Article(id=1209927721606574757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927720432169632, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1680451200000, receivedDateStr=2023-04-03, revisedDate=1683907200000, revisedDateStr=2023-05-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766398848201, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766398848201, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766398848201, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766398848201, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209927720432169632, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, year='2024', volume='57', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766398847920, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766563849864, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210619788792033962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927720432169632, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210619788792033963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, issueId=1209927720432169632, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209927721845650087, articleId=1209927721606574757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, language=EN, title=Effects of ZnO morphology and particle size on surface charge transport and surface flashover performance of EP composites, columnId=1190369066675179686, journalTitle=Insulating Materials, columnName=Material Research, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The morphology and particle size of inorganic fillers are key factors that affect the surface voltage resistance of epoxy resin (EP) composites. In this study, the ZnO nanofibers and particle-shaped ZnO with different particle sizes were used to dope and modify epoxy resin to prepared EP composites, and the DC surface flashover performance and charge dissipation rate of the composites were tested. The results show that the doping of ZnO filler can effectively improve the flashover voltage of EP composites, and the improvement effect of fibrous ZnO filler is significantly better than that of particle-shaped ZnO filler. The flashover voltage of particle ZnO/EP increases with the decrease of filler particle size. When the mass fraction of ZnO nanofiber is 15%, the flashover voltage of EP composite increases by 27.1% compared with that of the pure EP. A finite element simulation model was constructed, and the calculation results show that the fibrous ZnO increases the non-uniform coefficient of the internal electric field in EP, and increases the current density of the composites.

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无机填料的形貌及粒径是影响环氧树脂(EP)复合材料沿面耐压性能的关键因素。本研究采用ZnO纳米纤维和不同粒径的颗粒状ZnO掺杂改性环氧树脂制备EP复合材料,并对复合材料进行了直流沿面闪络性能与电荷消散速率测试。结果表明:ZnO填料掺杂能有效提升EP复合材料的闪络电压,其中纤维状ZnO填料的提升效果要明显优于颗粒状ZnO填料,颗粒状ZnO/EP复合材料的闪络电压随填料粒径的减小呈现上升趋势。当ZnO纳米纤维的质量分数为15%时,EP复合材料的闪络电压相比纯EP提高了27.1%。构建了有限元仿真模型,计算结果表明纤维状ZnO使得EP内部电场非均匀系数提升,提高了复合材料的电流密度。

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尹国华(1997-),男(汉族),山西太原人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究;

谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,博士,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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尹国华(1997-),男(汉族),山西太原人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究;

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尹国华(1997-),男(汉族),山西太原人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究;

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谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,博士,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,博士,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

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d/μmD/μmNa/(×1013/m3)fI/%S/(×106m2/m3)
11.1959460.0870.300
1517.9252.8020.0050.166
2529.8750.6050.0030.109
), ArticleFig(id=1217486332050456846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1149653034449285133, articleId=1209927721606574757, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微观分布参数计算结果

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d/μmD/μmNa/(×1013/m3)fI/%S/(×106m2/m3)
11.1959460.0870.300
1517.9252.8020.0050.166
2529.8750.6050.0030.109
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ZnO形貌及粒径对EP复合材料表面电荷传输及沿面闪络性能的影响
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尹国华 1 , 段祺君 1 , 邵帅 2 , 夏国巍 1 , 李经纬 1 , 钟昱尧 1 , 谢庆 1
绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024,57(3): 50-57
