Article(id=1209928218887459256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696780800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-09, revisedDate=1706544000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398966762, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1716134400000, pubDateStr=2024-05-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398966762, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398966762, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398966762, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209928218329616824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='124', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398966629, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563901766, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210620006501585415, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210620006501585416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209928218329616824, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209928219252363707, articleId=1209928218887459256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Research progress on electrical properties of nano modified vegetable insulating oil, columnId=1209928219172671930, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Special Issue on High-performance Transformer Insulation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Vegetable insulating oil has gained wide attention due to its green and renewable characteristics as well as excellent fire protection properties, while nanoparticles can effectively improve the electrical properties of vegetable insulating oil. In this paper, the effects of nanoparticles on the electrical properties of vegetable insulating oil were summarized from dielectric loss factor and volume resistivity, and the effects of nanoparticle type, concentration, and surface modification on the breakdown properties of vegetable insulating oil were also discussed. Combining with the differences in the effects of nano-modification on the electrical properties of mineral insulating oil and vegetable insulating oil, we summarized the current research difficulties of nano modified vegetable insulating oil, and prospected the research direction and prospects of nano modified vegetable insulating oil.

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植物绝缘油因其绿色可再生的特点以及优异的防火性能获得了广泛的关注,而纳米粒子可以有效提升植物绝缘油的电气性能。本文从介质损耗因数、体积电阻率等方面总结了纳米粒子对植物绝缘油电气特性的影响,并讨论了纳米粒子种类、浓度、表面改性对植物绝缘油击穿性能的影响。结合纳米改性对矿物绝缘油与植物绝缘油电气特性的作用效果差异,总结归纳了当前纳米改性植物绝缘油的研究难点,并展望了纳米改性植物绝缘油的研究方向与前景。

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苏梓铭(1999-),男(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要从事变压器油纸绝缘的研究;

唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

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苏梓铭(1999-),男(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要从事变压器油纸绝缘的研究;

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苏梓铭(1999-),男(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要从事变压器油纸绝缘的研究;

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TANG, firstName=Chao, middleName=null, lastName=TANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1217500254086287630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209928218887459256, authorId=1217500253884961028, language=CN, stringName=唐超, firstName=超, middleName=null, lastName=唐, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400715, bio={"content":"

唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

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唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

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C60浓度/(mg/L)平均击穿电压/kV增幅/%
植物绝缘油矿物绝缘油植物绝缘油矿物绝缘油
062.845.7
5065.145.23.7-1.1
10068.251.28.612.0
15064.153.52.117.1
20058.855.6-6.421.7
25058.451.7-7.013.1
30055.748.8-11.36.8
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富勒烯(C60)浓度对绝缘油工频击穿电压的影响

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C60浓度/(mg/L)平均击穿电压/kV增幅/%
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062.845.7
5065.145.23.7-1.1
10068.251.28.612.0
15064.153.52.117.1
20058.855.6-6.421.7
25058.451.7-7.013.1
30055.748.8-11.36.8
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纳米改性植物绝缘油电气特性的研究进展
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苏梓铭 , 伍蓥芮 , 曾正霖 , 陈锐 , 陈建华 , 唐超
绝缘材料 | 高性能变压器绝缘专题 2024,57(5): 1-9
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绝缘材料 | 高性能变压器绝缘专题 2024, 57(5): 1-9
纳米改性植物绝缘油电气特性的研究进展
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苏梓铭, 伍蓥芮, 曾正霖, 陈锐, 陈建华, 唐超
作者信息
  • 西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400715
  • 苏梓铭(1999-),男(汉族),四川遂宁人,硕士生,主要从事变压器油纸绝缘的研究;

    唐超(1981-),男(汉族),四川自贡人,教授,主要从事绝缘材料的研究。

Research progress on electrical properties of nano modified vegetable insulating oil
Ziming SU, Yingrui WU, Zhenglin ZENG, Rui CHEN, Jianhua CHEN, Chao TANG
Affiliations
  • College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
出版时间: 2024-05-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.001
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植物绝缘油因其绿色可再生的特点以及优异的防火性能获得了广泛的关注,而纳米粒子可以有效提升植物绝缘油的电气性能。本文从介质损耗因数、体积电阻率等方面总结了纳米粒子对植物绝缘油电气特性的影响,并讨论了纳米粒子种类、浓度、表面改性对植物绝缘油击穿性能的影响。结合纳米改性对矿物绝缘油与植物绝缘油电气特性的作用效果差异,总结归纳了当前纳米改性植物绝缘油的研究难点,并展望了纳米改性植物绝缘油的研究方向与前景。

