子转向时的介质损耗增大。
图14为MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的表面电阻率和闪络电压对比图。从图14可以看出，MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的表面电阻率分别为1.12×1014 Ω和1.08×1014 Ω，几乎相同，闪络电压分别为15.0 kV和17.5 kV。纯环氧树脂基体中导电载流子主要来自于树脂中的杂质离子电导[32]，实验室自制的MPAER含有氯离子等离子型不纯物，会一定程度上影响材料的绝缘性能，因此MPAER/MHHPA体系的沿面闪络电压低于DGEBA/MHHPA体系。
3 结论
收起
本文以可再生资源松香制备了松香基环氧树脂，对比了MPAER/MHHPA和DGEBA/MHHPA体系的热学性能、力学性能和电气性能，得到如下结论：
（1）MPAER/MHHPA体系的固化工艺为100℃/2 h+150℃/5 h。通过Kissinger法计算得到MPAER/MHHPA体系的平均固化反应活化能为67.22kJ/mol，和DGEBA/MHHPA体系具有一致的反应活性。
（2）MPAER/MHHPA体系的刚性较大，玻璃化转变温度为112.8℃，表明其耐热性较为良好。但MPAER中的氢菲环也导致其脆性增加，使其力学性能低于DGEBA/MHHPA体系，可以考虑从结构方面在松香基树脂氢菲环上引入柔性链来提高韧性，也可以和石油基环氧树脂按比例混合来平衡二者的性能。
（3）受强极性基团和交联密度的影响，MPAER/MHHPA体系的电气性能稍低于DGEBA/MHHPA体系，但仍具有良好的绝缘性能。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007062)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(20226934)
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2024年第57卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.005
  • 接收时间：2023-06-21
  • 首发时间：2025-12-22
  • 出版时间：2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期：2023-06-21
  • 修回日期：2023-08-22
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007062)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(20226934)
作者信息
    1华北电力大学 河北省绿色高效电工新材料与设备重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    2华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,北京 102206
    3中国电力科学研究院有限公司,北京 100192
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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