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绝缘材料 | 材料研究 2024, 57(3): 50-57
ZnO形貌及粒径对EP复合材料表面电荷传输及沿面闪络性能的影响
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尹国华1, 段祺君1, 邵帅2, 夏国巍1, 李经纬1, 钟昱尧1, 谢庆1
作者信息
  • 1华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
  • 2国网长春供电公司,吉林 长春 130000
  • 尹国华(1997-),男(汉族),山西太原人,硕士生,主要从事高电压与绝缘技术的研究;

    谢庆(1979-),男(汉族),四川广安人,教授,博士,主要从事新型电力系统电气设备智能化、高电压与绝缘技术的研究。

Effects of ZnO morphology and particle size on surface charge transport and surface flashover performance of EP composites
Guohua YIN1, Qijun DUAN1, Shuai SHAO2, Guowei XIA1, Jingwei LI1, Yuyao ZHONG1, Qing XIE1
Affiliations
  • 1State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
  • 2State Grid Changchun Power Supply Company, Changchun 130000, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.007
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无机填料的形貌及粒径是影响环氧树脂(EP)复合材料沿面耐压性能的关键因素。本研究采用ZnO纳米纤维和不同粒径的颗粒状ZnO掺杂改性环氧树脂制备EP复合材料,并对复合材料进行了直流沿面闪络性能与电荷消散速率测试。结果表明:ZnO填料掺杂能有效提升EP复合材料的闪络电压,其中纤维状ZnO填料的提升效果要明显优于颗粒状ZnO填料,颗粒状ZnO/EP复合材料的闪络电压随填料粒径的减小呈现上升趋势。当ZnO纳米纤维的质量分数为15%时,EP复合材料的闪络电压相比纯EP提高了27.1%。构建了有限元仿真模型,计算结果表明纤维状ZnO使得EP内部电场非均匀系数提升,提高了复合材料的电流密度。

环氧树脂  /  氧化锌  /  形貌粒径  /  沿面闪络  /  表面电荷

The morphology and particle size of inorganic fillers are key factors that affect the surface voltage resistance of epoxy resin (EP) composites. In this study, the ZnO nanofibers and particle-shaped ZnO with different particle sizes were used to dope and modify epoxy resin to prepared EP composites, and the DC surface flashover performance and charge dissipation rate of the composites were tested. The results show that the doping of ZnO filler can effectively improve the flashover voltage of EP composites, and the improvement effect of fibrous ZnO filler is significantly better than that of particle-shaped ZnO filler. The flashover voltage of particle ZnO/EP increases with the decrease of filler particle size. When the mass fraction of ZnO nanofiber is 15%, the flashover voltage of EP composite increases by 27.1% compared with that of the pure EP. A finite element simulation model was constructed, and the calculation results show that the fibrous ZnO increases the non-uniform coefficient of the internal electric field in EP, and increases the current density of the composites.