纳米粒子  /  植物绝缘油  /  电气特性  /  纳米改性

Vegetable insulating oil has gained wide attention due to its green and renewable characteristics as well as excellent fire protection properties, while nanoparticles can effectively improve the electrical properties of vegetable insulating oil. In this paper, the effects of nanoparticles on the electrical properties of vegetable insulating oil were summarized from dielectric loss factor and volume resistivity, and the effects of nanoparticle type, concentration, and surface modification on the breakdown properties of vegetable insulating oil were also discussed. Combining with the differences in the effects of nano-modification on the electrical properties of mineral insulating oil and vegetable insulating oil, we summarized the current research difficulties of nano modified vegetable insulating oil, and prospected the research direction and prospects of nano modified vegetable insulating oil.

nanoparticles  /  vegetable insulating oil  /  electrical properties  /  nano modification
苏梓铭, 伍蓥芮, 曾正霖, 陈锐, 陈建华, 唐超. 纳米改性植物绝缘油电气特性的研究进展. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.001
Ziming SU, Yingrui WU, Zhenglin ZENG, Rui CHEN, Jianhua CHEN, Chao TANG. Research progress on electrical properties of nano modified vegetable insulating oil[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (5) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.001
“油-纸”绝缘系统是油浸式变压器的重要复合绝缘结构[1],直接影响着变压器的使用寿命。矿物绝缘油在变压器中应用已有上百年历史,其来源主要为石油。“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的提出迫切要求油浸式变压器由石油资源向清洁能源转型,竭力实现《变压器能效提升计划(2021—2023年)》中提出的环保型绝缘油的技术创新。植物油(亦称为天然酯)从天然油料中提取而来,具有绿色环保、高燃点、易降解等优点[2-4],被认为是矿物绝缘油的理想替代品,目前已经成为国内外研究的重点。将植物油用作绝缘油,需要克服其本身雷电击穿电压低、黏度大的缺点,利用纳米改性技术来提升植物绝缘油的性能是目前主要的改性方式之一,通过纳米改性可有效改善植物绝缘油的电气性能,对其介电性能与击穿性能的提升尤为显著,对于植物绝缘油的推广发展具有重要意义。