epoxy resin  /  zinc oxide  /  morphology and particle size  /  surface flashover  /  surface charge
尹国华, 段祺君, 邵帅, 夏国巍, 李经纬, 钟昱尧, 谢庆. ZnO形貌及粒径对EP复合材料表面电荷传输及沿面闪络性能的影响. 绝缘材料, 2024 , 57 (3) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.007
Guohua YIN, Qijun DUAN, Shuai SHAO, Guowei XIA, Jingwei LI, Yuyao ZHONG, Qing XIE. Effects of ZnO morphology and particle size on surface charge transport and surface flashover performance of EP composites[J]. Insulating Materials, 2024 , 57 (3) : 50 -57 . DOI: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.007
环氧树脂绝缘材料在长期带电运行环境中,金属电极处会通过肖特基发射和场致发射在介质表面积累大量电荷[1-2]。这些电荷一方面会导致绝缘子表面发生严重的电场畸变,容易诱发沿面闪络;另一方面会在种子电荷或热刺激的触发下溢出绝缘子表面,发展为沿面闪络放电[3-4]。近年来,研究人员针对提升环氧树脂表面电荷消散能力的改性方法进行了广泛且系统的研究,其中,填料掺杂改性方法操作简单、效果明显且稳定性较高,成为本领域研究的热点。李志辉等[5]研究发现在环氧树脂中引入多巴胺接枝的BN可有效提升表面电荷的消散速率,进而提升闪络电压。YIN K等[6]利用溶胶凝胶法制备了不同元素掺杂改性的BFO纳米填料,将其掺杂改性环氧树脂,显著提升了复合材料的直流沿面闪络电压。在总结现有填料改性研究的基础上,利用ZnO、SiC等非线性电导材料对环氧树脂进行改性,可以实现对绝缘子表面电荷与电场的非均匀分布的针对性调控[7-8]。李进等[9]还结合仿真计算对盆式绝缘子的非线性电导参数进行优化,为直流GIL非线性电导盆式绝缘子的设计提供了参考。
ZnO是一种性能优良的宽禁带半导体材料,具有良好的非线性电导特性,在电气电子器件等领域的研究中得到了广泛的关注。ZHAO X L等[10]采用ZnO微球与碳纤维改性硅橡胶合成了梯度电场分布材料,有效改善了绝缘子表面的电场分布,其沿面闪络电压也得到了明显提升。WANG T Y等[11]在环氧树脂中掺杂ZnO纳米颗粒并将其涂覆在绝缘子表面,该涂层结构显著抑制了绝缘子表面电荷的积聚,减少了电荷散斑的数量,提高了闪络电压。但实际工程应用中大部分无机填料由于表面缺乏活性基团,难以与聚合物基体间产生键合作用,导致填料在复合材料内部呈离散型岛屿状分布,甚至造成严重的团聚效应,限制了填料的改性效果[12-13]
根据T J LEWIS提出的界面模型理论[14],填料与聚合物基体间存在界面相互作用层,界面层的引入会改变复合材料的诸多电学性能[15]。例如界面层的存在为基体与填料间的载流子传输设置了能量壁垒,导致电荷传输存在较高的界面电阻。此外,界面区的诸多物理缺陷和化学缺陷还会向复合材料内部引入电荷陷阱,这也是影响其电荷传输能力的关键因素[16]。因此,如何提升填料的作用效果是进一步提高复合材料性能的关键。有研究表明,通过调控填料的形貌粒径,构筑联通的填料作用网络结构能有效提升复合材料的性能[17-18]。这些研究为构筑高沿面耐压性能的环氧复合材料提供了重要参考。
本研究通过静电纺丝法制备ZnO纳米纤维,利用ZnO纳米纤维以及不同粒径的ZnO颗粒掺杂改性环氧树脂制备EP复合材料试样。对试样进行直流沿面闪络与表面电荷消散性能测试,分析ZnO填料形貌及粒径对EP复合材料沿面绝缘强度的影响规律,并进一步构建有限元仿真模型分析填料形貌及粒径对EP复合材料内部电场分布及电流密度的作用机制。
乙酸锌(C4H6O4Zn)、无水乙醇(C2H6O)、二甲基甲酰胺(C3H7NO,DMF)、聚乙烯吡咯烷酮 ((C9H9NO)n,PVP),以上试剂均为分析纯,粒径分别为1、15、25 μm的ZnO颗粒,均购买自阿拉丁化学试剂有限公司。双酚A二缩水甘油醚(DGEBA,E51,环氧当量为186 g/eq)、甲基四氢苯酐(MTHPA,504)、2,4,6-三(二甲氨基甲基)苯酚(DMP-30),由上海树脂厂生产。
通过静电纺丝法制备ZnO纤维初丝,并对初丝进行高温煅烧获得ZnO纳米纤维。首先将2.4 g乙酸锌、4 mL DMF和16 mL无水乙醇混合,搅拌2 h使其混合均匀。然后将2 g PVP加入混合溶液中持续搅拌10 h至溶液均匀。室温静置2 h后得到稳定的可纺溶液。取10 mL溶液置于静电纺丝机中,控制电压为15 kV,温度保持在30℃,湿度保持在50%以下,并在滚筒上收集纤维。纺丝完成后将纤维置于90℃干燥箱内干燥12 h,再放入管式炉内保持520℃高温煅烧2 h,待冷却后研磨得到ZnO纳米纤维(记为fZnO)。