矿物绝缘油的主要成分为饱和烃类,而植物绝缘油的主要成分为脂肪酸甘油三酯,结构的差异使得二者在电气特性上表现出不同。本文针对纳米改性技术在植物绝缘油中的应用,以及纳米改性对矿物绝缘油与植物绝缘油电气特性的作用效果差异展开详细论述,从性能提升到机理分析,重点对纳米植物绝缘油电气特性的研究现状进行全面论述,为未来纳米植物绝缘油的研究提供理论支撑。
纳米粒子又称超微粒、超小粒子、量子点或超微团簇,其尺寸为1~100 nm[5],处在原子簇和宏观物体交界的过渡区域,是一种典型的介观尺度微粒[6-7]
按照组成和结构来划分,纳米粒子主要可分为有机纳米粒子、无机纳米粒子和有机/无机杂化纳米粒子3大类[8],如图1所示。
当材料的粒径达到纳米尺度时,其结构、物理和化学特性将会发生巨变,表现出奇特的物理化学现象,甚至呈现出与原有材料完全不同的性质[9]图2展示了纳米粒子的特性,主要包含4种:界面效应、小尺寸效应、体积效应以及量子尺寸效应[10-12]。在现代纳米科学研究中,利用小尺寸效应可以支撑磁性信用卡、磁性钥匙、磁性车票以及微波吸收纳米材料的制造;利用体积效应可以将金属导体变成绝缘体;利用量子尺寸效应可以将金属铂制成活性极好的催化剂。
纳米粒子具有的界面效应使其极易与其他原子相结合。在复合材料改性领域,纳米粒子在溶剂中会产生团聚效应,导致其在材料中很难实现均匀分散,最终使得改性后材料的性能难以保持稳定。目前,提升纳米粒子分散效果的主要方法是降低纳米粒子的界面效应,进而改善纳米粒子与材料的结合力。纳米粒子的改性方法主要有6种,包括局部活性改性[13]、表面覆盖改性[14]、利用沉淀反应进行改性[15]、高能量表面改性[16]、外膜改性[17]以及机械化学改性[18]
液体绝缘介质在多种电力设备中发挥着不可或缺的作用,很大程度上保障了电力设备的稳定运行。纳米粒子的特殊性质对于提升绝缘液体的电气特性有着至关重要的作用。
20世纪70年代以来,将纳米粒子应用于矿物绝缘油已成为研究趋势。1975年,A S AHUJA[19]利用微米量级的粒子改善了液体电介质的热导率。1995年,S U S CHOI等[20]首先提出了纳米流体的概念。1998年,ABB公司V SEGAL等[21]将铁磁性纳米颗粒添加到变压器绝缘油中,发现改性绝缘油的热性能和电气性能得到了极大提升[21]。2005年,P KOPČANSKÝ等[22]发现Fe3O4纳米粒子可以提升变压器绝缘油的直流电气强度;P P C SARTORATTO等[23]利用磁性导电纳米粒子改性矿物绝缘油提升了其电气强度,但其电导率也大幅增加。2009年,M CHIESA等[24]发现SiC纳米粒子可以提升矿物绝缘油的绝缘强度。2011年,DU Y等[25]使用纳米TiO2改性矿物绝缘油,发现其不仅可以提升矿物绝缘油的雷电击穿电压,还可以改善油中的场强分布,平衡了油中电场。2012年,马智超[26]利用两步法制备了Al2O3和AlN复合填充纳米改性绝缘油,发现绝缘油的导热性能提升了近20%。2013年,缪金等[27]发现ZnO可以小幅提升变压器绝缘油的相对介电常数和介质损耗因数。纳米粒子改性技术在矿物绝缘油中的应用已经具有相当成熟的经验。然而,近年来石油资源日渐枯竭,我国提出的可持续发展战略面临巨大挑战,发展新型环保绝缘油替代矿物绝缘油成为未来的研究方向。
植物绝缘油环保无毒,易再生且降解率高达99%,同时具有高燃点的特性,已成为矿物绝缘油的理想替代品。但是,植物绝缘油相较于传统矿物绝缘油还存在雷电击穿电压低、黏度大等缺点[28],如何改善这些缺点是目前的研究重点。在以往对矿物绝缘油研究的基础上,利用纳米改性技术来改善植物绝缘油的性能已成为有效手段。
植物绝缘油最早可追溯到1999年ABB公司生产的一款名为“BIOTEMP”的变压器用植物绝缘油[29]。T V OOMMEN等[30]对BIOTEMP进行了理化性能测试,发现其具有优异的绝缘性能,能够达到小型变压器的绝缘水平,但尚不能在超高压变压器中使用。2000年,美国的Cooper公司研制了一种新型植物绝缘油Envirotemp FR3,其产量高、绿色环保、介电性能优异,目前被推行应用于多种绝缘设备中[31]。2012年,LI J等[32]将磁性纳米粒子Fe3O4加入到植物绝缘油中,使其工频击穿电压提升了20%。2007年,该团队对山茶籽绝缘油的电气与抗氧化性能进行了研究[33],成功自主研发了国内首台110 kV山茶籽绝缘油变压器并于2018年正式实现挂网运行。研究人员借鉴纳米改性矿物绝缘油的经验并将之应用于植物绝缘油中,取得了一定的成果。例如,2013年,DU Y等[34]使用粒径为15 nm的TiO2改性菜籽基植物绝缘油,使其交流击穿电压提升了30%;2019年,V P CHARALAMPAKOS等[35]使用粒径为20 nm的Fe2O3改性FR3绝缘油,发现其交流击穿电压提升了20.6%;2019年,何思靖[36]使用粒径为50 nm的h-BN改性FR3绝缘油,发现其介电常数增大了2.35%,工频击穿电压提升了31.8%。