利用ZnO纳米纤维与3种不同粒径的ZnO颗粒掺杂改性环氧树脂制备EP复合材料试样,复合材料的填料质量分数分别为5%、10%、15%、20%、25%。首先取ZnO填料置于烧杯中并加入适量DGEBA,在60℃油浴中搅拌60 min、超声分散30 min。再加入固化剂MTHPA与促进剂DMP-30,DGEBA、MTHPA、DMP-30的质量比为100∶80∶1,混合搅拌30 min并脱气处理。随后将混合料浇筑到模具中,按照90℃/2 h+120℃/8 h进行梯度固化,最终得到ZnO/EP复合材料样片。
图1为闪络电压和表面电位衰减测试平台。应用图1中的装置1测试ZnO/EP复合材料的沿面闪络电压,利用负极性直流电源对试样在大气环境下进行沿面闪络放电测试,采用针-针电极模拟极不均匀电场,电极尖端的曲率半径为0.2 mm,电极间距为7 mm,实验在温度为25℃、湿度为30%的密封不锈钢圆柱形腔体中进行。每组5个样片分别进行10次闪络测试,计算闪络瞬间电压的平均值作为最终结果。
进一步基于等温表面电位衰减(ISPD)法对不同试样的表面电荷消散速率进行测试[19]。应用图1中的装置2进行表面电位衰减测试,实验利用针电极施加7 kV直流电压对样片表面进行电晕充电,充电时长为1 min。利用二维移动平台迅速将有源电容探头(Trek 3455ET)置于样片上方2 mm处,将探头对准针电极充电位置,随即打开采集卡并启动表面电位测试程序,采集30 min内的电位数据。由于充电后试样表面电位受电荷量控制,因此认为电位数据可以反映表面电荷的积聚情况。进一步基于电位衰减曲线计算得到复合材料表面的陷阱能级分布曲线[20]
煅烧前后的ZnO纳米纤维微观形貌如图2所示。从图2可以看出,煅烧前的ZnO初丝表面光滑,尺寸分布均匀,纤维直径约为400 nm,长度为几十微米。ZnO初丝经高温煅烧后,基本保持了原有的长纤维形状,但纤维分布杂乱,且纤维直径略有减小,约为300 nm,纤维表面相比初丝更粗糙,存在颗粒状凸起,这是由于在煅烧过程中乙酸锌和PVP等有机物被充分氧化和分解,仅保留了ZnO成分。
为了证明静电纺丝法制备的ZnO纳米纤维晶体结构,对煅烧前后的ZnO纳米纤维以及微米ZnO颗粒进行了XRD表征,结果如图3所示。从图3可以看出,高温煅烧前的ZnO初丝没有出现标准的ZnO衍射峰,说明ZnO/PVP复合纤维是无定型结构。经高温煅烧后,出现的衍射峰可归属为六角纤锌结构的ZnO(JCPDS36-15-451),在2θ分别为31.7°(100)、34.4°(002)、36.5°(101)等处出现ZnO的衍射峰,特征峰强且尖锐,无其他材料特征峰出现,说明煅烧后的ZnO纳米纤维结晶度良好,不含杂质。ZnO纳米纤维的XRD表征结果与微米ZnO颗粒基本相同,证明两种填料在晶体组成与结构上具有高度的一致性,均为六角纤锌矿结构的ZnO。
对不同形貌及粒径的ZnO/EP复合材料试样断面进行表征,研究ZnO填料分散情况,结果如图4所示。从图4可以看出,纤维状ZnO填料在基体内部呈现较好的分散性,且纤维之间相互搭接,形成联通的填料网络结构。颗粒状填料的分散性与粒径存在明显的关联性。当ZnO填料粒径为1 μm时,ZnO粒子分布均匀,大量的ZnO颗粒之间互相接触,形成了密集的填料网络结构。当ZnO填料粒径为15 μm时,ZnO填料存在较轻微的团聚现象。当ZnO粒径增大到25 μm时,它们的表面积相对更小,颗粒之间的吸引力较强。由于粒径较大,粒子之间的空隙也较大,从而增加了粒子之间相互吸引的机会,导致更加严重团聚的发生。此外,较大粒径的填料相对更难被环氧树脂流体分散,因此它们之间的团聚速率通常较快。
对不同形貌粒径的ZnO填料掺杂改性的EP复合材料进行负极性直流沿面闪络电压测试,结果如图5所示。从图5可以看出,4种ZnO填料掺杂改性EP复合材料试样的沿面闪络电压随填料质量分数的增加均呈现先升高后降低的变化规律。其中,ZnO纳米纤维对EP复合材料沿面闪络电压的提升效果显著高于颗粒状ZnO填料,当ZnO纳米纤维填料质量分数为15%时,闪络电压最大,相较于纯EP提高了27.1%。随颗粒状ZnO填料粒径的增大,闪络电压的提升效果呈现下降趋势。3种粒径的填料中,1 μm的ZnO颗粒对EP复合材料沿面耐压性能的提升效果最明显,其质量分数为20%时的闪络电压相较于纯EP提高了21.3%。
分析认为,随着ZnO填料质量分数的增加,EP复合材料的电荷消散速率逐渐升高,电荷积聚效应与电场非均匀分布现象得到改善,因此其沿面闪络电压呈现上升趋势。但当填料质量分数继续上升时,过高的表面电导率容易导致材料在高压电场下发生电弧放电,因此高质量分数掺杂条件下闪络电压反而下降。纤维状填料相比于颗粒状填料更容易形成填料网络结构,因此其在含量较低时即可明显提升复合材料的闪络电压,且提升效果更好。当颗粒状填料粒径增大时,填料出现明显的团聚效应,导致复合材料局部电场畸变情况更为严重,且填料团聚处由于电导率过高极易诱发放电,因此更容易导致闪络现象的发生。