因此,将纳米改性技术应用于植物绝缘油中是提升其性能的有益尝试。下文将着重分析纳米改性技术对植物绝缘油电气特性的提升效果,同时探索纳米改性植物绝缘油的微观机理,为未来纳米植物绝缘油的研究发展提供参考。
电气特性是绝缘油作为液体绝缘介质最为重要的性能之一。当绝缘油中含有水分、杂质等时,根据“小桥效应”,水分、杂质等在外电场作用下会排列形成“小桥”,贯穿电极发生击穿[37]。而纳米粒子具有独特的物理效应,其不同于一般的“杂质”,能在一定程度上提升绝缘油的电气强度[38]。在绝缘油中添加纳米粒子会不可避免地改变其各项性能。因此,系统性地分析纳米粒子对植物绝缘油的介电性能和击穿性能的影响有助于探究纳米粒子的作用机理,推进纳米改性植物绝缘油的进一步应用。
绝缘油的介电性能参数主要包括介质损耗因数、体积电阻率、相对介电常数等。低介质损耗因数可以减少交流电极性改变时引起的能量损失,从而减少热量的产生,降低绝缘油的运行温度,延长变压器的运行寿命。高体积电阻率则可以增强绝缘油的耐压水平,提高绝缘油的击穿电压。对于油纸复合绝缘系统而言,绝缘油与绝缘纸的相对介电常数需相近,使油纸之间的电场更加均匀,减小电场的畸变率,从而降低局部击穿的概率。
LI J等[39]研究了油酸表面修饰纳米Fe3O4粒子对菜籽基植物绝缘油介电性能的影响,结果表明纳米改性菜籽基植物绝缘油的导电性比基液小,体积电阻率比基液大。这不仅是因为纳米Fe3O4粒子本身拥有一定的绝缘性能,还与菜籽基植物绝缘油的组成有关。区别于矿物绝缘油,甘油三酯分子链的空间不对称性使得菜籽基植物绝缘油总体呈极性,这些极性分子本质上属于偶极子,当无外加电场时,偶极子因热运动而排布杂乱;当施加外部电场时,偶极子沿电场方向转动呈有规律地排布。加入纳米Fe3O4粒子后,分散在菜籽基植物绝缘油中的纳米粒子削弱了偶极子的转向极化,提高了菜籽基植物绝缘油的绝缘性能(如图3所示),而高迁移率电子浓度的下降,低迁移率带电纳米粒子数目的增多也导致改性菜籽基植物绝缘油的体积电阻率上升。此外,分散在菜籽基植物绝缘油中的电中性纳米粒子在受到外部电场作用时发生极化,极化的作用使得菜籽基植物绝缘油的相对介电常数增大,如图4所示。纳米改性与未改性菜籽基植物绝缘油介质损耗因数随频率的变化趋势如图5所示,当频率大于1 Hz时,二者的介质损耗因数差异非常小。当频率小于1 Hz时,二者的介质损耗因数差异较大,特别是在频率为10-2 Hz时差异极大且纳米改性菜籽基植物绝缘油的介质损耗因数较小。在交流电场作用下,植物绝缘油的损耗机制主要有两种,即电导损耗和极化损耗[40]。由于植物绝缘油是弱极性液体介质,在低频时电导损耗占主导地位,故纳米改性菜籽基植物绝缘油的介质损耗因数小于基液的介质损耗因数。
K N KOUTRAS等[41]对比研究了SiC和TiO2对植物绝缘油介电性能的影响,结果表明在低频时两种纳米改性植物绝缘油都具有较低的介电常数,这归功于界面极化与电极极化的差异[42]。同时所有绝缘油样品的介电常数均随着温度的升高而降低,温度效应与低频范围内发生的极化有关。而添加纳米粒子之后植物绝缘油的介质损耗因数略微降低,并随着温度的升高而增大。DU B X等[43]研究了纳米BN和纳米Fe3O4对植物绝缘油介电性能的影响,结果表明加入两种纳米粒子后,植物绝缘油的相对介电常数均有一定的提升,同时随着温度的升高而减小;而掺杂纳米BN后植物绝缘油的介质损耗因数则有一定程度的下降,且随着纳米BN浓度的提升,介质损耗因数进一步下降,如图6所示。
虽然大多数纳米粒子对植物绝缘油电气强度的提升效果较为明显,但是对介电常数、体积电阻率和介质损耗因数的提升效果并不理想。部分纳米粒子甚至会降低植物绝缘油的体积电阻率,增大介质损耗因数。因此,选择合适的纳米粒子,且采用适当的制备工艺是改善天然酯绝缘油介电性能的关键。
纳米粒子可以改善变压器用植物绝缘油的击穿性能,但是改善效果与纳米粒子本身的性质有关[44]。由于纳米粒子与植物绝缘油之间的相容性差,其在绝缘油中难以稳定分散。为了提高纳米改性植物绝缘油的稳定性,常采用表面改性技术对纳米粒子进行处理以减小纳米粒子的团聚效应[45-46],此时绝缘油的性能会发生变化。其中纳米粒子的种类、浓度、表面改性等都会影响纳米改性植物绝缘油的击穿性能。
CONG H等[47]研究了纳米TiO2、Al2O3与Fe3O4对植物绝缘油击穿电压的影响。相较于未改性植物绝缘油,3种纳米粒子均可提高植物绝缘油的击穿电压,如图7所示。当填充质量分数为0.005%时,3种纳米粒子的改性效果均达到最佳,改性效果从高到低依次为Fe3O4、Al2O3、TiO2
YAO W等[48]对比研究了h-BN与Fe3O4对植物绝缘油雷电击穿电压的影响,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,当气隙为15 mm时,Fe3O4和h-BN纳米改性植物绝缘油的正极性雷电击穿电压与未改性植物绝缘油相比分别提高了28%和26%,负极性雷电击穿电压分别提高了6.8%和9.9%。根据表面颗粒捕捉模型,绝缘油中高迁移率的电子会被纳米粒子所捕获,产生低迁移率的带负电的纳米粒子[49],以正极性雷电冲击电压为例,在正极性雷电冲击电压作用下,针电极附近发生电离形成大量空间电荷并形成电场Eq,与外加电场E0叠加作用,绝缘油中迁移率较高的电子流向正极被中和,而极化后的纳米粒子逐渐聚集在正极附近,削弱了EqE0的畸变作用,从而提高了改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压,如图9所示。
然而,区别于矿物绝缘油,因组成成分的差异,植物绝缘油的黏度较大,根据斯托克斯模型,带电的纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中会受到更大的黏滞阻力[50],这也可能会导致两者击穿性能的差异,更多的机理还需进一步研究。在表面颗粒捕捉模型中,J GEORGE等[51]研究指出,若纳米粒子表面自由电荷的累计弛豫时间相对流注发展至击穿的时间短,则纳米粒子的存在将会显著改变变压器油中的电动力学过程,因此弛豫时间常数较小的导电型纳米粒子相较于介电型纳米粒子能更快地捕获介质中运动的电子,导电型纳米粒子对植物绝缘油击穿电压的提升效果应更为突出。但A RAYMON等[52]研究了导体纳米粒子(Al2O3)、半导体纳米粒子(TiO2、CdS)、磁性纳米粒子(Fe2O3)对天然酯绝缘油的影响,结果表明这3类纳米粒子虽然均可以提高植物绝缘油的击穿电压,但磁性纳米粒子对击穿电压的提升效果却并不突出,这说明表面颗粒捕捉模型仅从纳米颗粒的极化弛豫时间判定改性效果具有一定的局限性。
在此背景下,更多的学者将不同粒子对植物绝缘油的改性效果差异原因指向了陷阱理论。陷阱理论指出,纳米粒子提高了绝缘油中浅陷阱密度[53-54],纳米改性绝缘油的电流曲线峰值可达纯绝缘油的2.52倍,纳米粒子的加入不但增强了陷阱对电子的捕获能力,并且电子不断被陷阱捕获/释放也减小了电子的运动速率,进而增强了电荷的消散速率。这一理论不单纯考虑各类纳米粒子自身的弛豫能力,而是将混合后的流体总体性质作为指标,将纳米粒子形态、属性与基液情况都纳入了考量范围,更能解释不同研究的结果差异,是目前更被认可的一套理论。周年荣等[55]在观察了纳米TiO2改性FR3植物绝缘油的流注形貌后,得出改性后的绝缘油流注通道更大、流注发展时间更长,分析认为TiO2粒子吸附了附近的电子,使得电子更易向四周扩散,进而形成分支向四周而非板电极方向扩散。与矿物绝缘油不同的是,植物绝缘油中的酯基较烃基具有更高的电负性,对电子的吸引能力更强,这可能会影响电子被纳米粒子捕获的速率,一定程度上阻碍了流注向四周方向的发展。
总体而言,纳米粒子可以提升植物绝缘油的绝缘性能,抑制绝缘油中流注的发展,从而提高植物绝缘油的电气强度。除此之外,考虑到植物绝缘油老化过程中相比矿物绝缘油会产生更多的水分,而纳米粒子可以有效吸附水分子,降低水分对绝缘油击穿电压的影响,这也是纳米粒子对植物绝缘油与矿物绝缘油击穿性能影响不同的另一原因。