不同形貌粒径的ZnO填料改性EP复合材料的表面电位衰减曲线如图6所示。从图6可以看出,纯环氧树脂材料表面电荷消散非常缓慢,掺杂ZnO填料后,无论是颗粒状还是纤维状ZnO均能显著提升EP复合材料的表面电荷消散速率,且当填料质量分数达到15%后,EP复合材料的表面电荷消散速率显著加快。对比图6中曲线可以发现,相同填料质量分数的fZnO/EP复合材料表面电荷消散速率高于ZnO/EP复合材料。分析ZnO/EP复合材料的导电机理可知,在外加电场作用下,载流子通过跳跃或隧穿越过界面势垒到达相邻的ZnO颗粒[8]。当填料质量分数超过逾渗阈值时,填料界面发生重叠甚至填料颗粒间充分接触形成导电路径,使得电荷通过填料传输网络快速迁移[6]。而纤维状ZnO具有高长径比,更容易相互搭接形成联通的导电网络结构,所以fZnO/EP复合材料的表面电荷消散速率高于ZnO/EP复合材料。
颗粒状ZnO和纤维状fZnO掺杂的EP复合材料表面陷阱分布曲线如图7所示。从图7可以看出,随着填料质量分数的升高,两种复合材料的表面陷阱均向低能级转化,fZnO/EP复合材料的表面浅陷阱密度相比于颗粒状ZnO/EP复合材料明显升高。这一结果也解释了纤维状ZnO填料对复合材料沿面闪络电压的提升效果优于颗粒状ZnO填料。但同时也可以发现,当电荷消散速率过快时,材料表面表现为电导率过高,容易直接引发电弧放电,反而对闪络电压的提升起到不利影响。因此,在允许范围内适当提升复合材料表面电荷消散速率会使得复合材料表面电场分布更加均匀。此外,高长径比的纤维状ZnO填料在复合材料内部形成了较长的电荷传输路径,在电荷迁移的过程中会有更多的电荷被环氧基体吸收或中和,这也加速了材料表面电荷的消散。
选取质量分数为15%的3种粒径ZnO改性的EP复合材料表面电位衰减曲线与陷阱分布特性进行对比,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,3种粒径ZnO填料改性EP材料的电荷消散速率随粒径增大而变快,陷阱分布呈现出随粒径增大而变浅的趋势。通过前述分析可知,复合材料表面电荷消散速率在一定范围内提升有益于沿面耐压性能的改善,但局部区域电导率过高时,往往会导致剧烈的放电发生,对沿面耐压性能的提升极为不利。ZnO粒径增大时,填料出现团聚现象,使得EP复合材料表面电导与介电分布不均,在外电场作用下会加剧局部场强的畸变效应。同时团聚的填料导致局部电导率过高,导致沿面闪络电压反而呈现下降的趋势。因此,如何抑制较大粒径微米填料的团聚效应,是提高填料改性效果的关键。
进一步对质量分数为15%的不同形貌及粒径的ZnO/EP复合材料进行电位扫描分析,结果如图9所示。从图9可以看出,纯环氧树脂材料表面经过电晕充电后会存在明显的电荷中心,且材料表面电荷积聚量要显著高于其他试样。纤维状ZnO与 1 μm颗粒状ZnO改性的EP复合材料表面电位分布均匀,未见明显的电荷中心。这说明当电荷注入材料表面后,分布均匀的填料网络结构能快速将电荷传导至复合材料整体并进行消纳,有效降低了材料表面局部区域的电场畸变,尤其是电极处三结合点的电场畸变,这对于闪络电压的提升具有促进作用。由于较大粒径的ZnO颗粒填料分散不均匀,其对EP复合材料表面电荷与电场分布的改性效果明显弱于上述两种填料。粒径为15 μm的ZnO/EP复合材料表面电位虽然也远小于纯环氧树脂,但其仍存在明显的电荷中心。而粒径为25 μm的ZnO/EP复合材料表面电位存在明显的岛屿状分布现象,研究认为这与较大粒径的填料在环氧基体中的团聚效应有关。团聚的填料在复合材料内部同样呈现岛屿状离散分布,使得其表面的电荷在填料聚集处加速消散,而树脂聚集处则消散速率相对较慢,造成了复合材料表面电荷与电场的非均匀分布,促使闪络发生。
为了进一步分析ZnO填料形貌及粒径对EP复合材料内局部场强及电荷迁移特性的影响机理,利用Matlab随机分布函数生成模拟不同形貌及粒径ZnO填料改性的EP复合材料有限元仿真模型。模型设置不同形貌、粒径的ZnO填料质量分数保持一致,均为15%。模型左侧施加4 kV电压,右侧设置为接地侧,设置电势为0,上下表面边界条件设置为绝缘封闭。对复合材料有限元仿真模型使用Comsol Multiphysics的电流场模块进行直流稳态计算,其控制方程如式(1)~(3)所示。
J=0
J=Εσ
E=-ϕ
式(1)~(3)中:J为电流密度,A/m2σ为材料电导率,S/mϕ为电势,VE为电场强度,V/m
对模型进行稳态计算获得局部区域电场分布与通过模型的电流密度参数,并计算模型内部电场的非均匀系数,计算式如式(4)所示。
f=EmaxEav
式(4)中:Emax为最大场强;Eav为平均场强;f为非均匀系数。
颗粒状ZnO填料与纤维状ZnO填料对EP复合材料内部场强分布的影响如图10所示。从图10可以看出,相同外界场强约束下纤维状ZnO填料对EP复合材料内部场强畸变的影响要明显强于颗粒状ZnO填料。场强集中区主要出现在纤维尖端的填料接触位点附近。场强集中区使得纤维状ZnO填料更易发挥ZnO的非线性电导特性,在场强较高的区域获得较高的电导率参数,同时纤维状填料也容易形成彼此搭接的网络结构。这些为电荷的传输提供了可靠的路径,缓解了表面电荷积聚效应,减少了为闪络的发展提供的自由电荷,进而提升了沿面闪络电压[21]。进一步分析模型的电流密度可以发现,纤维状ZnO填料改性EP复合材料整体的电流密度明显高于颗粒状ZnO填料改性的EP复合材料。且在fZnO/EP复合材料中电流主要通过填料路径传导,而在颗粒状ZnO填料改性的EP复合材料中,由于填料难以形成联通的网络结构,电流仍旧主要以平行于电场的方向传导,且需要穿过更多的环氧基体。这也证明了纳米纤维在构筑电荷疏散通道方面的优势。