纳米粒子的浓度对植物绝缘油的电气性能和稳定性影响较大。P KOPČANSKÝ等[56]研究指出,随着绝缘油中纳米粒子浓度的提升,纳米粒子之间的碰撞概率会增大,由于布朗运动,纳米粒子可能在两个电极之间形成“小桥”并导致击穿[25]。因此有必要研究纳米粒子浓度对天然酯绝缘油击穿性能的影响。
李诺东[57]探究了不同浓度富勒烯(C60)对矿物绝缘油和植物绝缘油击穿性能的影响,结果如表1所示。由表1可以看出,两种绝缘油的工频击穿电压均随着C60纳米粒子浓度的提高呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。对于植物绝缘油,其工频击穿电压在C60纳米粒子浓度为100 mg/L时达到最大值,相比空白纯油样提高了8.6%;当C60纳米粒子浓度提高到300 mg/L时,植物绝缘油的工频击穿电压下降了11.3%。韩建玮[58]测试了质量分数为0.6%和1.0%的纳米Fe3O4改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压,结果表明两者的击穿电压相比纯油样分别仅提升了2 kV和5 kV。
S O OPARANTI等[59]测试了不同浓度纳米TiO2和纳米Al2O3改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压,结果表明当填料质量分数为0.6%时,纳米改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压达到最大。K N KOUTRAS等[60-61]测试了质量分数为0.004%~0.016%的纳米TiO2改性植物绝缘油和纳米SiC改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压,其中室温下在SiC质量分数为0.004%时,改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压比纯油样高37.3%,在TiO2质量分数为0.008%时,改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压最高提升了16.5%。他们还测试了纳米TiO2质量分数分别为0.005%、0.010%、0.020%、0.040%时改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压,结果表明纳米TiO2的相对最佳质量分数为0.020%,此时改性植物绝缘油的击穿电压提高了22.4%。此外,ZHONG Y等[62]研究表明在纳米TiO2体积分数为0.006 25%时,所得改性植物绝缘油的平均击穿电压最高提升了31%。
一定浓度的纳米粒子可以增加植物绝缘油中的浅陷阱密度,浅陷阱中电子反复的捕获和释放使流注的发展延迟[39,63-64]。电子的捕获和释放过程会降低载流子的迁移率,导致植物绝缘油的空间电荷重组,从而减小了空间电荷密度。当纳米粒子浓度过低时,由于陷阱的密度较低,对植物绝缘油的击穿性能提升效果不明显;而当纳米粒子的浓度过高时,粒子间会出现团聚效应,进而形成杂质“小桥”,使绝缘油的击穿电压降低。
纳米粒子与植物绝缘油的相容性较差,直接将纳米粒子添加到植物绝缘油中难以稳定地分散。而表面改性可有效提高植物绝缘油与纳米粒子的相容性,是解决纳米粒子团聚问题和提升纳米改性植物绝缘油整体性能的有效方法[65]
在植物绝缘油中,表面活性剂与纳米粒子能否形成足够的化学结合是衡量改性成功与否的关键,不同表面改性方法产生的改性效果亦存在差异。杜斌[66]基于油酸表面活性剂与Fe3O4纳米粒子,对常见的3种接枝改性方法进行了实验对比,发现采用高温分解法形成的油酸表面活性剂与Fe3O4纳米粒子间的化学结合点数目更多,而采用溶剂热法与共沉淀法进行接枝后油酸表面活性剂与Fe3O4纳米粒子的结合多是物理吸附,在高温、机械振动等外界作用影响下易发生解离脱落。通过红外光谱分析发现,虽然3种方法均能形成化学结合,但化学结合的比例较低。此外,他还探究了油酸表面活性剂加入量对改性绝缘油击穿性能的影响,如图10所示,结果表明较高浓度的油酸表面活性剂会降低改性绝缘油的击穿电压,其原因在于过量表面活性剂的引入会显著改变绝缘油的电场分布,导致绝缘油的击穿性能下降。
胡婷等[67]采用六甲基二硅胺烷(HMDS)改性SiO2/绝缘油,发现改性SiO2/绝缘油的击穿电压比未改性SiO2/绝缘油提升了8.8 kV,这是由于SiO2无机纳米粒子接枝HMDS后在绝缘油中的分散稳定性得以提高,纳米粒子的团聚现象得到缓解,减少了“小桥”现象的发生,提升了绝缘油的击穿电压。贾斌中等[68]对比了不同表面修饰TiO2纳米粒子对绝缘油冲击击穿性能的影响,发现在相同时间下,表面修饰后的纳米改性绝缘油流注通道相比纯油更密更短,同时不同种类修饰剂改性后的绝缘油浅陷阱密度也有差异。邱秦攀[69]则采用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)修饰h-BN改性棕榈绝缘油,提升了纳米粒子的分散稳定性,APTES/h-BN改性棕榈绝缘油的击穿电压最高达到了73.3 kV,相较于h-BN改性棕榈绝缘油提升了19.6%,如图11所示。此外,红外光谱分析研究发现,表面修饰剂APTES通过取代纳米粒子表面的羟基进行化学结合(如图12所示),而APTES中的氨基会与电负性较强的原子(如植物绝缘油老化产生的甲酸、水分子上的氧原子等)形成氢键,增强纳米粒子对甲酸或水的吸附能,延缓油的老化。考虑到植物绝缘油相较矿物绝缘油具有更多的极性分子,表面改性剂与油形成氢键的概率与数目是值得研究的。
不同表面改性剂对绝缘油击穿电压的提升效果不同,表面改性纳米粒子能够形成电子陷阱,一定程度上限制了绝缘油中流注的发展,同时能吸附绝缘油中的小分子极性杂质(水、甲酸),从而提升绝缘油的电气强度。目前,利用表面修饰技术增强纳米粒子与绝缘油的相容性是较为常见的技术,但在纳米流体的研究中,表面改性剂种类的选择一般是通用的,并未根据植物绝缘油本身特殊的组成成分针对性地选择更合适、改性效果更佳的表面改性剂。后续的研究可以聚焦于植物绝缘油新型表面改性剂的开发,进一步提升纳米粒子在植物绝缘油中的分散性。
本文总结了近年来国内外学者在纳米改性植物绝缘油的制备及其电气特性改进方面的研究现状。
纳米技术有望使植物绝缘油取代传统的矿物绝缘油成为新一代的绝缘介质。但纳米改性植物油作为变压器绝缘油的研究工作仍具有挑战性。一方面纳米粒子对植物绝缘油的作用机理有待进一步深入研究,如提升植物绝缘油电气性能和导热性能的机理;另一方面纳米粒子与植物绝缘油的相容性有待提高,特别是在电、磁、热等多物理场耦合作用下纳米改性植物绝缘油需保持长期稳定。选择适当的纳米粒子种类、粒径、浓度、合成方法是确保纳米改性植物绝缘油性能提升的关键,而目前仍缺乏相关的标准用于指导纳米改性植物绝缘油的制备。因此,未来需要针对纳米改性植物绝缘油的相关问题进行更系统更全面的研究,同时建立具体标准指导绝缘油的生产与制备流程,使纳米改性植物绝缘油早日成为经济效益高、稳定性好、对环境无污染的商业绝缘油。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977179)
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2024年第57卷第5期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.05.001
  • 接收时间:2023-10-09
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-05-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-09
  • 修回日期:2024-01-30
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(51977179)
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    西南大学 工程技术学院,重庆 400715
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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