进一步分析了3种粒径的颗粒状ZnO填料对EP复合材料内部场强的影响规律,结果如图11所示。在填料粒径为15 μm和25 μm的ZnO/EP复合材料中模拟了由SEM图像观察到的局部团聚现象。从图11可以看出,部分颗粒的团聚导致了局部电场的畸变,也导致填料团聚部位的电流密度要高于其他部位。从图9(d)可以看出,电荷在EP复合材料表面的不均匀分布所产生的“电荷斑”会引起电场畸变,对闪络电压的提升造成不利影响[9]。而更大粒径ZnO掺杂的EP复合材料由于填料团聚而导致的局部电导率过大,容易形成电流通道导致放电,从而对闪络电压的提升不利。图9(e)中也证实了这种影响下较低的表面电位分布。
此外,填料与基体间存在的界面电阻效应也是影响材料电荷迁移速率的重要因素之一。当颗粒状填料间难以形成有效的联通网络结构时,粒径较小的填料由于比表面积更大,会引入更多的界面区域,导致其面临的界面电阻更大,这也是造成其电位衰减实验值相对较低的原因之一。颗粒状填料粒径大小对其分布参数和界面效应的影响可结合式(5)~(8)进行分析[22]
S=6fpd
fI=fp1+2td3-1
D=π6ρaρm100ω-1+113-1d
Na=1D+d3
式(5)~(8)中:D是相邻两个ZnO填料颗粒之间的距离;fp是ZnO/EP复合材料中ZnO填料的质量分数;d是ZnO颗粒尺寸;Na是单位体积的ZnO颗粒数;fI为界面体积分数;t是界面层的厚度,根据T TANAKA等提出的多核模型[16],纳米粒子界面层厚度为10~30 nm,本文假设界面层厚度为30 nm;S是比表面积;ρa为填料密度;ρm为聚合物基体密度;ω为掺杂质量分数。
质量分数为15%时不同粒径ZnO掺杂的EP复合材料的填料分布参数计算结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,当ZnO填料为微米尺寸时,随着ZnO粒径的减小,两个相邻ZnO颗粒之间的距离缩短,单位体积内的ZnO颗粒数量增加,界面体积分数增加,这表明较小粒径的ZnO在基体中引入了更多的界面,因此界面间接触电阻增大,电导率降低。
(1)ZnO填料掺杂能有效提高EP复合材料的沿面闪络电压,其中纤维状ZnO填料对复合材料表面绝缘性能的提升效果要优于颗粒状ZnO填料。
(2)纤维状ZnO填料比颗粒状ZnO填料更易在复合材料内部形成联通的网络结构,从而加速了表面电荷消散速率,降低了陷阱能级。颗粒状ZnO填料随粒径增大容易出现团聚效应,使得复合材料局部电导率过高,电荷快速消散,不利于闪络电压的提升。
(3)纤维状ZnO填料使得复合材料内部整体的电场非均匀系数提升,更易发挥其非线性电导特性。同时良好的填料网络结构使得电荷充分沿纳米纤维传导,缓解了电荷积聚效应,进而提升了EP复合材料的闪络电压。颗粒状填料随粒径增大出现的团聚效应造成表面电荷分布不均和局部电导率过大,对闪络电压的提升不利。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007065)
  • 北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3222057)
  • 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室自主研究课题(LAPS202116)
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2024年第57卷第3期
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doi: 10.16790/j.cnki.1009-9239.im.2024.03.007
  • 接收时间:2023-04-03
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
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  • 收稿日期:2023-04-03
  • 修回日期:2023-05-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52007065)
北京市自然科学基金资助项目(3222057)
新能源电力系统国家重点实验室自主研究课题(LAPS202116)
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    1华北电力大学 新能源电力系统国家重点实验室,河北 保定 071003
    2国网长春供电公司,吉林 长春 130000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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